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Java example source code file (AbstractFieldMatrix.java)

This example Java source code file (AbstractFieldMatrix.java) is included in the alvinalexander.com "Java Source Code Warehouse" project. The intent of this project is to help you "Learn Java by Example" TM.

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Java - Java tags/keywords

arrayfieldvector, arraylist, fieldelement, fieldmatrix, fieldmatrixchangingvisitor, fieldmatrixpreservingvisitor, fieldvector, matrixdimensionmismatchexception, nodataexception, nullargumentexception, numberistoosmallexception, outofrangeexception, override, util

The AbstractFieldMatrix.java Java example source code

/*
 * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
 * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
 * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
 * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
 * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
 * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

package org.apache.commons.math3.linear;

import java.util.ArrayList;

import org.apache.commons.math3.Field;
import org.apache.commons.math3.FieldElement;
import org.apache.commons.math3.exception.DimensionMismatchException;
import org.apache.commons.math3.exception.NoDataException;
import org.apache.commons.math3.exception.NotPositiveException;
import org.apache.commons.math3.exception.NotStrictlyPositiveException;
import org.apache.commons.math3.exception.NullArgumentException;
import org.apache.commons.math3.exception.NumberIsTooSmallException;
import org.apache.commons.math3.exception.OutOfRangeException;
import org.apache.commons.math3.exception.util.LocalizedFormats;
import org.apache.commons.math3.util.MathArrays;

/**
 * Basic implementation of {@link FieldMatrix} methods regardless of the underlying storage.
 * <p>All the methods implemented here use {@link #getEntry(int, int)} to access
 * matrix elements. Derived class can provide faster implementations. </p>
 *
 * @param <T> Type of the field elements.
 *
 * @since 2.0
 */
public abstract class AbstractFieldMatrix<T extends FieldElement
    implements FieldMatrix<T> {
    /** Field to which the elements belong. */
    private final Field<T> field;

    /**
     * Constructor for use with Serializable
     */
    protected AbstractFieldMatrix() {
        field = null;
    }

    /**
     * Creates a matrix with no data
     * @param field field to which the elements belong
     */
    protected AbstractFieldMatrix(final Field<T> field) {
        this.field = field;
    }

    /**
     * Create a new FieldMatrix<T> with the supplied row and column dimensions.
     *
     * @param field Field to which the elements belong.
     * @param rowDimension Number of rows in the new matrix.
     * @param columnDimension Number of columns in the new matrix.
     * @throws NotStrictlyPositiveException if row or column dimension is not
     * positive.
     */
    protected AbstractFieldMatrix(final Field<T> field,
                                  final int rowDimension,
                                  final int columnDimension)
        throws NotStrictlyPositiveException {
        if (rowDimension <= 0) {
            throw new NotStrictlyPositiveException(LocalizedFormats.DIMENSION,
                                                   rowDimension);
        }
        if (columnDimension <= 0) {
            throw new NotStrictlyPositiveException(LocalizedFormats.DIMENSION,
                                                   columnDimension);
        }
        this.field = field;
    }

    /**
     * Get the elements type from an array.
     *
     * @param <T> Type of the field elements.
     * @param d Data array.
     * @return the field to which the array elements belong.
     * @throws NullArgumentException if the array is {@code null}.
     * @throws NoDataException if the array is empty.
     */
    protected static <T extends FieldElement Field extractField(final T[][] d)
        throws NoDataException, NullArgumentException {
        if (d == null) {
            throw new NullArgumentException();
        }
        if (d.length == 0) {
            throw new NoDataException(LocalizedFormats.AT_LEAST_ONE_ROW);
        }
        if (d[0].length == 0) {
            throw new NoDataException(LocalizedFormats.AT_LEAST_ONE_COLUMN);
        }
        return d[0][0].getField();
    }

    /**
     * Get the elements type from an array.
     *
     * @param <T> Type of the field elements.
     * @param d Data array.
     * @return the field to which the array elements belong.
     * @throws NoDataException if array is empty.
     */
    protected static <T extends FieldElement Field extractField(final T[] d)
        throws NoDataException {
        if (d.length == 0) {
            throw new NoDataException(LocalizedFormats.AT_LEAST_ONE_ROW);
        }
        return d[0].getField();
    }

    /** Build an array of elements.
     * <p>
     * Complete arrays are filled with field.getZero()
     * </p>
     * @param <T> Type of the field elements
     * @param field field to which array elements belong
     * @param rows number of rows
     * @param columns number of columns (may be negative to build partial
     * arrays in the same way <code>new Field[rows][] works)
     * @return a new array
     * @deprecated as of 3.2, replaced by {@link MathArrays#buildArray(Field, int, int)}
     */
    @Deprecated
    protected static <T extends FieldElement T[][] buildArray(final Field field,
                                                                  final int rows,
                                                                  final int columns) {
        return MathArrays.buildArray(field, rows, columns);
    }

    /** Build an array of elements.
     * <p>
     * Arrays are filled with field.getZero()
     * </p>
     * @param <T> the type of the field elements
     * @param field field to which array elements belong
     * @param length of the array
     * @return a new array
     * @deprecated as of 3.2, replaced by {@link MathArrays#buildArray(Field, int)}
     */
    @Deprecated
    protected static <T extends FieldElement T[] buildArray(final Field field,
                                                                final int length) {
        return MathArrays.buildArray(field, length);
    }

    /** {@inheritDoc} */
    public Field<T> getField() {
        return field;
    }

    /** {@inheritDoc} */
    public abstract FieldMatrix<T> createMatrix(final int rowDimension,
                                                final int columnDimension)
        throws NotStrictlyPositiveException;

    /** {@inheritDoc} */
    public abstract FieldMatrix<T> copy();

    /** {@inheritDoc} */
    public FieldMatrix<T> add(FieldMatrix m)
        throws MatrixDimensionMismatchException {
        // safety check
        checkAdditionCompatible(m);

        final int rowCount    = getRowDimension();
        final int columnCount = getColumnDimension();
        final FieldMatrix<T> out = createMatrix(rowCount, columnCount);
        for (int row = 0; row < rowCount; ++row) {
            for (int col = 0; col < columnCount; ++col) {
                out.setEntry(row, col, getEntry(row, col).add(m.getEntry(row, col)));
            }
        }

        return out;
    }

    /** {@inheritDoc} */
    public FieldMatrix<T> subtract(final FieldMatrix m)
        throws MatrixDimensionMismatchException {
        // safety check
        checkSubtractionCompatible(m);

        final int rowCount    = getRowDimension();
        final int columnCount = getColumnDimension();
        final FieldMatrix<T> out = createMatrix(rowCount, columnCount);
        for (int row = 0; row < rowCount; ++row) {
            for (int col = 0; col < columnCount; ++col) {
                out.setEntry(row, col, getEntry(row, col).subtract(m.getEntry(row, col)));
            }
        }

        return out;
    }

    /** {@inheritDoc} */
    public FieldMatrix<T> scalarAdd(final T d) {

        final int rowCount    = getRowDimension();
        final int columnCount = getColumnDimension();
        final FieldMatrix<T> out = createMatrix(rowCount, columnCount);
        for (int row = 0; row < rowCount; ++row) {
            for (int col = 0; col < columnCount; ++col) {
                out.setEntry(row, col, getEntry(row, col).add(d));
            }
        }

        return out;
    }

    /** {@inheritDoc} */
    public FieldMatrix<T> scalarMultiply(final T d) {
        final int rowCount    = getRowDimension();
        final int columnCount = getColumnDimension();
        final FieldMatrix<T> out = createMatrix(rowCount, columnCount);
        for (int row = 0; row < rowCount; ++row) {
            for (int col = 0; col < columnCount; ++col) {
                out.setEntry(row, col, getEntry(row, col).multiply(d));
            }
        }

        return out;
    }

    /** {@inheritDoc} */
    public FieldMatrix<T> multiply(final FieldMatrix m)
        throws DimensionMismatchException {
        // safety check
        checkMultiplicationCompatible(m);

        final int nRows = getRowDimension();
        final int nCols = m.getColumnDimension();
        final int nSum  = getColumnDimension();
        final FieldMatrix<T> out = createMatrix(nRows, nCols);
        for (int row = 0; row < nRows; ++row) {
            for (int col = 0; col < nCols; ++col) {
                T sum = field.getZero();
                for (int i = 0; i < nSum; ++i) {
                    sum = sum.add(getEntry(row, i).multiply(m.getEntry(i, col)));
                }
                out.setEntry(row, col, sum);
            }
        }

        return out;
    }

    /** {@inheritDoc} */
    public FieldMatrix<T> preMultiply(final FieldMatrix m)
        throws DimensionMismatchException {
        return m.multiply(this);
    }

    /** {@inheritDoc} */
    public FieldMatrix<T> power(final int p) throws NonSquareMatrixException,
    NotPositiveException {
        if (p < 0) {
            throw new NotPositiveException(p);
        }

        if (!isSquare()) {
            throw new NonSquareMatrixException(getRowDimension(), getColumnDimension());
        }

        if (p == 0) {
            return MatrixUtils.createFieldIdentityMatrix(this.getField(), this.getRowDimension());
        }

        if (p == 1) {
            return this.copy();
        }

        final int power = p - 1;

        /*
         * Only log_2(p) operations is used by doing as follows:
         * 5^214 = 5^128 * 5^64 * 5^16 * 5^4 * 5^2
         *
         * In general, the same approach is used for A^p.
         */

        final char[] binaryRepresentation = Integer.toBinaryString(power)
                .toCharArray();
        final ArrayList<Integer> nonZeroPositions = new ArrayList();

        for (int i = 0; i < binaryRepresentation.length; ++i) {
            if (binaryRepresentation[i] == '1') {
                final int pos = binaryRepresentation.length - i - 1;
                nonZeroPositions.add(pos);
            }
        }

        ArrayList<FieldMatrix results = new ArrayList>(
                binaryRepresentation.length);

        results.add(0, this.copy());

        for (int i = 1; i < binaryRepresentation.length; ++i) {
            final FieldMatrix<T> s = results.get(i - 1);
            final FieldMatrix<T> r = s.multiply(s);
            results.add(i, r);
        }

        FieldMatrix<T> result = this.copy();

        for (Integer i : nonZeroPositions) {
            result = result.multiply(results.get(i));
        }

        return result;
    }

    /** {@inheritDoc} */
    public T[][] getData() {
        final T[][] data = MathArrays.buildArray(field, getRowDimension(), getColumnDimension());

        for (int i = 0; i < data.length; ++i) {
            final T[] dataI = data[i];
            for (int j = 0; j < dataI.length; ++j) {
                dataI[j] = getEntry(i, j);
            }
        }

        return data;
    }

    /** {@inheritDoc} */
    public FieldMatrix<T> getSubMatrix(final int startRow, final int endRow,
                                       final int startColumn, final int endColumn)
        throws NumberIsTooSmallException, OutOfRangeException {
        checkSubMatrixIndex(startRow, endRow, startColumn, endColumn);

        final FieldMatrix<T> subMatrix =
            createMatrix(endRow - startRow + 1, endColumn - startColumn + 1);
        for (int i = startRow; i <= endRow; ++i) {
            for (int j = startColumn; j <= endColumn; ++j) {
                subMatrix.setEntry(i - startRow, j - startColumn, getEntry(i, j));
            }
        }

        return subMatrix;

    }

    /** {@inheritDoc} */
    public FieldMatrix<T> getSubMatrix(final int[] selectedRows,
                                       final int[] selectedColumns)
    throws NoDataException, NullArgumentException, OutOfRangeException {

        // safety checks
        checkSubMatrixIndex(selectedRows, selectedColumns);

        // copy entries
        final FieldMatrix<T> subMatrix =
            createMatrix(selectedRows.length, selectedColumns.length);
        subMatrix.walkInOptimizedOrder(new DefaultFieldMatrixChangingVisitor<T>(field.getZero()) {

            /** {@inheritDoc} */
            @Override
            public T visit(final int row, final int column, final T value) {
                return getEntry(selectedRows[row], selectedColumns[column]);
            }

        });

        return subMatrix;

    }

    /** {@inheritDoc} */
    public void copySubMatrix(final int startRow, final int endRow,
                              final int startColumn, final int endColumn,
                              final T[][] destination)
    throws MatrixDimensionMismatchException, NumberIsTooSmallException,
    OutOfRangeException{
        // safety checks
        checkSubMatrixIndex(startRow, endRow, startColumn, endColumn);
        final int rowsCount    = endRow + 1 - startRow;
        final int columnsCount = endColumn + 1 - startColumn;
        if ((destination.length < rowsCount) || (destination[0].length < columnsCount)) {
            throw new MatrixDimensionMismatchException(destination.length,
                                                       destination[0].length,
                                                       rowsCount,
                                                       columnsCount);
        }

        // copy entries
        walkInOptimizedOrder(new DefaultFieldMatrixPreservingVisitor<T>(field.getZero()) {

            /** Initial row index. */
            private int startRow;

            /** Initial column index. */
            private int startColumn;

            /** {@inheritDoc} */
            @Override
            public void start(final int rows, final int columns,
                              final int startRow, final int endRow,
                              final int startColumn, final int endColumn) {
                this.startRow    = startRow;
                this.startColumn = startColumn;
            }

            /** {@inheritDoc} */
            @Override
            public void visit(final int row, final int column, final T value) {
                destination[row - startRow][column - startColumn] = value;
            }

        }, startRow, endRow, startColumn, endColumn);

    }

    /** {@inheritDoc} */
    public void copySubMatrix(int[] selectedRows, int[] selectedColumns, T[][] destination)
        throws MatrixDimensionMismatchException, NoDataException,
        NullArgumentException, OutOfRangeException {
        // safety checks
        checkSubMatrixIndex(selectedRows, selectedColumns);
        if ((destination.length < selectedRows.length) ||
            (destination[0].length < selectedColumns.length)) {
            throw new MatrixDimensionMismatchException(destination.length,
                                                       destination[0].length,
                                                       selectedRows.length,
                                                       selectedColumns.length);
        }

        // copy entries
        for (int i = 0; i < selectedRows.length; i++) {
            final T[] destinationI = destination[i];
            for (int j = 0; j < selectedColumns.length; j++) {
                destinationI[j] = getEntry(selectedRows[i], selectedColumns[j]);
            }
        }

    }

    /** {@inheritDoc} */
    public void setSubMatrix(final T[][] subMatrix, final int row,
                             final int column)
        throws DimensionMismatchException, OutOfRangeException,
        NoDataException, NullArgumentException {
        if (subMatrix == null) {
            throw new NullArgumentException();
        }
        final int nRows = subMatrix.length;
        if (nRows == 0) {
            throw new NoDataException(LocalizedFormats.AT_LEAST_ONE_ROW);
        }

        final int nCols = subMatrix[0].length;
        if (nCols == 0) {
            throw new NoDataException(LocalizedFormats.AT_LEAST_ONE_COLUMN);
        }

        for (int r = 1; r < nRows; ++r) {
            if (subMatrix[r].length != nCols) {
                throw new DimensionMismatchException(nCols, subMatrix[r].length);
            }
        }

        checkRowIndex(row);
        checkColumnIndex(column);
        checkRowIndex(nRows + row - 1);
        checkColumnIndex(nCols + column - 1);

        for (int i = 0; i < nRows; ++i) {
            for (int j = 0; j < nCols; ++j) {
                setEntry(row + i, column + j, subMatrix[i][j]);
            }
        }
    }

    /** {@inheritDoc} */
    public FieldMatrix<T> getRowMatrix(final int row) throws OutOfRangeException {
        checkRowIndex(row);
        final int nCols = getColumnDimension();
        final FieldMatrix<T> out = createMatrix(1, nCols);
        for (int i = 0; i < nCols; ++i) {
            out.setEntry(0, i, getEntry(row, i));
        }

        return out;

    }

    /** {@inheritDoc} */
    public void setRowMatrix(final int row, final FieldMatrix<T> matrix)
        throws OutOfRangeException, MatrixDimensionMismatchException {
        checkRowIndex(row);
        final int nCols = getColumnDimension();
        if ((matrix.getRowDimension() != 1) ||
            (matrix.getColumnDimension() != nCols)) {
            throw new MatrixDimensionMismatchException(matrix.getRowDimension(),
                                                       matrix.getColumnDimension(),
                                                       1, nCols);
        }
        for (int i = 0; i < nCols; ++i) {
            setEntry(row, i, matrix.getEntry(0, i));
        }

    }

    /** {@inheritDoc} */
    public FieldMatrix<T> getColumnMatrix(final int column)
    throws OutOfRangeException {

        checkColumnIndex(column);
        final int nRows = getRowDimension();
        final FieldMatrix<T> out = createMatrix(nRows, 1);
        for (int i = 0; i < nRows; ++i) {
            out.setEntry(i, 0, getEntry(i, column));
        }

        return out;

    }

    /** {@inheritDoc} */
    public void setColumnMatrix(final int column, final FieldMatrix<T> matrix)
        throws OutOfRangeException, MatrixDimensionMismatchException {
        checkColumnIndex(column);
        final int nRows = getRowDimension();
        if ((matrix.getRowDimension() != nRows) ||
            (matrix.getColumnDimension() != 1)) {
            throw new MatrixDimensionMismatchException(matrix.getRowDimension(),
                                                       matrix.getColumnDimension(),
                                                       nRows, 1);
        }
        for (int i = 0; i < nRows; ++i) {
            setEntry(i, column, matrix.getEntry(i, 0));
        }

    }

    /** {@inheritDoc} */
    public FieldVector<T> getRowVector(final int row)
        throws OutOfRangeException {
        return new ArrayFieldVector<T>(field, getRow(row), false);
    }

    /** {@inheritDoc} */
    public void setRowVector(final int row, final FieldVector<T> vector)
        throws OutOfRangeException, MatrixDimensionMismatchException {
        checkRowIndex(row);
        final int nCols = getColumnDimension();
        if (vector.getDimension() != nCols) {
            throw new MatrixDimensionMismatchException(1, vector.getDimension(),
                                                       1, nCols);
        }
        for (int i = 0; i < nCols; ++i) {
            setEntry(row, i, vector.getEntry(i));
        }

    }

    /** {@inheritDoc} */
    public FieldVector<T> getColumnVector(final int column)
        throws OutOfRangeException {
        return new ArrayFieldVector<T>(field, getColumn(column), false);
    }

    /** {@inheritDoc} */
    public void setColumnVector(final int column, final FieldVector<T> vector)
        throws OutOfRangeException, MatrixDimensionMismatchException {

        checkColumnIndex(column);
        final int nRows = getRowDimension();
        if (vector.getDimension() != nRows) {
            throw new MatrixDimensionMismatchException(vector.getDimension(), 1,
                                                       nRows, 1);
        }
        for (int i = 0; i < nRows; ++i) {
            setEntry(i, column, vector.getEntry(i));
        }

    }

    /** {@inheritDoc} */
    public T[] getRow(final int row) throws OutOfRangeException {
        checkRowIndex(row);
        final int nCols = getColumnDimension();
        final T[] out = MathArrays.buildArray(field, nCols);
        for (int i = 0; i < nCols; ++i) {
            out[i] = getEntry(row, i);
        }

        return out;

    }

    /** {@inheritDoc} */
    public void setRow(final int row, final T[] array)
        throws OutOfRangeException, MatrixDimensionMismatchException {
        checkRowIndex(row);
        final int nCols = getColumnDimension();
        if (array.length != nCols) {
            throw new MatrixDimensionMismatchException(1, array.length, 1, nCols);
        }
        for (int i = 0; i < nCols; ++i) {
            setEntry(row, i, array[i]);
        }

    }

    /** {@inheritDoc} */
    public T[] getColumn(final int column) throws OutOfRangeException {
        checkColumnIndex(column);
        final int nRows = getRowDimension();
        final T[] out = MathArrays.buildArray(field, nRows);
        for (int i = 0; i < nRows; ++i) {
            out[i] = getEntry(i, column);
        }

        return out;

    }

    /** {@inheritDoc} */
    public void setColumn(final int column, final T[] array)
        throws OutOfRangeException, MatrixDimensionMismatchException {
        checkColumnIndex(column);
        final int nRows = getRowDimension();
        if (array.length != nRows) {
            throw new MatrixDimensionMismatchException(array.length, 1, nRows, 1);
        }
        for (int i = 0; i < nRows; ++i) {
            setEntry(i, column, array[i]);
        }
    }

    /** {@inheritDoc} */
    public abstract T getEntry(int row, int column) throws OutOfRangeException;

    /** {@inheritDoc} */
    public abstract void setEntry(int row, int column, T value) throws OutOfRangeException;

    /** {@inheritDoc} */
    public abstract void addToEntry(int row, int column, T increment) throws OutOfRangeException;

    /** {@inheritDoc} */
    public abstract void multiplyEntry(int row, int column, T factor) throws OutOfRangeException;

    /** {@inheritDoc} */
    public FieldMatrix<T> transpose() {
        final int nRows = getRowDimension();
        final int nCols = getColumnDimension();
        final FieldMatrix<T> out = createMatrix(nCols, nRows);
        walkInOptimizedOrder(new DefaultFieldMatrixPreservingVisitor<T>(field.getZero()) {
            /** {@inheritDoc} */
            @Override
            public void visit(final int row, final int column, final T value) {
                out.setEntry(column, row, value);
            }
        });

        return out;
    }

    /** {@inheritDoc} */
    public boolean isSquare() {
        return getColumnDimension() == getRowDimension();
    }

    /** {@inheritDoc} */
    public abstract int getRowDimension();

    /** {@inheritDoc} */
    public abstract int getColumnDimension();

    /** {@inheritDoc} */
    public T getTrace() throws NonSquareMatrixException {
        final int nRows = getRowDimension();
        final int nCols = getColumnDimension();
        if (nRows != nCols) {
            throw new NonSquareMatrixException(nRows, nCols);
       }
        T trace = field.getZero();
        for (int i = 0; i < nRows; ++i) {
            trace = trace.add(getEntry(i, i));
        }
        return trace;
    }

    /** {@inheritDoc} */
    public T[] operate(final T[] v) throws DimensionMismatchException {

        final int nRows = getRowDimension();
        final int nCols = getColumnDimension();
        if (v.length != nCols) {
            throw new DimensionMismatchException(v.length, nCols);
        }

        final T[] out = MathArrays.buildArray(field, nRows);
        for (int row = 0; row < nRows; ++row) {
            T sum = field.getZero();
            for (int i = 0; i < nCols; ++i) {
                sum = sum.add(getEntry(row, i).multiply(v[i]));
            }
            out[row] = sum;
        }

        return out;
    }

    /** {@inheritDoc} */
    public FieldVector<T> operate(final FieldVector v)
        throws DimensionMismatchException {
        try {
            return new ArrayFieldVector<T>(field, operate(((ArrayFieldVector) v).getDataRef()), false);
        } catch (ClassCastException cce) {
            final int nRows = getRowDimension();
            final int nCols = getColumnDimension();
            if (v.getDimension() != nCols) {
                throw new DimensionMismatchException(v.getDimension(), nCols);
            }

            final T[] out = MathArrays.buildArray(field, nRows);
            for (int row = 0; row < nRows; ++row) {
                T sum = field.getZero();
                for (int i = 0; i < nCols; ++i) {
                    sum = sum.add(getEntry(row, i).multiply(v.getEntry(i)));
                }
                out[row] = sum;
            }

            return new ArrayFieldVector<T>(field, out, false);
        }
    }

    /** {@inheritDoc} */
    public T[] preMultiply(final T[] v) throws DimensionMismatchException {

        final int nRows = getRowDimension();
        final int nCols = getColumnDimension();
        if (v.length != nRows) {
            throw new DimensionMismatchException(v.length, nRows);
        }

        final T[] out = MathArrays.buildArray(field, nCols);
        for (int col = 0; col < nCols; ++col) {
            T sum = field.getZero();
            for (int i = 0; i < nRows; ++i) {
                sum = sum.add(getEntry(i, col).multiply(v[i]));
            }
            out[col] = sum;
        }

        return out;
    }

    /** {@inheritDoc} */
    public FieldVector<T> preMultiply(final FieldVector v)
        throws DimensionMismatchException {
        try {
            return new ArrayFieldVector<T>(field, preMultiply(((ArrayFieldVector) v).getDataRef()), false);
        } catch (ClassCastException cce) {
            final int nRows = getRowDimension();
            final int nCols = getColumnDimension();
            if (v.getDimension() != nRows) {
                throw new DimensionMismatchException(v.getDimension(), nRows);
            }

            final T[] out = MathArrays.buildArray(field, nCols);
            for (int col = 0; col < nCols; ++col) {
                T sum = field.getZero();
                for (int i = 0; i < nRows; ++i) {
                    sum = sum.add(getEntry(i, col).multiply(v.getEntry(i)));
                }
                out[col] = sum;
            }

            return new ArrayFieldVector<T>(field, out, false);
        }
    }

    /** {@inheritDoc} */
    public T walkInRowOrder(final FieldMatrixChangingVisitor<T> visitor) {
        final int rows    = getRowDimension();
        final int columns = getColumnDimension();
        visitor.start(rows, columns, 0, rows - 1, 0, columns - 1);
        for (int row = 0; row < rows; ++row) {
            for (int column = 0; column < columns; ++column) {
                final T oldValue = getEntry(row, column);
                final T newValue = visitor.visit(row, column, oldValue);
                setEntry(row, column, newValue);
            }
        }
        return visitor.end();
    }

    /** {@inheritDoc} */
    public T walkInRowOrder(final FieldMatrixPreservingVisitor<T> visitor) {
        final int rows    = getRowDimension();
        final int columns = getColumnDimension();
        visitor.start(rows, columns, 0, rows - 1, 0, columns - 1);
        for (int row = 0; row < rows; ++row) {
            for (int column = 0; column < columns; ++column) {
                visitor.visit(row, column, getEntry(row, column));
            }
        }
        return visitor.end();
    }

    /** {@inheritDoc} */
    public T walkInRowOrder(final FieldMatrixChangingVisitor<T> visitor,
                            final int startRow, final int endRow,
                            final int startColumn, final int endColumn)
        throws NumberIsTooSmallException, OutOfRangeException {
        checkSubMatrixIndex(startRow, endRow, startColumn, endColumn);
        visitor.start(getRowDimension(), getColumnDimension(),
                      startRow, endRow, startColumn, endColumn);
        for (int row = startRow; row <= endRow; ++row) {
            for (int column = startColumn; column <= endColumn; ++column) {
                final T oldValue = getEntry(row, column);
                final T newValue = visitor.visit(row, column, oldValue);
                setEntry(row, column, newValue);
            }
        }
        return visitor.end();
    }

    /** {@inheritDoc} */
    public T walkInRowOrder(final FieldMatrixPreservingVisitor<T> visitor,
                            final int startRow, final int endRow,
                            final int startColumn, final int endColumn)
        throws NumberIsTooSmallException, OutOfRangeException {
        checkSubMatrixIndex(startRow, endRow, startColumn, endColumn);
        visitor.start(getRowDimension(), getColumnDimension(),
                      startRow, endRow, startColumn, endColumn);
        for (int row = startRow; row <= endRow; ++row) {
            for (int column = startColumn; column <= endColumn; ++column) {
                visitor.visit(row, column, getEntry(row, column));
            }
        }
        return visitor.end();
    }

    /** {@inheritDoc} */
    public T walkInColumnOrder(final FieldMatrixChangingVisitor<T> visitor) {
        final int rows    = getRowDimension();
        final int columns = getColumnDimension();
        visitor.start(rows, columns, 0, rows - 1, 0, columns - 1);
        for (int column = 0; column < columns; ++column) {
            for (int row = 0; row < rows; ++row) {
                final T oldValue = getEntry(row, column);
                final T newValue = visitor.visit(row, column, oldValue);
                setEntry(row, column, newValue);
            }
        }
        return visitor.end();
    }

    /** {@inheritDoc} */
    public T walkInColumnOrder(final FieldMatrixPreservingVisitor<T> visitor) {
        final int rows    = getRowDimension();
        final int columns = getColumnDimension();
        visitor.start(rows, columns, 0, rows - 1, 0, columns - 1);
        for (int column = 0; column < columns; ++column) {
            for (int row = 0; row < rows; ++row) {
                visitor.visit(row, column, getEntry(row, column));
            }
        }
        return visitor.end();
    }

    /** {@inheritDoc} */
    public T walkInColumnOrder(final FieldMatrixChangingVisitor<T> visitor,
                               final int startRow, final int endRow,
                               final int startColumn, final int endColumn)
    throws NumberIsTooSmallException, OutOfRangeException {
        checkSubMatrixIndex(startRow, endRow, startColumn, endColumn);
        visitor.start(getRowDimension(), getColumnDimension(),
                      startRow, endRow, startColumn, endColumn);
        for (int column = startColumn; column <= endColumn; ++column) {
            for (int row = startRow; row <= endRow; ++row) {
                final T oldValue = getEntry(row, column);
                final T newValue = visitor.visit(row, column, oldValue);
                setEntry(row, column, newValue);
            }
        }
        return visitor.end();
    }

    /** {@inheritDoc} */
    public T walkInColumnOrder(final FieldMatrixPreservingVisitor<T> visitor,
                               final int startRow, final int endRow,
                               final int startColumn, final int endColumn)
    throws NumberIsTooSmallException, OutOfRangeException{
        checkSubMatrixIndex(startRow, endRow, startColumn, endColumn);
        visitor.start(getRowDimension(), getColumnDimension(),
                      startRow, endRow, startColumn, endColumn);
        for (int column = startColumn; column <= endColumn; ++column) {
            for (int row = startRow; row <= endRow; ++row) {
                visitor.visit(row, column, getEntry(row, column));
            }
        }
        return visitor.end();
    }

    /** {@inheritDoc} */
    public T walkInOptimizedOrder(final FieldMatrixChangingVisitor<T> visitor) {
        return walkInRowOrder(visitor);
    }

    /** {@inheritDoc} */
    public T walkInOptimizedOrder(final FieldMatrixPreservingVisitor<T> visitor) {
        return walkInRowOrder(visitor);
    }

    /** {@inheritDoc} */
    public T walkInOptimizedOrder(final FieldMatrixChangingVisitor<T> visitor,
                                  final int startRow, final int endRow,
                                  final int startColumn, final int endColumn)
        throws NumberIsTooSmallException, OutOfRangeException {
        return walkInRowOrder(visitor, startRow, endRow, startColumn, endColumn);
    }

    /** {@inheritDoc} */
    public T walkInOptimizedOrder(final FieldMatrixPreservingVisitor<T> visitor,
                                  final int startRow, final int endRow,
                                  final int startColumn, final int endColumn)
        throws NumberIsTooSmallException, OutOfRangeException {
        return walkInRowOrder(visitor, startRow, endRow, startColumn, endColumn);
    }

    /**
     * Get a string representation for this matrix.
     * @return a string representation for this matrix
     */
    @Override
    public String toString() {
        final int nRows = getRowDimension();
        final int nCols = getColumnDimension();
        final StringBuffer res = new StringBuffer();
        String fullClassName = getClass().getName();
        String shortClassName = fullClassName.substring(fullClassName.lastIndexOf('.') + 1);
        res.append(shortClassName).append("{");

        for (int i = 0; i < nRows; ++i) {
            if (i > 0) {
                res.append(",");
            }
            res.append("{");
            for (int j = 0; j < nCols; ++j) {
                if (j > 0) {
                    res.append(",");
                }
                res.append(getEntry(i, j));
            }
            res.append("}");
        }

        res.append("}");
        return res.toString();
    }

    /**
     * Returns true iff <code>object is a
     * <code>FieldMatrix instance with the same dimensions as this
     * and all corresponding matrix entries are equal.
     *
     * @param object the object to test equality against.
     * @return true if object equals this
     */
    @Override
    public boolean equals(final Object object) {
        if (object == this ) {
            return true;
        }
        if (object instanceof FieldMatrix<?> == false) {
            return false;
        }
        FieldMatrix<?> m = (FieldMatrix) object;
        final int nRows = getRowDimension();
        final int nCols = getColumnDimension();
        if (m.getColumnDimension() != nCols || m.getRowDimension() != nRows) {
            return false;
        }
        for (int row = 0; row < nRows; ++row) {
            for (int col = 0; col < nCols; ++col) {
                if (!getEntry(row, col).equals(m.getEntry(row, col))) {
                    return false;
                }
            }
        }
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Computes a hashcode for the matrix.
     *
     * @return hashcode for matrix
     */
    @Override
    public int hashCode() {
        int ret = 322562;
        final int nRows = getRowDimension();
        final int nCols = getColumnDimension();
        ret = ret * 31 + nRows;
        ret = ret * 31 + nCols;
        for (int row = 0; row < nRows; ++row) {
            for (int col = 0; col < nCols; ++col) {
               ret = ret * 31 + (11 * (row+1) + 17 * (col+1)) * getEntry(row, col).hashCode();
           }
        }
        return ret;
    }

    /**
     * Check if a row index is valid.
     *
     * @param row Row index to check.
     * @throws OutOfRangeException if {@code index} is not valid.
     */
    protected void checkRowIndex(final int row) throws OutOfRangeException {
        if (row < 0 || row >= getRowDimension()) {
            throw new OutOfRangeException(LocalizedFormats.ROW_INDEX,
                                          row, 0, getRowDimension() - 1);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Check if a column index is valid.
     *
     * @param column Column index to check.
     * @throws OutOfRangeException if {@code index} is not valid.
     */
    protected void checkColumnIndex(final int column)
        throws OutOfRangeException {
        if (column < 0 || column >= getColumnDimension()) {
            throw new OutOfRangeException(LocalizedFormats.COLUMN_INDEX,
                                          column, 0, getColumnDimension() - 1);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Check if submatrix ranges indices are valid.
     * Rows and columns are indicated counting from 0 to n-1.
     *
     * @param startRow Initial row index.
     * @param endRow Final row index.
     * @param startColumn Initial column index.
     * @param endColumn Final column index.
     * @throws OutOfRangeException if the indices are not valid.
     * @throws NumberIsTooSmallException if {@code endRow < startRow} or
     * {@code endColumn < startColumn}.
     */
    protected void checkSubMatrixIndex(final int startRow, final int endRow,
                                       final int startColumn, final int endColumn)
        throws NumberIsTooSmallException, OutOfRangeException {
        checkRowIndex(startRow);
        checkRowIndex(endRow);
        if (endRow < startRow) {
            throw new NumberIsTooSmallException(LocalizedFormats.INITIAL_ROW_AFTER_FINAL_ROW,
                                                endRow, startRow, true);
        }

        checkColumnIndex(startColumn);
        checkColumnIndex(endColumn);
        if (endColumn < startColumn) {
            throw new NumberIsTooSmallException(LocalizedFormats.INITIAL_COLUMN_AFTER_FINAL_COLUMN,
                                                endColumn, startColumn, true);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Check if submatrix ranges indices are valid.
     * Rows and columns are indicated counting from 0 to n-1.
     *
     * @param selectedRows Array of row indices.
     * @param selectedColumns Array of column indices.
     * @throws NullArgumentException if the arrays are {@code null}.
     * @throws NoDataException if the arrays have zero length.
     * @throws OutOfRangeException if row or column selections are not valid.
     */
    protected void checkSubMatrixIndex(final int[] selectedRows, final int[] selectedColumns)
        throws NoDataException, NullArgumentException, OutOfRangeException {
        if (selectedRows == null ||
            selectedColumns == null) {
            throw new NullArgumentException();
        }
        if (selectedRows.length == 0 ||
            selectedColumns.length == 0) {
            throw new NoDataException();
        }

        for (final int row : selectedRows) {
            checkRowIndex(row);
        }
        for (final int column : selectedColumns) {
            checkColumnIndex(column);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Check if a matrix is addition compatible with the instance.
     *
     * @param m Matrix to check.
     * @throws MatrixDimensionMismatchException if the matrix is not
     * addition-compatible with instance.
     */
    protected void checkAdditionCompatible(final FieldMatrix<T> m)
        throws MatrixDimensionMismatchException {
        if ((getRowDimension() != m.getRowDimension()) ||
            (getColumnDimension() != m.getColumnDimension())) {
            throw new MatrixDimensionMismatchException(m.getRowDimension(), m.getColumnDimension(),
                                                       getRowDimension(), getColumnDimension());
        }
    }

    /**
     * Check if a matrix is subtraction compatible with the instance.
     *
     * @param m Matrix to check.
     * @throws MatrixDimensionMismatchException if the matrix is not
     * subtraction-compatible with instance.
     */
    protected void checkSubtractionCompatible(final FieldMatrix<T> m)
        throws MatrixDimensionMismatchException {
        if ((getRowDimension() != m.getRowDimension()) ||
            (getColumnDimension() != m.getColumnDimension())) {
            throw new MatrixDimensionMismatchException(m.getRowDimension(), m.getColumnDimension(),
                                                       getRowDimension(), getColumnDimension());
        }
    }

    /**
     * Check if a matrix is multiplication compatible with the instance.
     *
     * @param m Matrix to check.
     * @throws DimensionMismatchException if the matrix is not
     * multiplication-compatible with instance.
     */
    protected void checkMultiplicationCompatible(final FieldMatrix<T> m)
        throws DimensionMismatchException {
        if (getColumnDimension() != m.getRowDimension()) {
            throw new DimensionMismatchException(m.getRowDimension(), getColumnDimension());
        }
    }
}

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