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Java example source code file (RotationTest.java)

This example Java source code file (RotationTest.java) is included in the alvinalexander.com "Java Source Code Warehouse" project. The intent of this project is to help you "Learn Java by Example" TM.

Learn more about this Java project at its project page.

Java - Java tags/keywords

cardaneulersingularityexception, cardanorders, deprecated, eulerorders, expecting, matharithmeticexception, mathillegalargumentexception, notarotationmatrixexception, rotation, rotationconvention, rotationorder, rotationtest, test, vector3d

The RotationTest.java Java example source code

/*
 * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
 * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
 * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
 * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
 * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
 * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

package org.apache.commons.math3.geometry.euclidean.threed;

import org.apache.commons.math3.exception.MathArithmeticException;
import org.apache.commons.math3.exception.MathIllegalArgumentException;
import org.apache.commons.math3.util.FastMath;
import org.apache.commons.math3.util.MathUtils;
import org.junit.Assert;
import org.junit.Test;


public class RotationTest {

  @Test
  public void testIdentity() {

    Rotation r = Rotation.IDENTITY;
    checkVector(r.applyTo(Vector3D.PLUS_I), Vector3D.PLUS_I);
    checkVector(r.applyTo(Vector3D.PLUS_J), Vector3D.PLUS_J);
    checkVector(r.applyTo(Vector3D.PLUS_K), Vector3D.PLUS_K);
    checkAngle(r.getAngle(), 0);

    r = new Rotation(-1, 0, 0, 0, false);
    checkVector(r.applyTo(Vector3D.PLUS_I), Vector3D.PLUS_I);
    checkVector(r.applyTo(Vector3D.PLUS_J), Vector3D.PLUS_J);
    checkVector(r.applyTo(Vector3D.PLUS_K), Vector3D.PLUS_K);
    checkAngle(r.getAngle(), 0);

    r = new Rotation(42, 0, 0, 0, true);
    checkVector(r.applyTo(Vector3D.PLUS_I), Vector3D.PLUS_I);
    checkVector(r.applyTo(Vector3D.PLUS_J), Vector3D.PLUS_J);
    checkVector(r.applyTo(Vector3D.PLUS_K), Vector3D.PLUS_K);
    checkAngle(r.getAngle(), 0);

  }

  @Test
  @Deprecated
  public void testAxisAngleDeprecated() throws MathIllegalArgumentException {

    Rotation r = new Rotation(new Vector3D(10, 10, 10), 2 * FastMath.PI / 3);
    checkVector(r.applyTo(Vector3D.PLUS_I), Vector3D.PLUS_J);
    checkVector(r.applyTo(Vector3D.PLUS_J), Vector3D.PLUS_K);
    checkVector(r.applyTo(Vector3D.PLUS_K), Vector3D.PLUS_I);
    double s = 1 / FastMath.sqrt(3);
    checkVector(r.getAxis(), new Vector3D(s, s, s));
    checkAngle(r.getAngle(), 2 * FastMath.PI / 3);

    try {
      new Rotation(new Vector3D(0, 0, 0), 2 * FastMath.PI / 3);
      Assert.fail("an exception should have been thrown");
    } catch (MathIllegalArgumentException e) {
    }

    r = new Rotation(Vector3D.PLUS_K, 1.5 * FastMath.PI);
    checkVector(r.getAxis(), new Vector3D(0, 0, -1));
    checkAngle(r.getAngle(), 0.5 * FastMath.PI);

    r = new Rotation(Vector3D.PLUS_J, FastMath.PI);
    checkVector(r.getAxis(), Vector3D.PLUS_J);
    checkAngle(r.getAngle(), FastMath.PI);

    checkVector(Rotation.IDENTITY.getAxis(), Vector3D.PLUS_I);

  }

  @Test
  public void testAxisAngleVectorOperator() throws MathIllegalArgumentException {

    Rotation r = new Rotation(new Vector3D(10, 10, 10), 2 * FastMath.PI / 3, RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
    checkVector(r.applyTo(Vector3D.PLUS_I), Vector3D.PLUS_J);
    checkVector(r.applyTo(Vector3D.PLUS_J), Vector3D.PLUS_K);
    checkVector(r.applyTo(Vector3D.PLUS_K), Vector3D.PLUS_I);
    double s = 1 / FastMath.sqrt(3);
    checkVector(r.getAxis(RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR), new Vector3D( s,  s,  s));
    checkVector(r.getAxis(RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM), new Vector3D(-s, -s, -s));
    checkAngle(r.getAngle(), 2 * FastMath.PI / 3);

    try {
      new Rotation(new Vector3D(0, 0, 0), 2 * FastMath.PI / 3, RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
      Assert.fail("an exception should have been thrown");
    } catch (MathIllegalArgumentException e) {
    }

    r = new Rotation(Vector3D.PLUS_K, 1.5 * FastMath.PI, RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
    checkVector(r.getAxis(RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR), new Vector3D(0, 0, -1));
    checkVector(r.getAxis(RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM), new Vector3D(0, 0, +1));
    checkAngle(r.getAngle(), 0.5 * FastMath.PI);

    r = new Rotation(Vector3D.PLUS_J, FastMath.PI, RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
    checkVector(r.getAxis(RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR), Vector3D.PLUS_J);
    checkVector(r.getAxis(RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM), Vector3D.MINUS_J);
    checkAngle(r.getAngle(), FastMath.PI);

    checkVector(Rotation.IDENTITY.getAxis(RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR), Vector3D.PLUS_I);
    checkVector(Rotation.IDENTITY.getAxis(RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM), Vector3D.MINUS_I);

  }

  @Test
  public void testAxisAngleFrameTransform() throws MathIllegalArgumentException {

    Rotation r = new Rotation(new Vector3D(10, 10, 10), 2 * FastMath.PI / 3, RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM);
    checkVector(r.applyTo(Vector3D.PLUS_I), Vector3D.PLUS_K);
    checkVector(r.applyTo(Vector3D.PLUS_J), Vector3D.PLUS_I);
    checkVector(r.applyTo(Vector3D.PLUS_K), Vector3D.PLUS_J);
    double s = 1 / FastMath.sqrt(3);
    checkVector(r.getAxis(RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM), new Vector3D( s,  s,  s));
    checkVector(r.getAxis(RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR), new Vector3D(-s, -s, -s));
    checkAngle(r.getAngle(), 2 * FastMath.PI / 3);

    try {
      new Rotation(new Vector3D(0, 0, 0), 2 * FastMath.PI / 3, RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM);
      Assert.fail("an exception should have been thrown");
    } catch (MathIllegalArgumentException e) {
    }

    r = new Rotation(Vector3D.PLUS_K, 1.5 * FastMath.PI, RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM);
    checkVector(r.getAxis(RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM), new Vector3D(0, 0, -1));
    checkVector(r.getAxis(RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR), new Vector3D(0, 0, +1));
    checkAngle(r.getAngle(), 0.5 * FastMath.PI);

    r = new Rotation(Vector3D.PLUS_J, FastMath.PI, RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM);
    checkVector(r.getAxis(RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM), Vector3D.PLUS_J);
    checkVector(r.getAxis(RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR), Vector3D.MINUS_J);
    checkAngle(r.getAngle(), FastMath.PI);

    checkVector(Rotation.IDENTITY.getAxis(RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM), Vector3D.MINUS_I);
    checkVector(Rotation.IDENTITY.getAxis(RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR), Vector3D.PLUS_I);

  }

  @Test
  public void testRevertDeprecated() {
    Rotation r = new Rotation(0.001, 0.36, 0.48, 0.8, true);
    Rotation reverted = r.revert();
    checkRotation(r.applyTo(reverted), 1, 0, 0, 0);
    checkRotation(reverted.applyTo(r), 1, 0, 0, 0);
    Assert.assertEquals(r.getAngle(), reverted.getAngle(), 1.0e-12);
    Assert.assertEquals(-1,
                        Vector3D.dotProduct(r.getAxis(RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR),
                                           reverted.getAxis(RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR)),
                        1.0e-12);
  }

  @Test
  public void testRevertVectorOperator() {
    Rotation r = new Rotation(0.001, 0.36, 0.48, 0.8, true);
    Rotation reverted = r.revert();
    checkRotation(r.compose(reverted, RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR), 1, 0, 0, 0);
    checkRotation(reverted.compose(r, RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR), 1, 0, 0, 0);
    Assert.assertEquals(r.getAngle(), reverted.getAngle(), 1.0e-12);
    Assert.assertEquals(-1,
                        Vector3D.dotProduct(r.getAxis(RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR),
                                           reverted.getAxis(RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR)),
                        1.0e-12);
  }

  @Test
  public void testRevertFrameTransform() {
    Rotation r = new Rotation(0.001, 0.36, 0.48, 0.8, true);
    Rotation reverted = r.revert();
    checkRotation(r.compose(reverted, RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM), 1, 0, 0, 0);
    checkRotation(reverted.compose(r, RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM), 1, 0, 0, 0);
    Assert.assertEquals(r.getAngle(), reverted.getAngle(), 1.0e-12);
    Assert.assertEquals(-1,
                        Vector3D.dotProduct(r.getAxis(RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM),
                                           reverted.getAxis(RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM)),
                        1.0e-12);
  }

  @Test
  public void testVectorOnePair() throws MathArithmeticException {

    Vector3D u = new Vector3D(3, 2, 1);
    Vector3D v = new Vector3D(-4, 2, 2);
    Rotation r = new Rotation(u, v);
    checkVector(r.applyTo(u.scalarMultiply(v.getNorm())), v.scalarMultiply(u.getNorm()));

    checkAngle(new Rotation(u, u.negate()).getAngle(), FastMath.PI);

    try {
        new Rotation(u, Vector3D.ZERO);
        Assert.fail("an exception should have been thrown");
    } catch (MathArithmeticException e) {
        // expected behavior
    }

  }

  @Test
  public void testVectorTwoPairs() throws MathArithmeticException {

    Vector3D u1 = new Vector3D(3, 0, 0);
    Vector3D u2 = new Vector3D(0, 5, 0);
    Vector3D v1 = new Vector3D(0, 0, 2);
    Vector3D v2 = new Vector3D(-2, 0, 2);
    Rotation r = new Rotation(u1, u2, v1, v2);
    checkVector(r.applyTo(Vector3D.PLUS_I), Vector3D.PLUS_K);
    checkVector(r.applyTo(Vector3D.PLUS_J), Vector3D.MINUS_I);

    r = new Rotation(u1, u2, u1.negate(), u2.negate());
    Vector3D axis = r.getAxis(RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
    if (Vector3D.dotProduct(axis, Vector3D.PLUS_K) > 0) {
      checkVector(axis, Vector3D.PLUS_K);
    } else {
      checkVector(axis, Vector3D.MINUS_K);
    }
    checkAngle(r.getAngle(), FastMath.PI);

    double sqrt = FastMath.sqrt(2) / 2;
    r = new Rotation(Vector3D.PLUS_I,  Vector3D.PLUS_J,
                     new Vector3D(0.5, 0.5,  sqrt),
                     new Vector3D(0.5, 0.5, -sqrt));
    checkRotation(r, sqrt, 0.5, 0.5, 0);

    r = new Rotation(u1, u2, u1, Vector3D.crossProduct(u1, u2));
    checkRotation(r, sqrt, -sqrt, 0, 0);

    checkRotation(new Rotation(u1, u2, u1, u2), 1, 0, 0, 0);

    try {
        new Rotation(u1, u2, Vector3D.ZERO, v2);
        Assert.fail("an exception should have been thrown");
    } catch (MathArithmeticException e) {
      // expected behavior
    }

  }

  @Test
  public void testMatrix()
    throws NotARotationMatrixException {

    try {
      new Rotation(new double[][] {
                     { 0.0, 1.0, 0.0 },
                     { 1.0, 0.0, 0.0 }
                   }, 1.0e-7);
      Assert.fail("Expecting NotARotationMatrixException");
    } catch (NotARotationMatrixException nrme) {
      // expected behavior
    }

    try {
      new Rotation(new double[][] {
                     {  0.445888,  0.797184, -0.407040 },
                     {  0.821760, -0.184320,  0.539200 },
                     { -0.354816,  0.574912,  0.737280 }
                   }, 1.0e-7);
      Assert.fail("Expecting NotARotationMatrixException");
    } catch (NotARotationMatrixException nrme) {
      // expected behavior
    }

    try {
        new Rotation(new double[][] {
                       {  0.4,  0.8, -0.4 },
                       { -0.4,  0.6,  0.7 },
                       {  0.8, -0.2,  0.5 }
                     }, 1.0e-15);
        Assert.fail("Expecting NotARotationMatrixException");
      } catch (NotARotationMatrixException nrme) {
        // expected behavior
      }

    checkRotation(new Rotation(new double[][] {
                                 {  0.445888,  0.797184, -0.407040 },
                                 { -0.354816,  0.574912,  0.737280 },
                                 {  0.821760, -0.184320,  0.539200 }
                               }, 1.0e-10),
                  0.8, 0.288, 0.384, 0.36);

    checkRotation(new Rotation(new double[][] {
                                 {  0.539200,  0.737280,  0.407040 },
                                 {  0.184320, -0.574912,  0.797184 },
                                 {  0.821760, -0.354816, -0.445888 }
                              }, 1.0e-10),
                  0.36, 0.8, 0.288, 0.384);

    checkRotation(new Rotation(new double[][] {
                                 { -0.445888,  0.797184, -0.407040 },
                                 {  0.354816,  0.574912,  0.737280 },
                                 {  0.821760,  0.184320, -0.539200 }
                               }, 1.0e-10),
                  0.384, 0.36, 0.8, 0.288);

    checkRotation(new Rotation(new double[][] {
                                 { -0.539200,  0.737280,  0.407040 },
                                 { -0.184320, -0.574912,  0.797184 },
                                 {  0.821760,  0.354816,  0.445888 }
                               }, 1.0e-10),
                  0.288, 0.384, 0.36, 0.8);

    double[][] m1 = { { 0.0, 1.0, 0.0 },
                      { 0.0, 0.0, 1.0 },
                      { 1.0, 0.0, 0.0 } };
    Rotation r = new Rotation(m1, 1.0e-7);
    checkVector(r.applyTo(Vector3D.PLUS_I), Vector3D.PLUS_K);
    checkVector(r.applyTo(Vector3D.PLUS_J), Vector3D.PLUS_I);
    checkVector(r.applyTo(Vector3D.PLUS_K), Vector3D.PLUS_J);

    double[][] m2 = { { 0.83203, -0.55012, -0.07139 },
                      { 0.48293,  0.78164, -0.39474 },
                      { 0.27296,  0.29396,  0.91602 } };
    r = new Rotation(m2, 1.0e-12);

    double[][] m3 = r.getMatrix();
    double d00 = m2[0][0] - m3[0][0];
    double d01 = m2[0][1] - m3[0][1];
    double d02 = m2[0][2] - m3[0][2];
    double d10 = m2[1][0] - m3[1][0];
    double d11 = m2[1][1] - m3[1][1];
    double d12 = m2[1][2] - m3[1][2];
    double d20 = m2[2][0] - m3[2][0];
    double d21 = m2[2][1] - m3[2][1];
    double d22 = m2[2][2] - m3[2][2];

    Assert.assertTrue(FastMath.abs(d00) < 6.0e-6);
    Assert.assertTrue(FastMath.abs(d01) < 6.0e-6);
    Assert.assertTrue(FastMath.abs(d02) < 6.0e-6);
    Assert.assertTrue(FastMath.abs(d10) < 6.0e-6);
    Assert.assertTrue(FastMath.abs(d11) < 6.0e-6);
    Assert.assertTrue(FastMath.abs(d12) < 6.0e-6);
    Assert.assertTrue(FastMath.abs(d20) < 6.0e-6);
    Assert.assertTrue(FastMath.abs(d21) < 6.0e-6);
    Assert.assertTrue(FastMath.abs(d22) < 6.0e-6);

    Assert.assertTrue(FastMath.abs(d00) > 4.0e-7);
    Assert.assertTrue(FastMath.abs(d01) > 4.0e-7);
    Assert.assertTrue(FastMath.abs(d02) > 4.0e-7);
    Assert.assertTrue(FastMath.abs(d10) > 4.0e-7);
    Assert.assertTrue(FastMath.abs(d11) > 4.0e-7);
    Assert.assertTrue(FastMath.abs(d12) > 4.0e-7);
    Assert.assertTrue(FastMath.abs(d20) > 4.0e-7);
    Assert.assertTrue(FastMath.abs(d21) > 4.0e-7);
    Assert.assertTrue(FastMath.abs(d22) > 4.0e-7);

    for (int i = 0; i < 3; ++i) {
      for (int j = 0; j < 3; ++j) {
        double m3tm3 = m3[i][0] * m3[j][0]
                     + m3[i][1] * m3[j][1]
                     + m3[i][2] * m3[j][2];
        if (i == j) {
          Assert.assertTrue(FastMath.abs(m3tm3 - 1.0) < 1.0e-10);
        } else {
          Assert.assertTrue(FastMath.abs(m3tm3) < 1.0e-10);
        }
      }
    }

    checkVector(r.applyTo(Vector3D.PLUS_I),
                new Vector3D(m3[0][0], m3[1][0], m3[2][0]));
    checkVector(r.applyTo(Vector3D.PLUS_J),
                new Vector3D(m3[0][1], m3[1][1], m3[2][1]));
    checkVector(r.applyTo(Vector3D.PLUS_K),
                new Vector3D(m3[0][2], m3[1][2], m3[2][2]));

    double[][] m4 = { { 1.0,  0.0,  0.0 },
                      { 0.0, -1.0,  0.0 },
                      { 0.0,  0.0, -1.0 } };
    r = new Rotation(m4, 1.0e-7);
    checkAngle(r.getAngle(), FastMath.PI);

    try {
      double[][] m5 = { { 0.0, 0.0, 1.0 },
                        { 0.0, 1.0, 0.0 },
                        { 1.0, 0.0, 0.0 } };
      r = new Rotation(m5, 1.0e-7);
      Assert.fail("got " + r + ", should have caught an exception");
    } catch (NotARotationMatrixException e) {
      // expected
    }

  }

  @Test
  @Deprecated
  public void testAnglesDeprecated()
    throws CardanEulerSingularityException {

    RotationOrder[] CardanOrders = {
      RotationOrder.XYZ, RotationOrder.XZY, RotationOrder.YXZ,
      RotationOrder.YZX, RotationOrder.ZXY, RotationOrder.ZYX
    };

    for (int i = 0; i < CardanOrders.length; ++i) {
      for (double alpha1 = 0.1; alpha1 < 6.2; alpha1 += 0.3) {
        for (double alpha2 = -1.55; alpha2 < 1.55; alpha2 += 0.3) {
          for (double alpha3 = 0.1; alpha3 < 6.2; alpha3 += 0.3) {
            Rotation r = new Rotation(CardanOrders[i], alpha1, alpha2, alpha3);
            double[] angles = r.getAngles(CardanOrders[i]);
            checkAngle(angles[0], alpha1);
            checkAngle(angles[1], alpha2);
            checkAngle(angles[2], alpha3);
          }
        }
      }
    }

    RotationOrder[] EulerOrders = {
            RotationOrder.XYX, RotationOrder.XZX, RotationOrder.YXY,
            RotationOrder.YZY, RotationOrder.ZXZ, RotationOrder.ZYZ
    };

    for (int i = 0; i < EulerOrders.length; ++i) {
      for (double alpha1 = 0.1; alpha1 < 6.2; alpha1 += 0.3) {
        for (double alpha2 = 0.05; alpha2 < 3.1; alpha2 += 0.3) {
          for (double alpha3 = 0.1; alpha3 < 6.2; alpha3 += 0.3) {
            Rotation r = new Rotation(EulerOrders[i],
                                      alpha1, alpha2, alpha3);
            double[] angles = r.getAngles(EulerOrders[i]);
            checkAngle(angles[0], alpha1);
            checkAngle(angles[1], alpha2);
            checkAngle(angles[2], alpha3);
          }
        }
      }
    }

  }

  @Test
  public void testAngles()
      throws CardanEulerSingularityException {

      for (RotationConvention convention : RotationConvention.values()) {
          RotationOrder[] CardanOrders = {
              RotationOrder.XYZ, RotationOrder.XZY, RotationOrder.YXZ,
              RotationOrder.YZX, RotationOrder.ZXY, RotationOrder.ZYX
          };

          for (int i = 0; i < CardanOrders.length; ++i) {
              for (double alpha1 = 0.1; alpha1 < 6.2; alpha1 += 0.3) {
                  for (double alpha2 = -1.55; alpha2 < 1.55; alpha2 += 0.3) {
                      for (double alpha3 = 0.1; alpha3 < 6.2; alpha3 += 0.3) {
                          Rotation r = new Rotation(CardanOrders[i], convention, alpha1, alpha2, alpha3);
                          double[] angles = r.getAngles(CardanOrders[i], convention);
                          checkAngle(angles[0], alpha1);
                          checkAngle(angles[1], alpha2);
                          checkAngle(angles[2], alpha3);
                      }
                  }
              }
          }

          RotationOrder[] EulerOrders = {
              RotationOrder.XYX, RotationOrder.XZX, RotationOrder.YXY,
              RotationOrder.YZY, RotationOrder.ZXZ, RotationOrder.ZYZ
          };

          for (int i = 0; i < EulerOrders.length; ++i) {
              for (double alpha1 = 0.1; alpha1 < 6.2; alpha1 += 0.3) {
                  for (double alpha2 = 0.05; alpha2 < 3.1; alpha2 += 0.3) {
                      for (double alpha3 = 0.1; alpha3 < 6.2; alpha3 += 0.3) {
                          Rotation r = new Rotation(EulerOrders[i], convention,
                                                    alpha1, alpha2, alpha3);
                          double[] angles = r.getAngles(EulerOrders[i], convention);
                          checkAngle(angles[0], alpha1);
                          checkAngle(angles[1], alpha2);
                          checkAngle(angles[2], alpha3);
                      }
                  }
              }
          }
      }

  }

  @Test
  public void testSingularities() {

      for (RotationConvention convention : RotationConvention.values()) {
          RotationOrder[] CardanOrders = {
              RotationOrder.XYZ, RotationOrder.XZY, RotationOrder.YXZ,
              RotationOrder.YZX, RotationOrder.ZXY, RotationOrder.ZYX
          };

          double[] singularCardanAngle = { FastMath.PI / 2, -FastMath.PI / 2 };
          for (int i = 0; i < CardanOrders.length; ++i) {
              for (int j = 0; j < singularCardanAngle.length; ++j) {
                  Rotation r = new Rotation(CardanOrders[i], convention, 0.1, singularCardanAngle[j], 0.3);
                  try {
                      r.getAngles(CardanOrders[i], convention);
                      Assert.fail("an exception should have been caught");
                  } catch (CardanEulerSingularityException cese) {
                      // expected behavior
                  }
              }
          }

          RotationOrder[] EulerOrders = {
              RotationOrder.XYX, RotationOrder.XZX, RotationOrder.YXY,
              RotationOrder.YZY, RotationOrder.ZXZ, RotationOrder.ZYZ
          };

          double[] singularEulerAngle = { 0, FastMath.PI };
          for (int i = 0; i < EulerOrders.length; ++i) {
              for (int j = 0; j < singularEulerAngle.length; ++j) {
                  Rotation r = new Rotation(EulerOrders[i], convention, 0.1, singularEulerAngle[j], 0.3);
                  try {
                      r.getAngles(EulerOrders[i], convention);
                      Assert.fail("an exception should have been caught");
                  } catch (CardanEulerSingularityException cese) {
                      // expected behavior
                  }
              }
          }
      }


  }

  @Test
  public void testQuaternion() throws MathIllegalArgumentException {

    Rotation r1 = new Rotation(new Vector3D(2, -3, 5), 1.7, RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
    double n = 23.5;
    Rotation r2 = new Rotation(n * r1.getQ0(), n * r1.getQ1(),
                               n * r1.getQ2(), n * r1.getQ3(),
                               true);
    for (double x = -0.9; x < 0.9; x += 0.2) {
      for (double y = -0.9; y < 0.9; y += 0.2) {
        for (double z = -0.9; z < 0.9; z += 0.2) {
          Vector3D u = new Vector3D(x, y, z);
          checkVector(r2.applyTo(u), r1.applyTo(u));
        }
      }
    }

    r1 = new Rotation( 0.288,  0.384,  0.36,  0.8, false);
    checkRotation(r1, -r1.getQ0(), -r1.getQ1(), -r1.getQ2(), -r1.getQ3());

  }

  @Test
  public void testApplyTo() throws MathIllegalArgumentException {

    Rotation r1 = new Rotation(new Vector3D(2, -3, 5), 1.7, RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
    Rotation r2 = new Rotation(new Vector3D(-1, 3, 2), 0.3, RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
    Rotation r3 = r2.applyTo(r1);

    for (double x = -0.9; x < 0.9; x += 0.2) {
      for (double y = -0.9; y < 0.9; y += 0.2) {
        for (double z = -0.9; z < 0.9; z += 0.2) {
          Vector3D u = new Vector3D(x, y, z);
          checkVector(r2.applyTo(r1.applyTo(u)), r3.applyTo(u));
        }
      }
    }

  }

  @Test
  public void testComposeVectorOperator() throws MathIllegalArgumentException {

    Rotation r1 = new Rotation(new Vector3D(2, -3, 5), 1.7, RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
    Rotation r2 = new Rotation(new Vector3D(-1, 3, 2), 0.3, RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
    Rotation r3 = r2.compose(r1, RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);

    for (double x = -0.9; x < 0.9; x += 0.2) {
      for (double y = -0.9; y < 0.9; y += 0.2) {
        for (double z = -0.9; z < 0.9; z += 0.2) {
          Vector3D u = new Vector3D(x, y, z);
          checkVector(r2.applyTo(r1.applyTo(u)), r3.applyTo(u));
        }
      }
    }

  }

  @Test
  public void testComposeFrameTransform() throws MathIllegalArgumentException {

    Rotation r1 = new Rotation(new Vector3D(2, -3, 5), 1.7, RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM);
    Rotation r2 = new Rotation(new Vector3D(-1, 3, 2), 0.3, RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM);
    Rotation r3 = r2.compose(r1, RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM);
    Rotation r4 = r1.compose(r2, RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
    Assert.assertEquals(0.0, Rotation.distance(r3, r4), 1.0e-15);

    for (double x = -0.9; x < 0.9; x += 0.2) {
      for (double y = -0.9; y < 0.9; y += 0.2) {
        for (double z = -0.9; z < 0.9; z += 0.2) {
          Vector3D u = new Vector3D(x, y, z);
          checkVector(r1.applyTo(r2.applyTo(u)), r3.applyTo(u));
        }
      }
    }

  }

  @Test
  public void testApplyInverseToRotation() throws MathIllegalArgumentException {

    Rotation r1 = new Rotation(new Vector3D(2, -3, 5), 1.7, RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
    Rotation r2 = new Rotation(new Vector3D(-1, 3, 2), 0.3, RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
    Rotation r3 = r2.applyInverseTo(r1);

    for (double x = -0.9; x < 0.9; x += 0.2) {
      for (double y = -0.9; y < 0.9; y += 0.2) {
        for (double z = -0.9; z < 0.9; z += 0.2) {
          Vector3D u = new Vector3D(x, y, z);
          checkVector(r2.applyInverseTo(r1.applyTo(u)), r3.applyTo(u));
        }
      }
    }

  }

  @Test
  public void testComposeInverseVectorOperator() throws MathIllegalArgumentException {

    Rotation r1 = new Rotation(new Vector3D(2, -3, 5), 1.7, RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
    Rotation r2 = new Rotation(new Vector3D(-1, 3, 2), 0.3, RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
    Rotation r3 = r2.composeInverse(r1, RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);

    for (double x = -0.9; x < 0.9; x += 0.2) {
      for (double y = -0.9; y < 0.9; y += 0.2) {
        for (double z = -0.9; z < 0.9; z += 0.2) {
          Vector3D u = new Vector3D(x, y, z);
          checkVector(r2.applyInverseTo(r1.applyTo(u)), r3.applyTo(u));
        }
      }
    }

  }

  @Test
  public void testComposeInverseFrameTransform() throws MathIllegalArgumentException {

    Rotation r1 = new Rotation(new Vector3D(2, -3, 5), 1.7, RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM);
    Rotation r2 = new Rotation(new Vector3D(-1, 3, 2), 0.3, RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM);
    Rotation r3 = r2.composeInverse(r1, RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM);
    Rotation r4 = r1.revert().composeInverse(r2.revert(), RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
    Assert.assertEquals(0.0, Rotation.distance(r3, r4), 1.0e-15);

    for (double x = -0.9; x < 0.9; x += 0.2) {
      for (double y = -0.9; y < 0.9; y += 0.2) {
        for (double z = -0.9; z < 0.9; z += 0.2) {
          Vector3D u = new Vector3D(x, y, z);
          checkVector(r1.applyTo(r2.applyInverseTo(u)), r3.applyTo(u));
        }
      }
    }

  }

  @Test
  public void testArray() throws MathIllegalArgumentException {

      Rotation r = new Rotation(new Vector3D(2, -3, 5), 1.7, RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);

      for (double x = -0.9; x < 0.9; x += 0.2) {
          for (double y = -0.9; y < 0.9; y += 0.2) {
              for (double z = -0.9; z < 0.9; z += 0.2) {
                  Vector3D u = new Vector3D(x, y, z);
                  Vector3D v = r.applyTo(u);
                  double[] inOut = new double[] { x, y, z };
                  r.applyTo(inOut, inOut);
                  Assert.assertEquals(v.getX(), inOut[0], 1.0e-10);
                  Assert.assertEquals(v.getY(), inOut[1], 1.0e-10);
                  Assert.assertEquals(v.getZ(), inOut[2], 1.0e-10);
                  r.applyInverseTo(inOut, inOut);
                  Assert.assertEquals(u.getX(), inOut[0], 1.0e-10);
                  Assert.assertEquals(u.getY(), inOut[1], 1.0e-10);
                  Assert.assertEquals(u.getZ(), inOut[2], 1.0e-10);
              }
          }
      }

  }

  @Test
  public void testApplyInverseTo() throws MathIllegalArgumentException {

    Rotation r = new Rotation(new Vector3D(2, -3, 5), 1.7, RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
    for (double lambda = 0; lambda < 6.2; lambda += 0.2) {
      for (double phi = -1.55; phi < 1.55; phi += 0.2) {
          Vector3D u = new Vector3D(FastMath.cos(lambda) * FastMath.cos(phi),
                                    FastMath.sin(lambda) * FastMath.cos(phi),
                                    FastMath.sin(phi));
          r.applyInverseTo(r.applyTo(u));
          checkVector(u, r.applyInverseTo(r.applyTo(u)));
          checkVector(u, r.applyTo(r.applyInverseTo(u)));
      }
    }

    r = Rotation.IDENTITY;
    for (double lambda = 0; lambda < 6.2; lambda += 0.2) {
      for (double phi = -1.55; phi < 1.55; phi += 0.2) {
          Vector3D u = new Vector3D(FastMath.cos(lambda) * FastMath.cos(phi),
                                    FastMath.sin(lambda) * FastMath.cos(phi),
                                    FastMath.sin(phi));
          checkVector(u, r.applyInverseTo(r.applyTo(u)));
          checkVector(u, r.applyTo(r.applyInverseTo(u)));
      }
    }

    r = new Rotation(Vector3D.PLUS_K, FastMath.PI, RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR);
    for (double lambda = 0; lambda < 6.2; lambda += 0.2) {
      for (double phi = -1.55; phi < 1.55; phi += 0.2) {
          Vector3D u = new Vector3D(FastMath.cos(lambda) * FastMath.cos(phi),
                                    FastMath.sin(lambda) * FastMath.cos(phi),
                                    FastMath.sin(phi));
          checkVector(u, r.applyInverseTo(r.applyTo(u)));
          checkVector(u, r.applyTo(r.applyInverseTo(u)));
      }
    }

  }

  @Test
  public void testIssue639() throws MathArithmeticException{
      Vector3D u1 = new Vector3D(-1321008684645961.0 /  268435456.0,
                                 -5774608829631843.0 /  268435456.0,
                                 -3822921525525679.0 / 4294967296.0);
      Vector3D u2 =new Vector3D( -5712344449280879.0 /    2097152.0,
                                 -2275058564560979.0 /    1048576.0,
                                  4423475992255071.0 /      65536.0);
      Rotation rot = new Rotation(u1, u2, Vector3D.PLUS_I,Vector3D.PLUS_K);
      Assert.assertEquals( 0.6228370359608200639829222, rot.getQ0(), 1.0e-15);
      Assert.assertEquals( 0.0257707621456498790029987, rot.getQ1(), 1.0e-15);
      Assert.assertEquals(-0.0000000002503012255839931, rot.getQ2(), 1.0e-15);
      Assert.assertEquals(-0.7819270390861109450724902, rot.getQ3(), 1.0e-15);
  }

  @Test
  public void testIssue801() throws MathArithmeticException {
      Vector3D u1 = new Vector3D(0.9999988431610581, -0.0015210774290851095, 0.0);
      Vector3D u2 = new Vector3D(0.0, 0.0, 1.0);

      Vector3D v1 = new Vector3D(0.9999999999999999, 0.0, 0.0);
      Vector3D v2 = new Vector3D(0.0, 0.0, -1.0);

      Rotation quat = new Rotation(u1, u2, v1, v2);
      double q2 = quat.getQ0() * quat.getQ0() +
                  quat.getQ1() * quat.getQ1() +
                  quat.getQ2() * quat.getQ2() +
                  quat.getQ3() * quat.getQ3();
      Assert.assertEquals(1.0, q2, 1.0e-14);
      Assert.assertEquals(0.0, Vector3D.angle(v1, quat.applyTo(u1)), 1.0e-14);
      Assert.assertEquals(0.0, Vector3D.angle(v2, quat.applyTo(u2)), 1.0e-14);

  }

  @Test
  public void testGithubPullRequest22A() {
      final RotationOrder order = RotationOrder.ZYX;
      final double xRotation = FastMath.toDegrees(30);
      final double yRotation = FastMath.toDegrees(20);
      final double zRotation = FastMath.toDegrees(10);
      final Vector3D startingVector = Vector3D.PLUS_I;
      Vector3D appliedIndividually = startingVector;
      appliedIndividually = new Rotation(order, RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM, zRotation, 0, 0).applyTo(appliedIndividually);
      appliedIndividually = new Rotation(order, RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM, 0, yRotation, 0).applyTo(appliedIndividually);
      appliedIndividually = new Rotation(order, RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM, 0, 0, xRotation).applyTo(appliedIndividually);

      final Vector3D bad = new Rotation(order, RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM, zRotation, yRotation, xRotation).applyTo(startingVector);

      Assert.assertEquals(bad.getX(), appliedIndividually.getX(), 1e-12);
      Assert.assertEquals(bad.getY(), appliedIndividually.getY(), 1e-12);
      Assert.assertEquals(bad.getZ(), appliedIndividually.getZ(), 1e-12);
  }

  @Test
  public void testGithubPullRequest22B() {
      final RotationOrder order = RotationOrder.ZYX;
      final double xRotation = FastMath.toDegrees(30);
      final double yRotation = FastMath.toDegrees(20);
      final double zRotation = FastMath.toDegrees(10);
      final Vector3D startingVector = Vector3D.PLUS_I;
      Vector3D appliedIndividually = startingVector;
      appliedIndividually = new Rotation(order, RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM, zRotation, 0, 0).applyTo(appliedIndividually);
      appliedIndividually = new Rotation(order, RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM, 0, yRotation, 0).applyTo(appliedIndividually);
      appliedIndividually = new Rotation(order, RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM, 0, 0, xRotation).applyTo(appliedIndividually);

      final Rotation r1 = new Rotation(order.getA1(), zRotation, RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM);
      final Rotation r2 = new Rotation(order.getA2(), yRotation, RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM);
      final Rotation r3 = new Rotation(order.getA3(), xRotation, RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM);
      final Rotation composite = r1.compose(r2.compose(r3,
                                                       RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM),
                                            RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM);
      final Vector3D good = composite.applyTo(startingVector);

      Assert.assertEquals(good.getX(), appliedIndividually.getX(), 1e-12);
      Assert.assertEquals(good.getY(), appliedIndividually.getY(), 1e-12);
      Assert.assertEquals(good.getZ(), appliedIndividually.getZ(), 1e-12);
  }

  private void checkVector(Vector3D v1, Vector3D v2) {
    Assert.assertTrue(v1.subtract(v2).getNorm() < 1.0e-10);
  }

  private void checkAngle(double a1, double a2) {
    Assert.assertEquals(a1, MathUtils.normalizeAngle(a2, a1), 1.0e-10);
  }

  private void checkRotation(Rotation r, double q0, double q1, double q2, double q3) {
    Assert.assertEquals(0, Rotation.distance(r, new Rotation(q0, q1, q2, q3, false)), 1.0e-12);
  }

}

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