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Java example source code file (DateMidnight.java)

This example Java source code file (DateMidnight.java) is included in the alvinalexander.com "Java Source Code Warehouse" project. The intent of this project is to help you "Learn Java by Example" TM.

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Java - Java tags/keywords

chronology, datemidnight, datetimefield, datetimefieldtype, datetimezone, deprecated, illegalargumentexception, interval, ioexception, localdate, nullpointerexception, property, serializable, util, yearmonthday

The DateMidnight.java Java example source code

/*
 *  Copyright 2001-2013 Stephen Colebourne
 *
 *  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 *  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 *  You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 *  limitations under the License.
 */
package org.joda.time;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.ObjectInputStream;
import java.io.ObjectOutputStream;
import java.io.Serializable;
import java.util.Locale;

import org.joda.convert.FromString;
import org.joda.time.base.BaseDateTime;
import org.joda.time.field.AbstractReadableInstantFieldProperty;
import org.joda.time.format.DateTimeFormatter;
import org.joda.time.format.ISODateTimeFormat;

/**
 * DateMidnight defines a date where the time component is fixed at midnight.
 * The class uses a time zone, thus midnight is local unless a UTC time zone is used.
 * <p>
 * It is important to emphasise that this class represents the time of midnight on
 * any given day.
 * Note that midnight is defined as 00:00, which is at the very start of a day.
 * <p>
 * This class does not represent a day, but the millisecond instant at midnight.
 * If you need a class that represents the whole day, then an {@link Interval} or
 * a {@link LocalDate} may be more suitable.
 * <p>
 * This class uses a Chronology internally. The Chronology determines how the
 * millisecond instant value is converted into the date time fields.
 * The default Chronology is <code>ISOChronology which is the agreed
 * international standard and compatable with the modern Gregorian calendar.
 *
 * <p>Each individual field can be queried in two ways:
 * <ul>
 * <li>getDayOfMonth()
 * <li>dayOfMonth().get()
 * </ul>
 * The second technique also provides access to other useful methods on the
 * field:
 * <ul>
 * <li>numeric value
 * <li>text value
 * <li>short text value
 * <li>maximum/minimum values
 * <li>add/subtract
 * <li>set
 * <li>rounding
 * </ul>
 *
 * <p>
 * DateMidnight is thread-safe and immutable, provided that the Chronology is as well.
 * All standard Chronology classes supplied are thread-safe and immutable.
 *
 * @author Stephen Colebourne
 * @since 1.0
 * @deprecated The time of midnight does not exist in some time zones
 * where the daylight saving time forward shift skips the midnight hour.
 * Use {@link LocalDate} to represent a date without a time zone.
 * Or use {@link DateTime} to represent a full date and time, perhaps
 * using {@link DateTime#withTimeAtStartOfDay()} to get an instant at the
 * start of a day.
 */
@Deprecated
public final class DateMidnight
        extends BaseDateTime
        implements ReadableDateTime, Serializable {
    
    /** Serialization lock */
    private static final long serialVersionUID = 156371964018738L;

    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    /**
     * Obtains a {@code DateMidnight} set to the current system millisecond time
     * using <code>ISOChronology in the default time zone.
     * The constructed object will have a local time of midnight.
     * 
     * @return the current date, not null
     * @since 2.0
     */
    public static DateMidnight now() {
        return new DateMidnight();
    }

    /**
     * Obtains a {@code DateMidnight} set to the current system millisecond time
     * using <code>ISOChronology in the specified time zone.
     * The constructed object will have a local time of midnight.
     *
     * @param zone  the time zone, not null
     * @return the current date, not null
     * @since 2.0
     */
    public static DateMidnight now(DateTimeZone zone) {
        if (zone == null) {
            throw new NullPointerException("Zone must not be null");
        }
        return new DateMidnight(zone);
    }

    /**
     * Obtains a {@code DateMidnight} set to the current system millisecond time
     * using the specified chronology.
     * The constructed object will have a local time of midnight.
     *
     * @param chronology  the chronology, not null
     * @return the current date, not null
     * @since 2.0
     */
    public static DateMidnight now(Chronology chronology) {
        if (chronology == null) {
            throw new NullPointerException("Chronology must not be null");
        }
        return new DateMidnight(chronology);
    }

    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    /**
     * Parses a {@code DateMidnight} from the specified string.
     * <p>
     * This uses {@link ISODateTimeFormat#dateTimeParser()}.
     * 
     * @param str  the string to parse, not null
     * @since 2.0
     */
    @FromString
    public static DateMidnight parse(String str) {
        return parse(str, ISODateTimeFormat.dateTimeParser().withOffsetParsed());
    }

    /**
     * Parses a {@code DateMidnight} from the specified string using a formatter.
     * 
     * @param str  the string to parse, not null
     * @param formatter  the formatter to use, not null
     * @since 2.0
     */
    public static DateMidnight parse(String str, DateTimeFormatter formatter) {
        return formatter.parseDateTime(str).toDateMidnight();
    }

    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    /**
     * Constructs an instance set to the current system millisecond time
     * using <code>ISOChronology in the default time zone.
     * The constructed object will have a local time of midnight.
     * 
     * @see #now()
     */
    public DateMidnight() {
        super();
    }

    /**
     * Constructs an instance set to the current system millisecond time
     * using <code>ISOChronology in the specified time zone.
     * The constructed object will have a local time of midnight.
     * <p>
     * If the specified time zone is null, the default zone is used.
     *
     * @param zone  the time zone, null means default zone
     * @see #now(DateTimeZone)
     */
    public DateMidnight(DateTimeZone zone) {
        super(zone);
    }

    /**
     * Constructs an instance set to the current system millisecond time
     * using the specified chronology.
     * The constructed object will have a local time of midnight.
     * <p>
     * If the chronology is null, <code>ISOChronology
     * in the default time zone is used.
     *
     * @param chronology  the chronology, null means ISOChronology in default zone
     * @see #now(Chronology)
     */
    public DateMidnight(Chronology chronology) {
        super(chronology);
    }

    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    /**
     * Constructs an instance set to the milliseconds from 1970-01-01T00:00:00Z
     * using <code>ISOChronology in the default time zone.
     * The constructed object will have a local time of midnight.
     *
     * @param instant  the milliseconds from 1970-01-01T00:00:00Z
     */
    public DateMidnight(long instant) {
        super(instant);
    }

    /**
     * Constructs an instance set to the milliseconds from 1970-01-01T00:00:00Z
     * using <code>ISOChronology in the specified time zone.
     * The constructed object will have a local time of midnight.
     * <p>
     * If the specified time zone is null, the default zone is used.
     *
     * @param instant  the milliseconds from 1970-01-01T00:00:00Z
     * @param zone  the time zone, null means default zone
     */
    public DateMidnight(long instant, DateTimeZone zone) {
        super(instant, zone);
    }

    /**
     * Constructs an instance set to the milliseconds from 1970-01-01T00:00:00Z
     * using the specified chronology.
     * The constructed object will have a local time of midnight.
     * <p>
     * If the chronology is null, <code>ISOChronology
     * in the default time zone is used.
     *
     * @param instant  the milliseconds from 1970-01-01T00:00:00Z
     * @param chronology  the chronology, null means ISOChronology in default zone
     */
    public DateMidnight(long instant, Chronology chronology) {
        super(instant, chronology);
    }

    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    /**
     * Constructs an instance from an Object that represents a datetime.
     * The constructed object will have a local time of midnight.
     * <p>
     * If the object implies a chronology (such as GregorianCalendar does),
     * then that chronology will be used. Otherwise, ISO default is used.
     * Thus if a GregorianCalendar is passed in, the chronology used will
     * be GJ, but if a Date is passed in the chronology will be ISO.
     * <p>
     * The recognised object types are defined in
     * {@link org.joda.time.convert.ConverterManager ConverterManager} and
     * include ReadableInstant, String, Calendar and Date.
     * The String formats are described by {@link ISODateTimeFormat#dateTimeParser()}.
     *
     * @param instant  the datetime object, null means now
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the instant is invalid
     */
    public DateMidnight(Object instant) {
        super(instant, (Chronology) null);
    }

    /**
     * Constructs an instance from an Object that represents a datetime,
     * forcing the time zone to that specified.
     * The constructed object will have a local time of midnight.
     * <p>
     * If the object implies a chronology (such as GregorianCalendar does),
     * then that chronology will be used, but with the time zone adjusted.
     * Otherwise, ISO is used in the specified time zone.
     * If the specified time zone is null, the default zone is used.
     * Thus if a GregorianCalendar is passed in, the chronology used will
     * be GJ, but if a Date is passed in the chronology will be ISO.
     * <p>
     * The recognised object types are defined in
     * {@link org.joda.time.convert.ConverterManager ConverterManager} and
     * include ReadableInstant, String, Calendar and Date.
     * The String formats are described by {@link ISODateTimeFormat#dateTimeParser()}.
     *
     * @param instant  the datetime object, null means now
     * @param zone  the time zone, null means default time zone
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the instant is invalid
     */
    public DateMidnight(Object instant, DateTimeZone zone) {
        super(instant, zone);
    }

    /**
     * Constructs an instance from an Object that represents a datetime,
     * using the specified chronology.
     * The constructed object will have a local time of midnight.
     * <p>
     * If the chronology is null, ISO in the default time zone is used.
     * Any chronology implied by the object (such as GregorianCalendar does)
     * is ignored.
     * <p>
     * The recognised object types are defined in
     * {@link org.joda.time.convert.ConverterManager ConverterManager} and
     * include ReadableInstant, String, Calendar and Date.
     * The String formats are described by {@link ISODateTimeFormat#dateTimeParser()}.
     *
     * @param instant  the datetime object, null means now
     * @param chronology  the chronology, null means ISOChronology in default zone
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the instant is invalid
     */
    public DateMidnight(Object instant, Chronology chronology) {
        super(instant, DateTimeUtils.getChronology(chronology));
    }

    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    /**
     * Constructs an instance from datetime field values
     * using <code>ISOChronology in the default time zone.
     * The constructed object will have a local time of midnight.
     *
     * @param year  the year
     * @param monthOfYear  the month of the year, from 1 to 12
     * @param dayOfMonth  the day of the month, from 1 to 31
     */
    public DateMidnight(int year, int monthOfYear, int dayOfMonth) {
        super(year, monthOfYear, dayOfMonth, 0, 0, 0, 0);
    }

    /**
     * Constructs an instance from datetime field values
     * using <code>ISOChronology in the specified time zone.
     * The constructed object will have a local time of midnight.
     * <p>
     * If the specified time zone is null, the default zone is used.
     *
     * @param year  the year
     * @param monthOfYear  the month of the year, from 1 to 12
     * @param dayOfMonth  the day of the month, from 1 to 31
     * @param zone  the time zone, null means default time zone
     */
    public DateMidnight(int year, int monthOfYear, int dayOfMonth, DateTimeZone zone) {
        super(year, monthOfYear, dayOfMonth, 0, 0, 0, 0, zone);
    }

    /**
     * Constructs an instance from datetime field values
     * using the specified chronology.
     * The constructed object will have a local time of midnight.
     * <p>
     * If the chronology is null, <code>ISOChronology
     * in the default time zone is used.
     *
     * @param year  the year, valid values defined by the chronology
     * @param monthOfYear  the month of the year, valid values defined by the chronology
     * @param dayOfMonth  the day of the month, valid values defined by the chronology
     * @param chronology  the chronology, null means ISOChronology in default zone
     */
    public DateMidnight(int year, int monthOfYear, int dayOfMonth, Chronology chronology) {
        super(year, monthOfYear, dayOfMonth, 0, 0, 0, 0, chronology);
    }

    /**
     * Rounds the specified instant to midnight.
     *
     * @param instant  the milliseconds from 1970-01-01T00:00:00Z to round
     * @param chronology  the chronology to use, not null
     * @return the updated instant, rounded to midnight
     */
    protected long checkInstant(long instant, Chronology chronology) {
        return chronology.dayOfMonth().roundFloor(instant);
    }

    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    /**
     * Returns a copy of this date with a different millisecond instant.
     * The returned object will have a local time of midnight.
     * <p>
     * Only the millis will change, the chronology and time zone are kept.
     * The returned object will be either be a new instance or <code>this.
     *
     * @param newMillis  the new millis, from 1970-01-01T00:00:00Z
     * @return a copy of this instant with different millis
     */
    public DateMidnight withMillis(long newMillis) {
        Chronology chrono = getChronology();
        newMillis = checkInstant(newMillis, chrono);
        return (newMillis == getMillis() ? this : new DateMidnight(newMillis, chrono));
    }

    /**
     * Returns a copy of this date with a different chronology, potentially
     * changing the day in unexpected ways.
     * <p>
     * This method creates a new DateMidnight using the midnight millisecond value
     * and the new chronology. If the same or similar chronology is specified, but
     * with a different time zone, the day may change. This occurs because the new
     * DateMidnight rounds down the millisecond value to get to midnight, and the
     * time zone change may result in a rounding down to a different day.
     * <p>
     * For example, changing time zone from London (+00:00) to Paris (+01:00) will
     * retain the same day, but changing from Paris to London will change the day.
     * (When its midnight in London its the same day in Paris, but when its midnight
     * in Paris its still the previous day in London)
     * <p>
     * To avoid these unusual effects, use {@link #withZoneRetainFields(DateTimeZone)}
     * to change time zones.
     *
     * @param newChronology  the new chronology
     * @return a copy of this instant with a different chronology
     */
    public DateMidnight withChronology(Chronology newChronology) {
        return (newChronology == getChronology() ? this : new DateMidnight(getMillis(), newChronology));
    }

    /**
     * Returns a copy of this date with a different time zone, preserving the day
     * The returned object will have a local time of midnight in the new zone on
     * the same day as the original instant.
     *
     * @param newZone  the new time zone, null means default
     * @return a copy of this instant with a different time zone
     */
    public DateMidnight withZoneRetainFields(DateTimeZone newZone) {
        newZone = DateTimeUtils.getZone(newZone);
        DateTimeZone originalZone = DateTimeUtils.getZone(getZone());
        if (newZone == originalZone) {
            return this;
        }
        
        long millis = originalZone.getMillisKeepLocal(newZone, getMillis());
        return new DateMidnight(millis, getChronology().withZone(newZone));
    }

    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    /**
     * Returns a copy of this date with the partial set of fields replacing those
     * from this instance.
     * <p>
     * For example, if the partial is a <code>LocalDate then the date fields
     * would be changed in the returned instance.
     * If the partial is null, then <code>this is returned.
     *
     * @param partial  the partial set of fields to apply to this datetime, null ignored
     * @return a copy of this datetime with a different set of fields
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if any value is invalid
     */
    public DateMidnight withFields(ReadablePartial partial) {
        if (partial == null) {
            return this;
        }
        return withMillis(getChronology().set(partial, getMillis()));
    }

    /**
     * Returns a copy of this date with the specified field set to a new value.
     * <p>
     * For example, if the field type is <code>dayOfMonth then the day of month
     * field would be changed in the returned instance.
     * If the field type is null, then <code>this is returned.
     * <p>
     * These three lines are equivalent:
     * <pre>
     * DateTime updated = dt.withField(DateTimeFieldType.dayOfMonth(), 6);
     * DateTime updated = dt.dayOfMonth().setCopy(6);
     * DateTime updated = dt.property(DateTimeFieldType.dayOfMonth()).setCopy(6);
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param fieldType  the field type to set, not null
     * @param value  the value to set
     * @return a copy of this datetime with the field set
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the value is null or invalid
     */
    public DateMidnight withField(DateTimeFieldType fieldType, int value) {
        if (fieldType == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Field must not be null");
        }
        long instant = fieldType.getField(getChronology()).set(getMillis(), value);
        return withMillis(instant);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a copy of this date with the value of the specified field increased.
     * <p>
     * If the addition is zero or the field is null, then <code>this is returned.
     * <p>
     * These three lines are equivalent:
     * <pre>
     * DateMidnight added = dt.withFieldAdded(DateTimeFieldType.year(), 6);
     * DateMidnight added = dt.plusYears(6);
     * DateMidnight added = dt.year().addToCopy(6);
     * </pre>
     * 
     * @param fieldType  the field type to add to, not null
     * @param amount  the amount to add
     * @return a copy of this datetime with the field updated
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the value is null or invalid
     * @throws ArithmeticException if the new datetime exceeds the capacity of a long
     */
    public DateMidnight withFieldAdded(DurationFieldType fieldType, int amount) {
        if (fieldType == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Field must not be null");
        }
        if (amount == 0) {
            return this;
        }
        long instant = fieldType.getField(getChronology()).add(getMillis(), amount);
        return withMillis(instant);
    }

    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    /**
     * Returns a copy of this date with the specified duration added.
     * <p>
     * If the addition is zero, then <code>this is returned.
     * 
     * @param durationToAdd  the duration to add to this one
     * @param scalar  the amount of times to add, such as -1 to subtract once
     * @return a copy of this datetime with the duration added
     * @throws ArithmeticException if the new datetime exceeds the capacity of a long
     */
    public DateMidnight withDurationAdded(long durationToAdd, int scalar) {
        if (durationToAdd == 0 || scalar == 0) {
            return this;
        }
        long instant = getChronology().add(getMillis(), durationToAdd, scalar);
        return withMillis(instant);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a copy of this date with the specified duration added.
     * <p>
     * If the addition is zero, then <code>this is returned.
     * 
     * @param durationToAdd  the duration to add to this one, null means zero
     * @param scalar  the amount of times to add, such as -1 to subtract once
     * @return a copy of this datetime with the duration added
     * @throws ArithmeticException if the new datetime exceeds the capacity of a long
     */
    public DateMidnight withDurationAdded(ReadableDuration durationToAdd, int scalar) {
        if (durationToAdd == null || scalar == 0) {
            return this;
        }
        return withDurationAdded(durationToAdd.getMillis(), scalar);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a copy of this date with the specified period added.
     * <p>
     * If the addition is zero, then <code>this is returned.
     * <p>
     * This method is typically used to add multiple copies of complex
     * period instances. Adding one field is best achieved using methods
     * like {@link #withFieldAdded(DurationFieldType, int)}
     * or {@link #plusYears(int)}.
     * 
     * @param period  the period to add to this one, null means zero
     * @param scalar  the amount of times to add, such as -1 to subtract once
     * @return a copy of this datetime with the period added
     * @throws ArithmeticException if the new datetime exceeds the capacity of a long
     */
    public DateMidnight withPeriodAdded(ReadablePeriod period, int scalar) {
        if (period == null || scalar == 0) {
            return this;
        }
        long instant = getChronology().add(period, getMillis(), scalar);
        return withMillis(instant);
    }

    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    /**
     * Returns a copy of this date with the specified duration added.
     * <p>
     * If the amount is zero, then <code>this is returned.
     * 
     * @param duration  the duration, in millis, to add to this one
     * @return a copy of this datetime with the duration added
     * @throws ArithmeticException if the new datetime exceeds the capacity of a long
     */
    public DateMidnight plus(long duration) {
        return withDurationAdded(duration, 1);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a copy of this date with the specified duration added.
     * <p>
     * If the amount is zero or null, then <code>this is returned.
     * 
     * @param duration  the duration to add to this one, null means zero
     * @return a copy of this datetime with the duration added
     * @throws ArithmeticException if the new datetime exceeds the capacity of a long
     */
    public DateMidnight plus(ReadableDuration duration) {
        return withDurationAdded(duration, 1);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a copy of this date with the specified period added.
     * <p>
     * If the amount is zero or null, then <code>this is returned.
     * <p>
     * This method is typically used to add complex period instances.
     * Adding one field is best achieved using methods
     * like {@link #plusYears(int)}.
     * 
     * @param period  the duration to add to this one, null means zero
     * @return a copy of this datetime with the period added
     * @throws ArithmeticException if the new datetime exceeds the capacity of a long
     */
    public DateMidnight plus(ReadablePeriod period) {
        return withPeriodAdded(period, 1);
    }

    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    /**
     * Returns a copy of this date plus the specified number of years.
     * <p>
     * This datetime instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.
     * <p>
     * The following three lines are identical in effect:
     * <pre>
     * DateMidnight added = dt.plusYears(6);
     * DateMidnight added = dt.plus(Period.years(6));
     * DateMidnight added = dt.withFieldAdded(DurationFieldType.years(), 6);
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param years  the amount of years to add, may be negative
     * @return the new datetime plus the increased years
     * @since 1.1
     */
    public DateMidnight plusYears(int years) {
        if (years == 0) {
            return this;
        }
        long instant = getChronology().years().add(getMillis(), years);
        return withMillis(instant);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a copy of this date plus the specified number of months.
     * <p>
     * This datetime instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.
     * <p>
     * The following three lines are identical in effect:
     * <pre>
     * DateMidnight added = dt.plusMonths(6);
     * DateMidnight added = dt.plus(Period.months(6));
     * DateMidnight added = dt.withFieldAdded(DurationFieldType.months(), 6);
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param months  the amount of months to add, may be negative
     * @return the new datetime plus the increased months
     * @since 1.1
     */
    public DateMidnight plusMonths(int months) {
        if (months == 0) {
            return this;
        }
        long instant = getChronology().months().add(getMillis(), months);
        return withMillis(instant);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a copy of this date plus the specified number of weeks.
     * <p>
     * This datetime instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.
     * <p>
     * The following three lines are identical in effect:
     * <pre>
     * DateMidnight added = dt.plusWeeks(6);
     * DateMidnight added = dt.plus(Period.weeks(6));
     * DateMidnight added = dt.withFieldAdded(DurationFieldType.weeks(), 6);
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param weeks  the amount of weeks to add, may be negative
     * @return the new datetime plus the increased weeks
     * @since 1.1
     */
    public DateMidnight plusWeeks(int weeks) {
        if (weeks == 0) {
            return this;
        }
        long instant = getChronology().weeks().add(getMillis(), weeks);
        return withMillis(instant);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a copy of this date plus the specified number of days.
     * <p>
     * This datetime instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.
     * <p>
     * The following three lines are identical in effect:
     * <pre>
     * DateMidnight added = dt.plusDays(6);
     * DateMidnight added = dt.plus(Period.days(6));
     * DateMidnight added = dt.withFieldAdded(DurationFieldType.days(), 6);
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param days  the amount of days to add, may be negative
     * @return the new datetime plus the increased days
     * @since 1.1
     */
    public DateMidnight plusDays(int days) {
        if (days == 0) {
            return this;
        }
        long instant = getChronology().days().add(getMillis(), days);
        return withMillis(instant);
    }

    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    /**
     * Returns a copy of this date with the specified duration taken away.
     * <p>
     * If the amount is zero or null, then <code>this is returned.
     * 
     * @param duration  the duration, in millis, to reduce this instant by
     * @return a copy of this datetime with the duration taken away
     * @throws ArithmeticException if the new datetime exceeds the capacity of a long
     */
    public DateMidnight minus(long duration) {
        return withDurationAdded(duration, -1);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a copy of this date with the specified duration taken away.
     * <p>
     * If the amount is zero or null, then <code>this is returned.
     * 
     * @param duration  the duration to reduce this instant by
     * @return a copy of this datetime with the duration taken away
     * @throws ArithmeticException if the new datetime exceeds the capacity of a long
     */
    public DateMidnight minus(ReadableDuration duration) {
        return withDurationAdded(duration, -1);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a copy of this date with the specified period taken away.
     * <p>
     * If the amount is zero or null, then <code>this is returned.
     * <p>
     * This method is typically used to subtract complex period instances.
     * Subtracting one field is best achieved using methods
     * like {@link #minusYears(int)}.
     * 
     * @param period  the period to reduce this instant by
     * @return a copy of this datetime with the period taken away
     * @throws ArithmeticException if the new datetime exceeds the capacity of a long
     */
    public DateMidnight minus(ReadablePeriod period) {
        return withPeriodAdded(period, -1);
    }

    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    /**
     * Returns a copy of this date minus the specified number of years.
     * <p>
     * This datetime instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.
     * <p>
     * The following three lines are identical in effect:
     * <pre>
     * DateTime subtracted = dt.minusYears(6);
     * DateTime subtracted = dt.minus(Period.years(6));
     * DateTime subtracted = dt.withFieldAdded(DurationFieldType.years(), -6);
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param years  the amount of years to subtract, may be negative
     * @return the new datetime minus the increased years
     * @since 1.1
     */
    public DateMidnight minusYears(int years) {
        if (years == 0) {
            return this;
        }
        long instant = getChronology().years().subtract(getMillis(), years);
        return withMillis(instant);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a copy of this date minus the specified number of months.
     * <p>
     * This datetime instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.
     * <p>
     * The following three lines are identical in effect:
     * <pre>
     * DateMidnight subtracted = dt.minusMonths(6);
     * DateMidnight subtracted = dt.minus(Period.months(6));
     * DateMidnight subtracted = dt.withFieldAdded(DurationFieldType.months(), -6);
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param months  the amount of months to subtract, may be negative
     * @return the new datetime minus the increased months
     * @since 1.1
     */
    public DateMidnight minusMonths(int months) {
        if (months == 0) {
            return this;
        }
        long instant = getChronology().months().subtract(getMillis(), months);
        return withMillis(instant);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a copy of this date minus the specified number of weeks.
     * <p>
     * This datetime instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.
     * <p>
     * The following three lines are identical in effect:
     * <pre>
     * DateMidnight subtracted = dt.minusWeeks(6);
     * DateMidnight subtracted = dt.minus(Period.weeks(6));
     * DateMidnight subtracted = dt.withFieldAdded(DurationFieldType.weeks(), -6);
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param weeks  the amount of weeks to subtract, may be negative
     * @return the new datetime minus the increased weeks
     * @since 1.1
     */
    public DateMidnight minusWeeks(int weeks) {
        if (weeks == 0) {
            return this;
        }
        long instant = getChronology().weeks().subtract(getMillis(), weeks);
        return withMillis(instant);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a copy of this date minus the specified number of days.
     * <p>
     * This datetime instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.
     * <p>
     * The following three lines are identical in effect:
     * <pre>
     * DateMidnight subtracted = dt.minusDays(6);
     * DateMidnight subtracted = dt.minus(Period.days(6));
     * DateMidnight subtracted = dt.withFieldAdded(DurationFieldType.days(), -6);
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param days  the amount of days to subtract, may be negative
     * @return the new datetime minus the increased days
     * @since 1.1
     */
    public DateMidnight minusDays(int days) {
        if (days == 0) {
            return this;
        }
        long instant = getChronology().days().subtract(getMillis(), days);
        return withMillis(instant);
    }

    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    /**
     * Gets the property object for the specified type, which contains many useful methods.
     *
     * @param type  the field type to get the chronology for
     * @return the property object
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the field is null or unsupported
     */
    public Property property(DateTimeFieldType type) {
        if (type == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("The DateTimeFieldType must not be null");
        }
        DateTimeField field = type.getField(getChronology());
        if (field.isSupported() == false) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Field '" + type + "' is not supported");
        }
        return new Property(this, field);
    }

    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    /**
     * Converts this object to a <code>YearMonthDay using the
     * same date and chronology.
     * 
     * @return a YearMonthDay using the same millis and chronology
     * @deprecated Use LocalDate instead of YearMonthDay
     */
    @Deprecated
    public YearMonthDay toYearMonthDay() {
        return new YearMonthDay(getMillis(), getChronology());
    }

    /**
     * Converts this object to a <code>LocalDate with the
     * same date and chronology.
     *
     * @return a LocalDate with the same date and chronology
     * @since 1.3
     */
    public LocalDate toLocalDate() {
        return new LocalDate(getMillis(), getChronology());
    }

    /**
     * Converts this object to an <code>Interval encompassing
     * the whole of this day.
     * <p>
     * The interval starts at midnight 00:00 and ends at 00:00 the following day,
     * (which is not included in the interval, as intervals are half-open).
     * 
     * @return an interval over the day
     */
    public Interval toInterval() {
        Chronology chrono = getChronology();
        long start = getMillis();
        long end = DurationFieldType.days().getField(chrono).add(start, 1);
        return new Interval(start, end, chrono);
    }

    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    /**
     * Returns a copy of this date with the era field updated.
     * <p>
     * DateMidnight is immutable, so there are no set methods.
     * Instead, this method returns a new instance with the value of
     * era changed.
     *
     * @param era  the era to set
     * @return a copy of this object with the field set
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the value is invalid
     * @since 1.3
     */
    public DateMidnight withEra(int era) {
        return withMillis(getChronology().era().set(getMillis(), era));
    }

    /**
     * Returns a copy of this date with the century of era field updated.
     * <p>
     * DateMidnight is immutable, so there are no set methods.
     * Instead, this method returns a new instance with the value of
     * century of era changed.
     *
     * @param centuryOfEra  the centurey of era to set
     * @return a copy of this object with the field set
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the value is invalid
     * @since 1.3
     */
    public DateMidnight withCenturyOfEra(int centuryOfEra) {
        return withMillis(getChronology().centuryOfEra().set(getMillis(), centuryOfEra));
    }

    /**
     * Returns a copy of this date with the year of era field updated.
     * <p>
     * DateMidnight is immutable, so there are no set methods.
     * Instead, this method returns a new instance with the value of
     * year of era changed.
     *
     * @param yearOfEra  the year of era to set
     * @return a copy of this object with the field set
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the value is invalid
     * @since 1.3
     */
    public DateMidnight withYearOfEra(int yearOfEra) {
        return withMillis(getChronology().yearOfEra().set(getMillis(), yearOfEra));
    }

    /**
     * Returns a copy of this date with the year of century field updated.
     * <p>
     * DateMidnight is immutable, so there are no set methods.
     * Instead, this method returns a new instance with the value of
     * year of century changed.
     *
     * @param yearOfCentury  the year of century to set
     * @return a copy of this object with the field set
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the value is invalid
     * @since 1.3
     */
    public DateMidnight withYearOfCentury(int yearOfCentury) {
        return withMillis(getChronology().yearOfCentury().set(getMillis(), yearOfCentury));
    }

    /**
     * Returns a copy of this date with the year field updated.
     * <p>
     * DateMidnight is immutable, so there are no set methods.
     * Instead, this method returns a new instance with the value of
     * year changed.
     *
     * @param year  the year to set
     * @return a copy of this object with the field set
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the value is invalid
     * @since 1.3
     */
    public DateMidnight withYear(int year) {
        return withMillis(getChronology().year().set(getMillis(), year));
    }

    /**
     * Returns a copy of this date with the weekyear field updated.
     * <p>
     * The weekyear is the year that matches with the weekOfWeekyear field.
     * In the standard ISO8601 week algorithm, the first week of the year
     * is that in which at least 4 days are in the year. As a result of this
     * definition, day 1 of the first week may be in the previous year.
     * The weekyear allows you to query the effective year for that day.
     * <p>
     * DateMidnight is immutable, so there are no set methods.
     * Instead, this method returns a new instance with the value of
     * weekyear changed.
     *
     * @param weekyear  the weekyear to set
     * @return a copy of this object with the field set
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the value is invalid
     * @since 1.3
     */
    public DateMidnight withWeekyear(int weekyear) {
        return withMillis(getChronology().weekyear().set(getMillis(), weekyear));
    }

    /**
     * Returns a copy of this date with the month of year field updated.
     * <p>
     * DateMidnight is immutable, so there are no set methods.
     * Instead, this method returns a new instance with the value of
     * month of year changed.
     *
     * @param monthOfYear  the month of year to set
     * @return a copy of this object with the field set
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the value is invalid
     * @since 1.3
     */
    public DateMidnight withMonthOfYear(int monthOfYear) {
        return withMillis(getChronology().monthOfYear().set(getMillis(), monthOfYear));
    }

    /**
     * Returns a copy of this date with the week of weekyear field updated.
     * <p>
     * This field is associated with the "weekyear" via {@link #withWeekyear(int)}.
     * In the standard ISO8601 week algorithm, the first week of the year
     * is that in which at least 4 days are in the year. As a result of this
     * definition, day 1 of the first week may be in the previous year.
     * <p>
     * DateMidnight is immutable, so there are no set methods.
     * Instead, this method returns a new instance with the value of
     * week of weekyear changed.
     *
     * @param weekOfWeekyear  the week of weekyear to set
     * @return a copy of this object with the field set
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the value is invalid
     * @since 1.3
     */
    public DateMidnight withWeekOfWeekyear(int weekOfWeekyear) {
        return withMillis(getChronology().weekOfWeekyear().set(getMillis(), weekOfWeekyear));
    }

    /**
     * Returns a copy of this date with the day of year field updated.
     * <p>
     * DateMidnight is immutable, so there are no set methods.
     * Instead, this method returns a new instance with the value of
     * day of year changed.
     *
     * @param dayOfYear  the day of year to set
     * @return a copy of this object with the field set
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the value is invalid
     * @since 1.3
     */
    public DateMidnight withDayOfYear(int dayOfYear) {
        return withMillis(getChronology().dayOfYear().set(getMillis(), dayOfYear));
    }

    /**
     * Returns a copy of this date with the day of month field updated.
     * <p>
     * DateMidnight is immutable, so there are no set methods.
     * Instead, this method returns a new instance with the value of
     * day of month changed.
     *
     * @param dayOfMonth  the day of month to set
     * @return a copy of this object with the field set
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the value is invalid
     * @since 1.3
     */
    public DateMidnight withDayOfMonth(int dayOfMonth) {
        return withMillis(getChronology().dayOfMonth().set(getMillis(), dayOfMonth));
    }

    /**
     * Returns a copy of this date with the day of week field updated.
     * <p>
     * DateMidnight is immutable, so there are no set methods.
     * Instead, this method returns a new instance with the value of
     * day of week changed.
     *
     * @param dayOfWeek  the day of week to set
     * @return a copy of this object with the field set
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the value is invalid
     * @since 1.3
     */
    public DateMidnight withDayOfWeek(int dayOfWeek) {
        return withMillis(getChronology().dayOfWeek().set(getMillis(), dayOfWeek));
    }

    // Date properties
    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    /**
     * Get the era property which provides access to advanced functionality.
     * 
     * @return the era property
     */
    public Property era() {
        return new Property(this, getChronology().era());
    }

    /**
     * Get the century of era property which provides access to advanced functionality.
     * 
     * @return the year of era property
     */
    public Property centuryOfEra() {
        return new Property(this, getChronology().centuryOfEra());
    }

    /**
     * Get the year of century property which provides access to advanced functionality.
     * 
     * @return the year of era property
     */
    public Property yearOfCentury() {
        return new Property(this, getChronology().yearOfCentury());
    }

    /**
     * Get the year of era property which provides access to advanced functionality.
     * 
     * @return the year of era property
     */
    public Property yearOfEra() {
        return new Property(this, getChronology().yearOfEra());
    }

    /**
     * Get the year property which provides access to advanced functionality.
     * 
     * @return the year property
     */
    public Property year() {
        return new Property(this, getChronology().year());
    }

    /**
     * Get the year of a week based year property which provides access to advanced functionality.
     * 
     * @return the year of a week based year property
     */
    public Property weekyear() {
        return new Property(this, getChronology().weekyear());
    }

    /**
     * Get the month of year property which provides access to advanced functionality.
     * 
     * @return the month of year property
     */
    public Property monthOfYear() {
        return new Property(this, getChronology().monthOfYear());
    }

    /**
     * Get the week of a week based year property which provides access to advanced functionality.
     * 
     * @return the week of a week based year property
     */
    public Property weekOfWeekyear() {
        return new Property(this, getChronology().weekOfWeekyear());
    }

    /**
     * Get the day of year property which provides access to advanced functionality.
     * 
     * @return the day of year property
     */
    public Property dayOfYear() {
        return new Property(this, getChronology().dayOfYear());
    }

    /**
     * Get the day of month property which provides access to advanced functionality.
     * 
     * @return the day of month property
     */
    public Property dayOfMonth() {
        return new Property(this, getChronology().dayOfMonth());
    }

    /**
     * Get the day of week property which provides access to advanced functionality.
     * 
     * @return the day of week property
     */
    public Property dayOfWeek() {
        return new Property(this, getChronology().dayOfWeek());
    }

    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    /**
     * DateMidnight.Property binds a DateMidnight to a DateTimeField allowing powerful
     * datetime functionality to be easily accessed.
     * <p>
     * The simplest use of this class is as an alternative get method, here used to
     * get the year '1972' (as an int) and the month 'December' (as a String).
     * <pre>
     * DateMidnight dt = new DateMidnight(1972, 12, 3);
     * int year = dt.year().get();
     * String monthStr = dt.monthOfYear().getAsText();
     * </pre>
     * <p>
     * Methods are also provided that allow date modification. These return new instances
     * of DateMidnight - they do not modify the original. The example below yields two
     * independent immutable date objects 20 years apart.
     * <pre>
     * DateMidnight dt = new DateMidnight(1972, 12, 3);
     * DateMidnight dt20 = dt.year().addToCopy(20);
     * </pre>
     * Serious modification of dates (ie. more than just changing one or two fields)
     * should use the {@link org.joda.time.MutableDateTime MutableDateTime} class.
     * <p>
     * DateMidnight.Property itself is thread-safe and immutable.
     *
     * @author Stephen Colebourne
     * @author Brian S O'Neill
     * @since 1.0
     */
    public static final class Property extends AbstractReadableInstantFieldProperty {
    
        /** Serialization lock */
        private static final long serialVersionUID = 257629620L;
        
        /** The instant this property is working against */
        private DateMidnight iInstant;
        /** The field this property is working against */
        private DateTimeField iField;
        
        /**
         * Constructor.
         * 
         * @param instant  the instant to set
         * @param field  the field to use
         */
        Property(DateMidnight instant, DateTimeField field) {
            super();
            iInstant = instant;
            iField = field;
        }

        /**
         * Writes the property in a safe serialization format.
         */
        private void writeObject(ObjectOutputStream oos) throws IOException {
            oos.writeObject(iInstant);
            oos.writeObject(iField.getType());
        }

        /**
         * Reads the property from a safe serialization format.
         */
        private void readObject(ObjectInputStream oos) throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
            iInstant = (DateMidnight) oos.readObject();
            DateTimeFieldType type = (DateTimeFieldType) oos.readObject();
            iField = type.getField(iInstant.getChronology());
        }

        //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
        /**
         * Gets the field being used.
         * 
         * @return the field
         */
        public DateTimeField getField() {
            return iField;
        }

        /**
         * Gets the milliseconds of the datetime that this property is linked to.
         * 
         * @return the milliseconds
         */
        protected long getMillis() {
            return iInstant.getMillis();
        }

        /**
         * Gets the chronology of the datetime that this property is linked to.
         * 
         * @return the chronology
         * @since 1.4
         */
        protected Chronology getChronology() {
            return iInstant.getChronology();
        }

        /**
         * Gets the datetime being used.
         * 
         * @return the datetime
         */
        public DateMidnight getDateMidnight() {
            return iInstant;
        }

        //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
        /**
         * Adds to this field in a copy of this DateMidnight.
         * <p>
         * The DateMidnight attached to this property is unchanged by this call.
         * This operation is faster than converting a DateMidnight to a MutableDateTime
         * and back again when setting one field. When setting multiple fields,
         * it is generally quicker to make the conversion to MutableDateTime.
         * 
         * @param value  the value to add to the field in the copy
         * @return a copy of the DateMidnight with the field value changed
         * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the value isn't valid
         */
        public DateMidnight addToCopy(int value) {
            return iInstant.withMillis(iField.add(iInstant.getMillis(), value));
        }

        /**
         * Adds to this field in a copy of this DateMidnight.
         * <p>
         * The DateMidnight attached to this property is unchanged by this call.
         * This operation is faster than converting a DateMidnight to a MutableDateTime
         * and back again when setting one field. When setting multiple fields,
         * it is generally quicker to make the conversion to MutableDateTime.
         * 
         * @param value  the value to add to the field in the copy
         * @return a copy of the DateMidnight with the field value changed
         * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the value isn't valid
         */
        public DateMidnight addToCopy(long value) {
            return iInstant.withMillis(iField.add(iInstant.getMillis(), value));
        }

        /**
         * Adds to this field, possibly wrapped, in a copy of this DateMidnight.
         * A wrapped operation only changes this field.
         * Thus 31st January addWrapField one day goes to the 1st January.
         * <p>
         * The DateMidnight attached to this property is unchanged by this call.
         * This operation is faster than converting a DateMidnight to a MutableDateTime
         * and back again when setting one field. When setting multiple fields,
         * it is generally quicker to make the conversion to MutableDateTime.
         * 
         * @param value  the value to add to the field in the copy
         * @return a copy of the DateMidnight with the field value changed
         * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the value isn't valid
         */
        public DateMidnight addWrapFieldToCopy(int value) {
            return iInstant.withMillis(iField.addWrapField(iInstant.getMillis(), value));
        }

        //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
        /**
         * Sets this field in a copy of the DateMidnight.
         * <p>
         * The DateMidnight attached to this property is unchanged by this call.
         * This operation is faster than converting a DateMidnight to a MutableDateTime
         * and back again when setting one field. When setting multiple fields,
         * it is generally quicker to make the conversion to MutableDateTime.
         * 
         * @param value  the value to set the field in the copy to
         * @return a copy of the DateMidnight with the field value changed
         * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the value isn't valid
         */
        public DateMidnight setCopy(int value) {
            return iInstant.withMillis(iField.set(iInstant.getMillis(), value));
        }
    
        /**
         * Sets this field in a copy of the DateMidnight to a parsed text value.
         * <p>
         * The DateMidnight attached to this property is unchanged by this call.
         * This operation is faster than converting a DateMidnight to a MutableDateTime
         * and back again when setting one field. When setting multiple fields,
         * it is generally quicker to make the conversion to MutableDateTime.
         * 
         * @param text  the text value to set
         * @param locale  optional locale to use for selecting a text symbol
         * @return a copy of the DateMidnight with the field value changed
         * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the text value isn't valid
         */
        public DateMidnight setCopy(String text, Locale locale) {
            return iInstant.withMillis(iField.set(iInstant.getMillis(), text, locale));
        }

        /**
         * Sets this field in a copy of the DateMidnight to a parsed text value.
         * <p>
         * The DateMidnight attached to this property is unchanged by this call.
         * This operation is faster than converting a DateMidnight to a MutableDateTime
         * and back again when setting one field. When setting multiple fields,
         * it is generally quicker to make the conversion to MutableDateTime.
         * 
         * @param text  the text value to set
         * @return a copy of the DateMidnight with the field value changed
         * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the text value isn't valid
         */
        public DateMidnight setCopy(String text) {
            return setCopy(text, null);
        }

        //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
        /**
         * Returns a new DateMidnight with this field set to the maximum value
         * for this field.
         * <p>
         * This operation is useful for obtaining a DateTime on the last day
         * of the month, as month lengths vary.
         * <pre>
         * DateMidnight lastDayOfMonth = dt.dayOfMonth().withMaximumValue();
         * </pre>
         * <p>
         * The DateMidnight attached to this property is unchanged by this call.
         *
         * @return a copy of the DateMidnight with this field set to its maximum
         * @since 1.2
         */
        public DateMidnight withMaximumValue() {
            return setCopy(getMaximumValue());
        }
        
        /**
         * Returns a new DateMidnight with this field set to the minimum value
         * for this field.
         * <p>
         * The DateMidnight attached to this property is unchanged by this call.
         *
         * @return a copy of the DateMidnight with this field set to its minimum
         * @since 1.2
         */
        public DateMidnight withMinimumValue() {
            return setCopy(getMinimumValue());
        }
        
        //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
        /**
         * Rounds to the lowest whole unit of this field on a copy of this DateMidnight.
         *
         * @return a copy of the DateMidnight with the field value changed
         */
        public DateMidnight roundFloorCopy() {
            return iInstant.withMillis(iField.roundFloor(iInstant.getMillis()));
        }

        /**
         * Rounds to the highest whole unit of this field on a copy of this DateMidnight.
         *
         * @return a copy of the DateMidnight with the field value changed
         */
        public DateMidnight roundCeilingCopy() {
            return iInstant.withMillis(iField.roundCeiling(iInstant.getMillis()));
        }

        /**
         * Rounds to the nearest whole unit of this field on a copy of this DateMidnight,
         * favoring the floor if halfway.
         *
         * @return a copy of the DateMidnight with the field value changed
         */
        public DateMidnight roundHalfFloorCopy() {
            return iInstant.withMillis(iField.roundHalfFloor(iInstant.getMillis()));
        }

        /**
         * Rounds to the nearest whole unit of this field on a copy of this DateMidnight,
         * favoring the ceiling if halfway.
         *
         * @return a copy of the DateMidnight with the field value changed
         */
        public DateMidnight roundHalfCeilingCopy() {
            return iInstant.withMillis(iField.roundHalfCeiling(iInstant.getMillis()));
        }

        /**
         * Rounds to the nearest whole unit of this field on a copy of this DateMidnight.
         * If halfway, the ceiling is favored over the floor only if it makes this field's value even.
         *
         * @return a copy of the DateMidnight with the field value changed
         */
        public DateMidnight roundHalfEvenCopy() {
            return iInstant.withMillis(iField.roundHalfEven(iInstant.getMillis()));
        }

    }
}

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