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Java example source code file (FieldRotationDfpTest.java)

This example Java source code file (FieldRotationDfpTest.java) is included in the alvinalexander.com "Java Source Code Warehouse" project. The intent of this project is to help you "Learn Java by Example" TM.

Learn more about this Java project at its project page.

Java - Java tags/keywords

cardaneulersingularityexception, cardanorders, dfp, dfpfield, eulerorders, fieldrotation, fieldvector3d, matharithmeticexception, mathillegalargumentexception, notarotationmatrixexception, rotationorder, test, unitsphererandomvectorgenerator, well1024a

The FieldRotationDfpTest.java Java example source code

/*
 * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
 * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
 * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
 * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
 * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
 * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

package org.apache.commons.math3.geometry.euclidean.threed;

import org.apache.commons.math3.dfp.Dfp;
import org.apache.commons.math3.dfp.DfpField;
import org.apache.commons.math3.exception.MathArithmeticException;
import org.apache.commons.math3.exception.MathIllegalArgumentException;
import org.apache.commons.math3.random.UnitSphereRandomVectorGenerator;
import org.apache.commons.math3.random.Well1024a;
import org.apache.commons.math3.util.FastMath;
import org.apache.commons.math3.util.MathUtils;
import org.junit.Assert;
import org.junit.Test;


public class FieldRotationDfpTest {

    @Test
    public void testIdentity() {

        FieldRotation<Dfp> r = createRotation(1, 0, 0, 0, false);
        checkVector(r.applyTo(createVector(1, 0, 0)), createVector(1, 0, 0));
        checkVector(r.applyTo(createVector(0, 1, 0)), createVector(0, 1, 0));
        checkVector(r.applyTo(createVector(0, 0, 1)), createVector(0, 0, 1));
        checkAngle(r.getAngle(), 0);

        r = createRotation(-1, 0, 0, 0, false);
        checkVector(r.applyTo(createVector(1, 0, 0)), createVector(1, 0, 0));
        checkVector(r.applyTo(createVector(0, 1, 0)), createVector(0, 1, 0));
        checkVector(r.applyTo(createVector(0, 0, 1)), createVector(0, 0, 1));
        checkAngle(r.getAngle(), 0);

        r = createRotation(42, 0, 0, 0, true);
        checkVector(r.applyTo(createVector(1, 0, 0)), createVector(1, 0, 0));
        checkVector(r.applyTo(createVector(0, 1, 0)), createVector(0, 1, 0));
        checkVector(r.applyTo(createVector(0, 0, 1)), createVector(0, 0, 1));
        checkAngle(r.getAngle(), 0);

    }

    @Test
    @Deprecated
    public void testAxisAngleDeprecated() throws MathIllegalArgumentException {

        FieldRotation<Dfp> r = new FieldRotation(createAxis(10, 10, 10), createAngle(2 * FastMath.PI / 3));
        checkVector(r.applyTo(createVector(1, 0, 0)), createVector(0, 1, 0));
        checkVector(r.applyTo(createVector(0, 1, 0)), createVector(0, 0, 1));
        checkVector(r.applyTo(createVector(0, 0, 1)), createVector(1, 0, 0));
        double s = 1 / FastMath.sqrt(3);
        checkVector(r.getAxis(), createVector(s, s, s));
        checkAngle(r.getAngle(), 2 * FastMath.PI / 3);

        try {
            new FieldRotation<Dfp>(createAxis(0, 0, 0), createAngle(2 * FastMath.PI / 3));
            Assert.fail("an exception should have been thrown");
        } catch (MathIllegalArgumentException e) {
        }

        r = new FieldRotation<Dfp>(createAxis(0, 0, 1), createAngle(1.5 * FastMath.PI));
        checkVector(r.getAxis(), createVector(0, 0, -1));
        checkAngle(r.getAngle(), 0.5 * FastMath.PI);

        r = new FieldRotation<Dfp>(createAxis(0, 1, 0), createAngle(FastMath.PI));
        checkVector(r.getAxis(), createVector(0, 1, 0));
        checkAngle(r.getAngle(), FastMath.PI);

        checkVector(createRotation(1, 0, 0, 0, false).getAxis(), createVector(1, 0, 0));

    }

    @Test
    public void testAxisAngleVectorOperator() throws MathIllegalArgumentException {

        FieldRotation<Dfp> r = new FieldRotation(createAxis(10, 10, 10),
                                                      createAngle(2 * FastMath.PI / 3) ,
                                                      RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
        checkVector(r.applyTo(createVector(1, 0, 0)), createVector(0, 1, 0));
        checkVector(r.applyTo(createVector(0, 1, 0)), createVector(0, 0, 1));
        checkVector(r.applyTo(createVector(0, 0, 1)), createVector(1, 0, 0));
        double s = 1 / FastMath.sqrt(3);
        checkVector(r.getAxis(RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR), createVector( s,  s,  s));
        checkVector(r.getAxis(RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM), createVector(-s, -s, -s));
        checkAngle(r.getAngle(), 2 * FastMath.PI / 3);

        try {
            new FieldRotation<Dfp>(createAxis(0, 0, 0),
                                   createAngle(2 * FastMath.PI / 3),
                                   RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
            Assert.fail("an exception should have been thrown");
        } catch (MathIllegalArgumentException e) {
        }

        r = new FieldRotation<Dfp>(createAxis(0, 0, 1),
                                   createAngle(1.5 * FastMath.PI),
                                   RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
        checkVector(r.getAxis(RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR), createVector(0, 0, -1));
        checkVector(r.getAxis(RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM), createVector(0, 0, +1));
        checkAngle(r.getAngle(), 0.5 * FastMath.PI);

        r = new FieldRotation<Dfp>(createAxis(0, 1, 0),
                                   createAngle(FastMath.PI),
                                   RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
        checkVector(r.getAxis(RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR), createVector(0, +1, 0));
        checkVector(r.getAxis(RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM), createVector(0, -1, 0));
        checkAngle(r.getAngle(), FastMath.PI);

        checkVector(createRotation(1, 0, 0, 0, false).getAxis(RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR), createVector(+1, 0, 0));
        checkVector(createRotation(1, 0, 0, 0, false).getAxis(RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM), createVector(-1, 0, 0));

    }

    @Test
    public void testAxisAngleFrameTransform() throws MathIllegalArgumentException {

        FieldRotation<Dfp> r = new FieldRotation(createAxis(10, 10, 10),
                                                      createAngle(2 * FastMath.PI / 3) ,
                                                      RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM);
        checkVector(r.applyTo(createVector(1, 0, 0)), createVector(0, 0, 1));
        checkVector(r.applyTo(createVector(0, 1, 0)), createVector(1, 0, 0));
        checkVector(r.applyTo(createVector(0, 0, 1)), createVector(0, 1, 0));
        double s = 1 / FastMath.sqrt(3);
        checkVector(r.getAxis(RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM), createVector( s,  s,  s));
        checkVector(r.getAxis(RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR), createVector(-s, -s, -s));
        checkAngle(r.getAngle(), 2 * FastMath.PI / 3);

        try {
            new FieldRotation<Dfp>(createAxis(0, 0, 0),
                                   createAngle(2 * FastMath.PI / 3),
                                   RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM);
            Assert.fail("an exception should have been thrown");
        } catch (MathIllegalArgumentException e) {
        }

        r = new FieldRotation<Dfp>(createAxis(0, 0, 1),
                                   createAngle(1.5 * FastMath.PI),
                                   RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM);
        checkVector(r.getAxis(RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM), createVector(0, 0, -1));
        checkVector(r.getAxis(RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR), createVector(0, 0, +1));
        checkAngle(r.getAngle(), 0.5 * FastMath.PI);

        r = new FieldRotation<Dfp>(createAxis(0, 1, 0),
                                   createAngle(FastMath.PI),
                                   RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM);
        checkVector(r.getAxis(RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM), createVector(0, +1, 0));
        checkVector(r.getAxis(RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR), createVector(0, -1, 0));
        checkAngle(r.getAngle(), FastMath.PI);

        checkVector(createRotation(1, 0, 0, 0, false).getAxis(RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM), createVector(-1, 0, 0));
        checkVector(createRotation(1, 0, 0, 0, false).getAxis(RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR), createVector(+1, 0, 0));

    }

    @Test
    public void testRevert() {
        double a = 0.001;
        double b = 0.36;
        double c = 0.48;
        double d = 0.8;
        FieldRotation<Dfp> r = createRotation(a, b, c, d, true);
        FieldRotation<Dfp> reverted = r.revert();
        FieldRotation<Dfp> rrT = r.applyTo(reverted);
        checkRotationDS(rrT, 1, 0, 0, 0);
        FieldRotation<Dfp> rTr = reverted.applyTo(r);
        checkRotationDS(rTr, 1, 0, 0, 0);
        Assert.assertEquals(r.getAngle().getReal(), reverted.getAngle().getReal(), 1.0e-15);
        Assert.assertEquals(-1,
                            FieldVector3D.dotProduct(r.getAxis(RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR),
                                                     reverted.getAxis(RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR)).getReal(),
                            1.0e-15);
    }

    @Test
    public void testRevertVectorOperator() {
        double a = 0.001;
        double b = 0.36;
        double c = 0.48;
        double d = 0.8;
        FieldRotation<Dfp> r = createRotation(a, b, c, d, true);
        FieldRotation<Dfp> reverted = r.revert();
        FieldRotation<Dfp> rrT = r.compose(reverted, RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
        checkRotationDS(rrT, 1, 0, 0, 0);
        FieldRotation<Dfp> rTr = reverted.compose(r, RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
        checkRotationDS(rTr, 1, 0, 0, 0);
        Assert.assertEquals(r.getAngle().getReal(), reverted.getAngle().getReal(), 1.0e-15);
        Assert.assertEquals(-1,
                            FieldVector3D.dotProduct(r.getAxis(RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR),
                                                     reverted.getAxis(RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR)).getReal(),
                            1.0e-15);
    }

    @Test
    public void testRevertFrameTransform() {
        double a = 0.001;
        double b = 0.36;
        double c = 0.48;
        double d = 0.8;
        FieldRotation<Dfp> r = createRotation(a, b, c, d, true);
        FieldRotation<Dfp> reverted = r.revert();
        FieldRotation<Dfp> rrT = r.compose(reverted, RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM);
        checkRotationDS(rrT, 1, 0, 0, 0);
        FieldRotation<Dfp> rTr = reverted.compose(r, RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM);
        checkRotationDS(rTr, 1, 0, 0, 0);
        Assert.assertEquals(r.getAngle().getReal(), reverted.getAngle().getReal(), 1.0e-15);
        Assert.assertEquals(-1,
                            FieldVector3D.dotProduct(r.getAxis(RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM),
                                                     reverted.getAxis(RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM)).getReal(),
                            1.0e-15);
    }

    @Test
    public void testVectorOnePair() throws MathArithmeticException {

        FieldVector3D<Dfp> u = createVector(3, 2, 1);
        FieldVector3D<Dfp> v = createVector(-4, 2, 2);
        FieldRotation<Dfp> r = new FieldRotation(u, v);
        checkVector(r.applyTo(u.scalarMultiply(v.getNorm())), v.scalarMultiply(u.getNorm()));

        checkAngle(new FieldRotation<Dfp>(u, u.negate()).getAngle(), FastMath.PI);

        try {
            new FieldRotation<Dfp>(u, createVector(0, 0, 0));
            Assert.fail("an exception should have been thrown");
        } catch (MathArithmeticException e) {
            // expected behavior
        }

    }

    @Test
    public void testVectorTwoPairs() throws MathArithmeticException {

        FieldVector3D<Dfp> u1 = createVector(3, 0, 0);
        FieldVector3D<Dfp> u2 = createVector(0, 5, 0);
        FieldVector3D<Dfp> v1 = createVector(0, 0, 2);
        FieldVector3D<Dfp> v2 = createVector(-2, 0, 2);
        FieldRotation<Dfp> r = new FieldRotation(u1, u2, v1, v2);
        checkVector(r.applyTo(createVector(1, 0, 0)), createVector(0, 0, 1));
        checkVector(r.applyTo(createVector(0, 1, 0)), createVector(-1, 0, 0));

        r = new FieldRotation<Dfp>(u1, u2, u1.negate(), u2.negate());
        FieldVector3D<Dfp> axis = r.getAxis(RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
        if (FieldVector3D.dotProduct(axis, createVector(0, 0, 1)).getReal() > 0) {
            checkVector(axis, createVector(0, 0, 1));
        } else {
            checkVector(axis, createVector(0, 0, -1));
        }
        checkAngle(r.getAngle(), FastMath.PI);

        double sqrt = FastMath.sqrt(2) / 2;
        r = new FieldRotation<Dfp>(createVector(1, 0, 0),  createVector(0, 1, 0),
                           createVector(0.5, 0.5,  sqrt),
                           createVector(0.5, 0.5, -sqrt));
        checkRotationDS(r, sqrt, 0.5, 0.5, 0);

        r = new FieldRotation<Dfp>(u1, u2, u1, FieldVector3D.crossProduct(u1, u2));
        checkRotationDS(r, sqrt, -sqrt, 0, 0);

        checkRotationDS(new FieldRotation<Dfp>(u1, u2, u1, u2), 1, 0, 0, 0);

        try {
            new FieldRotation<Dfp>(u1, u2, createVector(0, 0, 0), v2);
            Assert.fail("an exception should have been thrown");
        } catch (MathArithmeticException e) {
            // expected behavior
        }

    }

    @Test
    public void testMatrix()
            throws NotARotationMatrixException {

        try {
            createRotation(new double[][] {
                { 0.0, 1.0, 0.0 },
                { 1.0, 0.0, 0.0 }
            }, 1.0e-7);
            Assert.fail("Expecting NotARotationMatrixException");
        } catch (NotARotationMatrixException nrme) {
            // expected behavior
        }

        try {
            createRotation(new double[][] {
                {  0.445888,  0.797184, -0.407040 },
                {  0.821760, -0.184320,  0.539200 },
                { -0.354816,  0.574912,  0.737280 }
            }, 1.0e-7);
            Assert.fail("Expecting NotARotationMatrixException");
        } catch (NotARotationMatrixException nrme) {
            // expected behavior
        }

        try {
            createRotation(new double[][] {
                {  0.4,  0.8, -0.4 },
                { -0.4,  0.6,  0.7 },
                {  0.8, -0.2,  0.5 }
            }, 1.0e-15);
            Assert.fail("Expecting NotARotationMatrixException");
        } catch (NotARotationMatrixException nrme) {
            // expected behavior
        }

        checkRotationDS(createRotation(new double[][] {
            {  0.445888,  0.797184, -0.407040 },
            { -0.354816,  0.574912,  0.737280 },
            {  0.821760, -0.184320,  0.539200 }
        }, 1.0e-10),
        0.8, 0.288, 0.384, 0.36);

        checkRotationDS(createRotation(new double[][] {
            {  0.539200,  0.737280,  0.407040 },
            {  0.184320, -0.574912,  0.797184 },
            {  0.821760, -0.354816, -0.445888 }
        }, 1.0e-10),
        0.36, 0.8, 0.288, 0.384);

        checkRotationDS(createRotation(new double[][] {
            { -0.445888,  0.797184, -0.407040 },
            {  0.354816,  0.574912,  0.737280 },
            {  0.821760,  0.184320, -0.539200 }
        }, 1.0e-10),
        0.384, 0.36, 0.8, 0.288);

        checkRotationDS(createRotation(new double[][] {
            { -0.539200,  0.737280,  0.407040 },
            { -0.184320, -0.574912,  0.797184 },
            {  0.821760,  0.354816,  0.445888 }
        }, 1.0e-10),
        0.288, 0.384, 0.36, 0.8);

        double[][] m1 = { { 0.0, 1.0, 0.0 },
            { 0.0, 0.0, 1.0 },
            { 1.0, 0.0, 0.0 } };
        FieldRotation<Dfp> r = createRotation(m1, 1.0e-7);
        checkVector(r.applyTo(createVector(1, 0, 0)), createVector(0, 0, 1));
        checkVector(r.applyTo(createVector(0, 1, 0)), createVector(1, 0, 0));
        checkVector(r.applyTo(createVector(0, 0, 1)), createVector(0, 1, 0));

        double[][] m2 = { { 0.83203, -0.55012, -0.07139 },
            { 0.48293,  0.78164, -0.39474 },
            { 0.27296,  0.29396,  0.91602 } };
        r = createRotation(m2, 1.0e-12);

        Dfp[][] m3 = r.getMatrix();
        double d00 = m2[0][0] - m3[0][0].getReal();
        double d01 = m2[0][1] - m3[0][1].getReal();
        double d02 = m2[0][2] - m3[0][2].getReal();
        double d10 = m2[1][0] - m3[1][0].getReal();
        double d11 = m2[1][1] - m3[1][1].getReal();
        double d12 = m2[1][2] - m3[1][2].getReal();
        double d20 = m2[2][0] - m3[2][0].getReal();
        double d21 = m2[2][1] - m3[2][1].getReal();
        double d22 = m2[2][2] - m3[2][2].getReal();

        Assert.assertTrue(FastMath.abs(d00) < 6.0e-6);
        Assert.assertTrue(FastMath.abs(d01) < 6.0e-6);
        Assert.assertTrue(FastMath.abs(d02) < 6.0e-6);
        Assert.assertTrue(FastMath.abs(d10) < 6.0e-6);
        Assert.assertTrue(FastMath.abs(d11) < 6.0e-6);
        Assert.assertTrue(FastMath.abs(d12) < 6.0e-6);
        Assert.assertTrue(FastMath.abs(d20) < 6.0e-6);
        Assert.assertTrue(FastMath.abs(d21) < 6.0e-6);
        Assert.assertTrue(FastMath.abs(d22) < 6.0e-6);

        Assert.assertTrue(FastMath.abs(d00) > 4.0e-7);
        Assert.assertTrue(FastMath.abs(d01) > 4.0e-7);
        Assert.assertTrue(FastMath.abs(d02) > 4.0e-7);
        Assert.assertTrue(FastMath.abs(d10) > 4.0e-7);
        Assert.assertTrue(FastMath.abs(d11) > 4.0e-7);
        Assert.assertTrue(FastMath.abs(d12) > 4.0e-7);
        Assert.assertTrue(FastMath.abs(d20) > 4.0e-7);
        Assert.assertTrue(FastMath.abs(d21) > 4.0e-7);
        Assert.assertTrue(FastMath.abs(d22) > 4.0e-7);

        for (int i = 0; i < 3; ++i) {
            for (int j = 0; j < 3; ++j) {
                double m3tm3 = m3[i][0].getReal() * m3[j][0].getReal() +
                               m3[i][1].getReal() * m3[j][1].getReal() +
                               m3[i][2].getReal() * m3[j][2].getReal();
                if (i == j) {
                    Assert.assertTrue(FastMath.abs(m3tm3 - 1.0) < 1.0e-10);
                } else {
                    Assert.assertTrue(FastMath.abs(m3tm3) < 1.0e-10);
                }
            }
        }

        checkVector(r.applyTo(createVector(1, 0, 0)),
                    new FieldVector3D<Dfp>(m3[0][0], m3[1][0], m3[2][0]));
        checkVector(r.applyTo(createVector(0, 1, 0)),
                    new FieldVector3D<Dfp>(m3[0][1], m3[1][1], m3[2][1]));
        checkVector(r.applyTo(createVector(0, 0, 1)),
                    new FieldVector3D<Dfp>(m3[0][2], m3[1][2], m3[2][2]));

        double[][] m4 = { { 1.0,  0.0,  0.0 },
            { 0.0, -1.0,  0.0 },
            { 0.0,  0.0, -1.0 } };
        r = createRotation(m4, 1.0e-7);
        checkAngle(r.getAngle(), FastMath.PI);

        try {
            double[][] m5 = { { 0.0, 0.0, 1.0 },
                { 0.0, 1.0, 0.0 },
                { 1.0, 0.0, 0.0 } };
            r = createRotation(m5, 1.0e-7);
            Assert.fail("got " + r + ", should have caught an exception");
        } catch (NotARotationMatrixException e) {
            // expected
        }

    }

    @Test
    @Deprecated
    public void testAnglesDeprecated()
            throws CardanEulerSingularityException {

        DfpField field = new DfpField(15);

        RotationOrder[] CardanOrders = {
            RotationOrder.XYZ, RotationOrder.XZY, RotationOrder.YXZ,
            RotationOrder.YZX, RotationOrder.ZXY, RotationOrder.ZYX
        };

        for (int i = 0; i < CardanOrders.length; ++i) {
            for (double alpha1 = 0.1; alpha1 < 6.2; alpha1 += 2.0) {
                for (double alpha2 = -1.55; alpha2 < 1.55; alpha2 += 0.8) {
                    for (double alpha3 = 0.1; alpha3 < 6.2; alpha3 += 2.0) {
                        FieldRotation<Dfp> r = new FieldRotation(CardanOrders[i],
                                                                      field.newDfp(alpha1),
                                                                      field.newDfp(alpha2),
                                                                      field.newDfp(alpha3));
                        Dfp[] angles = r.getAngles(CardanOrders[i]);
                        checkAngle(angles[0], alpha1);
                        checkAngle(angles[1], alpha2);
                        checkAngle(angles[2], alpha3);
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        RotationOrder[] EulerOrders = {
            RotationOrder.XYX, RotationOrder.XZX, RotationOrder.YXY,
            RotationOrder.YZY, RotationOrder.ZXZ, RotationOrder.ZYZ
        };

        for (int i = 0; i < EulerOrders.length; ++i) {
            for (double alpha1 = 0.1; alpha1 < 6.2; alpha1 += 2.0) {
                for (double alpha2 = 0.05; alpha2 < 3.1; alpha2 += 0.8) {
                    for (double alpha3 = 0.1; alpha3 < 6.2; alpha3 += 2.0) {
                        FieldRotation<Dfp> r = new FieldRotation(EulerOrders[i],
                                                                      field.newDfp(alpha1),
                                                                      field.newDfp(alpha2),
                                                                      field.newDfp(alpha3));
                        Dfp[] angles = r.getAngles(EulerOrders[i]);
                        checkAngle(angles[0], alpha1);
                        checkAngle(angles[1], alpha2);
                        checkAngle(angles[2], alpha3);
                    }
                }
            }
        }

    }

    @Test
    public void testAngles()
        throws CardanEulerSingularityException {

        DfpField field = new DfpField(15);

        for (RotationConvention convention : RotationConvention.values()) {
            RotationOrder[] CardanOrders = {
                RotationOrder.XYZ, RotationOrder.XZY, RotationOrder.YXZ,
                RotationOrder.YZX, RotationOrder.ZXY, RotationOrder.ZYX
            };

            for (int i = 0; i < CardanOrders.length; ++i) {
                for (double alpha1 = 0.1; alpha1 < 6.2; alpha1 += 2.0) {
                    for (double alpha2 = -1.55; alpha2 < 1.55; alpha2 += 0.8) {
                        for (double alpha3 = 0.1; alpha3 < 6.2; alpha3 += 2.0) {
                            FieldRotation<Dfp> r = new FieldRotation(CardanOrders[i],
                                                                          convention,
                                                                          field.newDfp(alpha1),
                                                                          field.newDfp(alpha2),
                                                                          field.newDfp(alpha3));
                            Dfp[] angles = r.getAngles(CardanOrders[i], convention);
                            checkAngle(angles[0], alpha1);
                            checkAngle(angles[1], alpha2);
                            checkAngle(angles[2], alpha3);
                        }
                    }
                }
            }

            RotationOrder[] EulerOrders = {
                RotationOrder.XYX, RotationOrder.XZX, RotationOrder.YXY,
                RotationOrder.YZY, RotationOrder.ZXZ, RotationOrder.ZYZ
            };

            for (int i = 0; i < EulerOrders.length; ++i) {
                for (double alpha1 = 0.1; alpha1 < 6.2; alpha1 += 2.0) {
                    for (double alpha2 = 0.05; alpha2 < 3.1; alpha2 += 0.8) {
                        for (double alpha3 = 0.1; alpha3 < 6.2; alpha3 += 2.0) {
                            FieldRotation<Dfp> r = new FieldRotation(EulerOrders[i],
                                                                          convention,
                                                                          field.newDfp(alpha1),
                                                                          field.newDfp(alpha2),
                                                                          field.newDfp(alpha3));
                            Dfp[] angles = r.getAngles(EulerOrders[i], convention);
                            checkAngle(angles[0], alpha1);
                            checkAngle(angles[1], alpha2);
                            checkAngle(angles[2], alpha3);
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }

    }

    @Test
    public void testSingularities() {

        DfpField field = new DfpField(20);
        for (RotationConvention convention : RotationConvention.values()) {
            RotationOrder[] CardanOrders = {
                RotationOrder.XYZ, RotationOrder.XZY, RotationOrder.YXZ,
                RotationOrder.YZX, RotationOrder.ZXY, RotationOrder.ZYX
            };

            double[] singularCardanAngle = { FastMath.PI / 2, -FastMath.PI / 2 };
            for (int i = 0; i < CardanOrders.length; ++i) {
                for (int j = 0; j < singularCardanAngle.length; ++j) {
                    FieldRotation<Dfp> r = new FieldRotation(CardanOrders[i],
                                                                  convention,
                                                                  field.newDfp(0.1),
                                                                  field.newDfp(singularCardanAngle[j]),
                                                                  field.newDfp(0.3));
                    try {
                        r.getAngles(CardanOrders[i], convention);
                        Assert.fail("an exception should have been caught");
                    } catch (CardanEulerSingularityException cese) {
                        // expected behavior
                    }
                }
            }

            RotationOrder[] EulerOrders = {
                RotationOrder.XYX, RotationOrder.XZX, RotationOrder.YXY,
                RotationOrder.YZY, RotationOrder.ZXZ, RotationOrder.ZYZ
            };

            double[] singularEulerAngle = { 0, FastMath.PI };
            for (int i = 0; i < EulerOrders.length; ++i) {
                for (int j = 0; j < singularEulerAngle.length; ++j) {
                    FieldRotation<Dfp> r = new FieldRotation(EulerOrders[i],
                                                                  convention,
                                                                  field.newDfp(0.1),
                                                                  field.newDfp(singularEulerAngle[j]),
                                                                  field.newDfp(0.3));
                    try {
                        r.getAngles(EulerOrders[i], convention);
                        Assert.fail("an exception should have been caught");
                    } catch (CardanEulerSingularityException cese) {
                        // expected behavior
                    }
                }
            }

        }
    }

    @Test
    public void testQuaternion() throws MathIllegalArgumentException {

        FieldRotation<Dfp> r1 = new FieldRotation(createVector(2, -3, 5),
                                                       createAngle(1.7),
                                                       RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
        double n = 23.5;
        FieldRotation<Dfp> r2 = new FieldRotation(r1.getQ0().multiply(n), r1.getQ1().multiply(n),
                                                       r1.getQ2().multiply(n), r1.getQ3().multiply(n),
                                                       true);
        for (double x = -0.9; x < 0.9; x += 0.2) {
            for (double y = -0.9; y < 0.9; y += 0.2) {
                for (double z = -0.9; z < 0.9; z += 0.2) {
                    FieldVector3D<Dfp> u = createVector(x, y, z);
                    checkVector(r2.applyTo(u), r1.applyTo(u));
                }
            }
        }

        r1 = createRotation(0.288,  0.384,  0.36,  0.8, false);
        checkRotationDS(r1,
                        -r1.getQ0().getReal(), -r1.getQ1().getReal(),
                        -r1.getQ2().getReal(), -r1.getQ3().getReal());

    }

    @Test
    public void testApplyToRotation() throws MathIllegalArgumentException {

        FieldRotation<Dfp> r1       = new FieldRotation(createVector(2, -3, 5),
                                                             createAngle(1.7),
                                                             RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
        FieldRotation<Dfp> r2       = new FieldRotation(createVector(-1, 3, 2),
                                                             createAngle(0.3),
                                                             RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
        FieldRotation<Dfp> r3       = r2.applyTo(r1);
        FieldRotation<Dfp> r3Double = r2.applyTo(new Rotation(r1.getQ0().getReal(),
                                                      r1.getQ1().getReal(),
                                                      r1.getQ2().getReal(),
                                                      r1.getQ3().getReal(),
                                                      false));

        for (double x = -0.9; x < 0.9; x += 0.2) {
            for (double y = -0.9; y < 0.9; y += 0.2) {
                for (double z = -0.9; z < 0.9; z += 0.2) {
                    FieldVector3D<Dfp> u = createVector(x, y, z);
                    checkVector(r2.applyTo(r1.applyTo(u)), r3.applyTo(u));
                    checkVector(r2.applyTo(r1.applyTo(u)), r3Double.applyTo(u));
                }
            }
        }

    }

    @Test
    public void testComposeVectorOperator() throws MathIllegalArgumentException {

        FieldRotation<Dfp> r1       = new FieldRotation(createVector(2, -3, 5),
                                                             createAngle(1.7),
                                                             RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
        FieldRotation<Dfp> r2       = new FieldRotation(createVector(-1, 3, 2),
                                                             createAngle(0.3),
                                                             RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
        FieldRotation<Dfp> r3       = r2.compose(r1, RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
        FieldRotation<Dfp> r3Double = r2.compose(new Rotation(r1.getQ0().getReal(),
                                                      r1.getQ1().getReal(),
                                                      r1.getQ2().getReal(),
                                                      r1.getQ3().getReal(),
                                                      false),
                                                 RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);

        for (double x = -0.9; x < 0.9; x += 0.2) {
            for (double y = -0.9; y < 0.9; y += 0.2) {
                for (double z = -0.9; z < 0.9; z += 0.2) {
                    FieldVector3D<Dfp> u = createVector(x, y, z);
                    checkVector(r2.applyTo(r1.applyTo(u)), r3.applyTo(u));
                    checkVector(r2.applyTo(r1.applyTo(u)), r3Double.applyTo(u));
                }
            }
        }

    }

    @Test
    public void testComposeFrameTransform() throws MathIllegalArgumentException {

        FieldRotation<Dfp> r1       = new FieldRotation(createVector(2, -3, 5),
                                                             createAngle(1.7),
                                                             RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM);
        FieldRotation<Dfp> r2       = new FieldRotation(createVector(-1, 3, 2),
                                                             createAngle(0.3),
                                                             RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM);
        FieldRotation<Dfp> r3       = r2.compose(r1, RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM);
        FieldRotation<Dfp> r3Double = r2.compose(new Rotation(r1.getQ0().getReal(),
                                                      r1.getQ1().getReal(),
                                                      r1.getQ2().getReal(),
                                                      r1.getQ3().getReal(),
                                                      false),
                                                 RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM);
        FieldRotation<Dfp> r4 = r1.compose(r2, RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
        Assert.assertEquals(0.0, FieldRotation.distance(r3, r4).getReal(), 1.0e-15);

        for (double x = -0.9; x < 0.9; x += 0.2) {
            for (double y = -0.9; y < 0.9; y += 0.2) {
                for (double z = -0.9; z < 0.9; z += 0.2) {
                    FieldVector3D<Dfp> u = createVector(x, y, z);
                    checkVector(r1.applyTo(r2.applyTo(u)), r3.applyTo(u));
                    checkVector(r1.applyTo(r2.applyTo(u)), r3Double.applyTo(u));
                }
            }
        }

    }

    @Test
    public void testApplyInverseToRotation() throws MathIllegalArgumentException {

        FieldRotation<Dfp> r1 = new FieldRotation(createVector(2, -3, 5),
                                                       createAngle(1.7),
                                                       RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
        FieldRotation<Dfp> r2 = new FieldRotation(createVector(-1, 3, 2),
                                                       createAngle(0.3),
                                                       RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
        FieldRotation<Dfp> r3 = r2.applyInverseTo(r1);
        FieldRotation<Dfp> r3Double = r2.applyInverseTo(new Rotation(r1.getQ0().getReal(),
                                                             r1.getQ1().getReal(),
                                                             r1.getQ2().getReal(),
                                                             r1.getQ3().getReal(),
                                                             false));

        for (double x = -0.9; x < 0.9; x += 0.2) {
            for (double y = -0.9; y < 0.9; y += 0.2) {
                for (double z = -0.9; z < 0.9; z += 0.2) {
                    FieldVector3D<Dfp> u = createVector(x, y, z);
                    checkVector(r2.applyInverseTo(r1.applyTo(u)), r3.applyTo(u));
                    checkVector(r2.applyInverseTo(r1.applyTo(u)), r3Double.applyTo(u));
                }
            }
        }

    }

    @Test
    public void testComposeInverseVectorOperator() throws MathIllegalArgumentException {

        FieldRotation<Dfp> r1 = new FieldRotation(createVector(2, -3, 5),
                                                       createAngle(1.7),
                                                       RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
        FieldRotation<Dfp> r2 = new FieldRotation(createVector(-1, 3, 2),
                                                       createAngle(0.3),
                                                       RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
        FieldRotation<Dfp> r3 = r2.composeInverse(r1, RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
        FieldRotation<Dfp> r3Double = r2.composeInverse(new Rotation(r1.getQ0().getReal(),
                                                             r1.getQ1().getReal(),
                                                             r1.getQ2().getReal(),
                                                             r1.getQ3().getReal(),
                                                             false),
                                                        RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);

        for (double x = -0.9; x < 0.9; x += 0.2) {
            for (double y = -0.9; y < 0.9; y += 0.2) {
                for (double z = -0.9; z < 0.9; z += 0.2) {
                    FieldVector3D<Dfp> u = createVector(x, y, z);
                    checkVector(r2.applyInverseTo(r1.applyTo(u)), r3.applyTo(u));
                    checkVector(r2.applyInverseTo(r1.applyTo(u)), r3Double.applyTo(u));
                }
            }
        }

    }

    @Test
    public void testComposeInverseFrameTransform() throws MathIllegalArgumentException {

        FieldRotation<Dfp> r1 = new FieldRotation(createVector(2, -3, 5),
                                                       createAngle(1.7),
                                                       RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM);
        FieldRotation<Dfp> r2 = new FieldRotation(createVector(-1, 3, 2),
                                                       createAngle(0.3),
                                                       RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM);
        FieldRotation<Dfp> r3 = r2.composeInverse(r1, RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM);
        FieldRotation<Dfp> r3Double = r2.composeInverse(new Rotation(r1.getQ0().getReal(),
                                                             r1.getQ1().getReal(),
                                                             r1.getQ2().getReal(),
                                                             r1.getQ3().getReal(),
                                                             false),
                                                        RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM);
        FieldRotation<Dfp> r4 = r1.revert().composeInverse(r2.revert(), RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
        Assert.assertEquals(0.0, FieldRotation.distance(r3, r4).getReal(), 1.0e-15);

        for (double x = -0.9; x < 0.9; x += 0.2) {
            for (double y = -0.9; y < 0.9; y += 0.2) {
                for (double z = -0.9; z < 0.9; z += 0.2) {
                    FieldVector3D<Dfp> u = createVector(x, y, z);
                    checkVector(r1.applyTo(r2.applyInverseTo(u)), r3.applyTo(u));
                    checkVector(r1.applyTo(r2.applyInverseTo(u)), r3Double.applyTo(u));
                }
            }
        }

    }

    @Test
    public void testDoubleVectors() throws MathIllegalArgumentException {

        Well1024a random = new Well1024a(0x180b41cfeeffaf67l);
        UnitSphereRandomVectorGenerator g = new UnitSphereRandomVectorGenerator(3, random);
        for (int i = 0; i < 10; ++i) {
            double[] unit = g.nextVector();
            FieldRotation<Dfp> r = new FieldRotation(createVector(unit[0], unit[1], unit[2]),
                                                          createAngle(random.nextDouble()),
                                                          RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);

            for (double x = -0.9; x < 0.9; x += 0.4) {
                for (double y = -0.9; y < 0.9; y += 0.4) {
                    for (double z = -0.9; z < 0.9; z += 0.4) {
                        FieldVector3D<Dfp> uds   = createVector(x, y, z);
                        FieldVector3D<Dfp> ruds  = r.applyTo(uds);
                        FieldVector3D<Dfp> rIuds = r.applyInverseTo(uds);
                        Vector3D   u     = new Vector3D(x, y, z);
                        FieldVector3D<Dfp> ru    = r.applyTo(u);
                        FieldVector3D<Dfp> rIu   = r.applyInverseTo(u);
                        Dfp[] ruArray = new Dfp[3];
                        r.applyTo(new double[] { x, y, z}, ruArray);
                        Dfp[] rIuArray = new Dfp[3];
                        r.applyInverseTo(new double[] { x, y, z}, rIuArray);
                        checkVector(ruds, ru);
                        checkVector(ruds, new FieldVector3D<Dfp>(ruArray));
                        checkVector(rIuds, rIu);
                        checkVector(rIuds, new FieldVector3D<Dfp>(rIuArray));
                    }
                }
            }
        }

    }

    @Test
    public void testDoubleRotations() throws MathIllegalArgumentException {

        DfpField field = new DfpField(20);
        Well1024a random = new Well1024a(0x180b41cfeeffaf67l);
        UnitSphereRandomVectorGenerator g = new UnitSphereRandomVectorGenerator(3, random);
        for (int i = 0; i < 10; ++i) {
            double[] unit1 = g.nextVector();
            Rotation r1 = new Rotation(new Vector3D(unit1[0], unit1[1], unit1[2]),
                                      random.nextDouble(), RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
            FieldRotation<Dfp> r1Prime = new FieldRotation(field.newDfp(r1.getQ0()),
                                                                field.newDfp(r1.getQ1()),
                                                                field.newDfp(r1.getQ2()),
                                                                field.newDfp(r1.getQ3()),
                                                                false);
            double[] unit2 = g.nextVector();
            FieldRotation<Dfp> r2 = new FieldRotation(createVector(unit2[0], unit2[1], unit2[2]),
                                                           createAngle(random.nextDouble()),
                                                           RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);

            FieldRotation<Dfp> rA = FieldRotation.applyTo(r1, r2);
            FieldRotation<Dfp> rB = r1Prime.compose(r2, RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
            FieldRotation<Dfp> rC = FieldRotation.applyInverseTo(r1, r2);
            FieldRotation<Dfp> rD = r1Prime.composeInverse(r2, RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);

            for (double x = -0.9; x < 0.9; x += 0.4) {
                for (double y = -0.9; y < 0.9; y += 0.4) {
                    for (double z = -0.9; z < 0.9; z += 0.4) {

                        FieldVector3D<Dfp> uds   = createVector(x, y, z);
                        checkVector(r1Prime.applyTo(uds), FieldRotation.applyTo(r1, uds));
                        checkVector(r1Prime.applyInverseTo(uds), FieldRotation.applyInverseTo(r1, uds));
                        checkVector(rA.applyTo(uds), rB.applyTo(uds));
                        checkVector(rA.applyInverseTo(uds), rB.applyInverseTo(uds));
                        checkVector(rC.applyTo(uds), rD.applyTo(uds));
                        checkVector(rC.applyInverseTo(uds), rD.applyInverseTo(uds));

                    }
                }
            }
        }

    }

    @Test
    public void testArray() throws MathIllegalArgumentException {

        FieldRotation<Dfp> r = new FieldRotation(createAxis(2, -3, 5),
                                                      createAngle(1.7),
                                                      RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);

        for (double x = -0.9; x < 0.9; x += 0.2) {
            for (double y = -0.9; y < 0.9; y += 0.2) {
                for (double z = -0.9; z < 0.9; z += 0.2) {
                    FieldVector3D<Dfp> u = createVector(x, y, z);
                    FieldVector3D<Dfp> v = r.applyTo(u);
                    Dfp[] out = new Dfp[3];
                    r.applyTo(new Dfp[] { u.getX(), u.getY(), u.getZ() }, out);
                    Assert.assertEquals(v.getX().getReal(), out[0].getReal(), 1.0e-10);
                    Assert.assertEquals(v.getY().getReal(), out[1].getReal(), 1.0e-10);
                    Assert.assertEquals(v.getZ().getReal(), out[2].getReal(), 1.0e-10);
                    r.applyInverseTo(out, out);
                    Assert.assertEquals(u.getX().getReal(), out[0].getReal(), 1.0e-10);
                    Assert.assertEquals(u.getY().getReal(), out[1].getReal(), 1.0e-10);
                    Assert.assertEquals(u.getZ().getReal(), out[2].getReal(), 1.0e-10);
                }
            }
        }

    }

    @Test
    public void testApplyInverseTo() throws MathIllegalArgumentException {

        Dfp[] in      = new Dfp[3];
        Dfp[] out     = new Dfp[3];
        Dfp[] rebuilt = new Dfp[3];
        FieldRotation<Dfp> r = new FieldRotation(createVector(2, -3, 5),
                                                      createAngle(1.7),
                                                      RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
        for (double lambda = 0; lambda < 6.2; lambda += 0.2) {
            for (double phi = -1.55; phi < 1.55; phi += 0.2) {
                FieldVector3D<Dfp> u = createVector(FastMath.cos(lambda) * FastMath.cos(phi),
                                          FastMath.sin(lambda) * FastMath.cos(phi),
                                          FastMath.sin(phi));
                r.applyInverseTo(r.applyTo(u));
                checkVector(u, r.applyInverseTo(r.applyTo(u)));
                checkVector(u, r.applyTo(r.applyInverseTo(u)));
                in[0] = u.getX();
                in[1] = u.getY();
                in[2] = u.getZ();
                r.applyTo(in, out);
                r.applyInverseTo(out, rebuilt);
                Assert.assertEquals(in[0].getReal(), rebuilt[0].getReal(), 1.0e-12);
                Assert.assertEquals(in[1].getReal(), rebuilt[1].getReal(), 1.0e-12);
                Assert.assertEquals(in[2].getReal(), rebuilt[2].getReal(), 1.0e-12);
            }
        }

        r = createRotation(1, 0, 0, 0, false);
        for (double lambda = 0; lambda < 6.2; lambda += 0.2) {
            for (double phi = -1.55; phi < 1.55; phi += 0.2) {
                FieldVector3D<Dfp> u = createVector(FastMath.cos(lambda) * FastMath.cos(phi),
                                          FastMath.sin(lambda) * FastMath.cos(phi),
                                          FastMath.sin(phi));
                checkVector(u, r.applyInverseTo(r.applyTo(u)));
                checkVector(u, r.applyTo(r.applyInverseTo(u)));
            }
        }

        r = new FieldRotation<Dfp>(createVector(0, 0, 1), createAngle(FastMath.PI), RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
        for (double lambda = 0; lambda < 6.2; lambda += 0.2) {
            for (double phi = -1.55; phi < 1.55; phi += 0.2) {
                FieldVector3D<Dfp> u = createVector(FastMath.cos(lambda) * FastMath.cos(phi),
                                          FastMath.sin(lambda) * FastMath.cos(phi),
                                          FastMath.sin(phi));
                checkVector(u, r.applyInverseTo(r.applyTo(u)));
                checkVector(u, r.applyTo(r.applyInverseTo(u)));
            }
        }

    }

    @Test
    public void testIssue639() throws MathArithmeticException{
        FieldVector3D<Dfp> u1 = createVector(-1321008684645961.0 /  268435456.0,
                                   -5774608829631843.0 /  268435456.0,
                                   -3822921525525679.0 / 4294967296.0);
        FieldVector3D<Dfp> u2 =createVector( -5712344449280879.0 /    2097152.0,
                                   -2275058564560979.0 /    1048576.0,
                                   4423475992255071.0 /      65536.0);
        FieldRotation<Dfp> rot = new FieldRotation(u1, u2, createVector(1, 0, 0),createVector(0, 0, 1));
        Assert.assertEquals( 0.6228370359608200639829222, rot.getQ0().getReal(), 1.0e-15);
        Assert.assertEquals( 0.0257707621456498790029987, rot.getQ1().getReal(), 1.0e-15);
        Assert.assertEquals(-0.0000000002503012255839931, rot.getQ2().getReal(), 1.0e-15);
        Assert.assertEquals(-0.7819270390861109450724902, rot.getQ3().getReal(), 1.0e-15);
    }

    @Test
    public void testIssue801() throws MathArithmeticException {
        FieldVector3D<Dfp> u1 = createVector(0.9999988431610581, -0.0015210774290851095, 0.0);
        FieldVector3D<Dfp> u2 = createVector(0.0, 0.0, 1.0);

        FieldVector3D<Dfp> v1 = createVector(0.9999999999999999, 0.0, 0.0);
        FieldVector3D<Dfp> v2 = createVector(0.0, 0.0, -1.0);

        FieldRotation<Dfp> quat = new FieldRotation(u1, u2, v1, v2);
        double q2 = quat.getQ0().getReal() * quat.getQ0().getReal() +
                    quat.getQ1().getReal() * quat.getQ1().getReal() +
                    quat.getQ2().getReal() * quat.getQ2().getReal() +
                    quat.getQ3().getReal() * quat.getQ3().getReal();
        Assert.assertEquals(1.0, q2, 1.0e-14);
        Assert.assertEquals(0.0, FieldVector3D.angle(v1, quat.applyTo(u1)).getReal(), 1.0e-14);
        Assert.assertEquals(0.0, FieldVector3D.angle(v2, quat.applyTo(u2)).getReal(), 1.0e-14);

    }

    private void checkAngle(Dfp a1, double a2) {
        Assert.assertEquals(a1.getReal(), MathUtils.normalizeAngle(a2, a1.getReal()), 1.0e-10);
    }

    private void checkRotationDS(FieldRotation<Dfp> r, double q0, double q1, double q2, double q3) {
        FieldRotation<Dfp> rPrime = createRotation(q0, q1, q2, q3, false);
        Assert.assertEquals(0, FieldRotation.distance(r, rPrime).getReal(), 1.0e-12);
    }

    private FieldRotation<Dfp> createRotation(double q0, double q1, double q2, double q3,
                                      boolean needsNormalization) {
        DfpField field = new DfpField(20);
        return new FieldRotation<Dfp>(field.newDfp(q0),
                                      field.newDfp(q1),
                                      field.newDfp(q2),
                                      field.newDfp(q3),
                                      needsNormalization);
    }

    private FieldRotation<Dfp> createRotation(double[][] m, double threshold) {
        DfpField field = new DfpField(20);
        Dfp[][] mds = new Dfp[m.length][m[0].length];
        for (int i = 0; i < m.length; ++i) {
            for (int j = 0; j < m[i].length; ++j) {
                mds[i][j] = field.newDfp(m[i][j]);
            }
        }
        return new FieldRotation<Dfp>(mds, threshold);
    }

    private FieldVector3D<Dfp> createVector(double x, double y, double z) {
        DfpField field = new DfpField(20);
        return new FieldVector3D<Dfp>(field.newDfp(x), field.newDfp(y), field.newDfp(z));
    }

    private FieldVector3D<Dfp> createAxis(double x, double y, double z) {
        DfpField field = new DfpField(20);
        return new FieldVector3D<Dfp>(field.newDfp(x), field.newDfp(y), field.newDfp(z));
    }

    private Dfp createAngle(double alpha) {
        return new DfpField(20).newDfp(alpha);
    }

    private void checkVector(FieldVector3D<Dfp> u, FieldVector3D v) {
        Assert.assertEquals(u.getX().getReal(), v.getX().getReal(), 1.0e-12);
        Assert.assertEquals(u.getY().getReal(), v.getY().getReal(), 1.0e-12);
        Assert.assertEquals(u.getZ().getReal(), v.getZ().getReal(), 1.0e-12);
    }

}

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