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Commons IO example source code file (FileUtils.java)

This example Commons IO source code file (FileUtils.java) is included in the DevDaily.com "Java Source Code Warehouse" project. The intent of this project is to help you "Learn Java by Example" TM.

Java - Commons IO tags/keywords

destination, destination, file, file, filenotfoundexception, illegalargumentexception, inputstream, io, ioexception, ioexception, iofilefilter, net, network, nio, nullpointerexception, source, string, string, util, zip

The Commons IO FileUtils.java source code

/*
 * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
 * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
 * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
 * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
 * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
 * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
 * 
 *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 * 
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */
package org.apache.commons.io;

import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileFilter;
import java.io.FileInputStream;
import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
import java.io.FileOutputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.io.OutputStream;
import java.net.URL;
import java.net.URLConnection;
import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
import java.nio.channels.FileChannel;
import java.nio.charset.Charset;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.Date;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.zip.CRC32;
import java.util.zip.CheckedInputStream;
import java.util.zip.Checksum;

import org.apache.commons.io.filefilter.DirectoryFileFilter;
import org.apache.commons.io.filefilter.FalseFileFilter;
import org.apache.commons.io.filefilter.FileFilterUtils;
import org.apache.commons.io.filefilter.IOFileFilter;
import org.apache.commons.io.filefilter.SuffixFileFilter;
import org.apache.commons.io.filefilter.TrueFileFilter;
import org.apache.commons.io.output.NullOutputStream;

/**
 * General file manipulation utilities.
 * <p>
 * Facilities are provided in the following areas:
 * <ul>
 * <li>writing to a file
 * <li>reading from a file
 * <li>make a directory including parent directories
 * <li>copying files and directories
 * <li>deleting files and directories
 * <li>converting to and from a URL
 * <li>listing files and directories by filter and extension
 * <li>comparing file content
 * <li>file last changed date
 * <li>calculating a checksum
 * </ul>
 * <p>
 * Origin of code: Excalibur, Alexandria, Commons-Utils
 *
 * @author <a href="mailto:burton@relativity.yi.org">Kevin A. Burton
 * @author <a href="mailto:sanders@apache.org">Scott Sanders
 * @author <a href="mailto:dlr@finemaltcoding.com">Daniel Rall
 * @author <a href="mailto:Christoph.Reck@dlr.de">Christoph.Reck
 * @author <a href="mailto:peter@apache.org">Peter Donald
 * @author <a href="mailto:jefft@apache.org">Jeff Turner
 * @author Matthew Hawthorne
 * @author <a href="mailto:jeremias@apache.org">Jeremias Maerki
 * @author Stephen Colebourne
 * @author Ian Springer
 * @author Chris Eldredge
 * @author Jim Harrington
 * @author Niall Pemberton
 * @author Sandy McArthur
 * @version $Id: FileUtils.java 1003647 2010-10-01 20:53:59Z niallp $
 */
public class FileUtils {

    /**
     * Instances should NOT be constructed in standard programming.
     */
    public FileUtils() {
        super();
    }

    /**
     * The number of bytes in a kilobyte.
     */
    public static final long ONE_KB = 1024;

    /**
     * The number of bytes in a megabyte.
     */
    public static final long ONE_MB = ONE_KB * ONE_KB;

    /**
     * The number of bytes in a 50 MB.
     */
    private static final long FIFTY_MB = ONE_MB * 50;

    /**
     * The number of bytes in a gigabyte.
     */
    public static final long ONE_GB = ONE_KB * ONE_MB;

    /**
     * An empty array of type <code>File.
     */
    public static final File[] EMPTY_FILE_ARRAY = new File[0];

    /**
     * The UTF-8 character set, used to decode octets in URLs.
     */
    private static final Charset UTF8 = Charset.forName("UTF-8");

    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    /**
     * Returns the path to the system temporary directory.
     * 
     * @return the path to the system temporary directory.
     * 
     * @since Commons IO 2.0
     */
    public static String getTempDirectoryPath() {
        return System.getProperty("java.io.tmpdir");
    }
    
    /**
     * Returns a {@link File} representing the system temporary directory.
     * 
     * @return the system temporary directory. 
     * 
     * @since Commons IO 2.0
     */
    public static File getTempDirectory() {
        return new File(getTempDirectoryPath());
    }
    
    /**
     * Returns the path to the user's home directory.
     * 
     * @return the path to the user's home directory.
     * 
     * @since Commons IO 2.0
     */
    public static String getUserDirectoryPath() {
        return System.getProperty("user.home");
    }
    
    /**
     * Returns a {@link File} representing the user's home directory.
     * 
     * @return the user's home directory.
     * 
     * @since Commons IO 2.0
     */
    public static File getUserDirectory() {
        return new File(getUserDirectoryPath());
    }
    
    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    /**
     * Opens a {@link FileInputStream} for the specified file, providing better
     * error messages than simply calling <code>new FileInputStream(file).
     * <p>
     * At the end of the method either the stream will be successfully opened,
     * or an exception will have been thrown.
     * <p>
     * An exception is thrown if the file does not exist.
     * An exception is thrown if the file object exists but is a directory.
     * An exception is thrown if the file exists but cannot be read.
     * 
     * @param file  the file to open for input, must not be <code>null
     * @return a new {@link FileInputStream} for the specified file
     * @throws FileNotFoundException if the file does not exist
     * @throws IOException if the file object is a directory
     * @throws IOException if the file cannot be read
     * @since Commons IO 1.3
     */
    public static FileInputStream openInputStream(File file) throws IOException {
        if (file.exists()) {
            if (file.isDirectory()) {
                throw new IOException("File '" + file + "' exists but is a directory");
            }
            if (file.canRead() == false) {
                throw new IOException("File '" + file + "' cannot be read");
            }
        } else {
            throw new FileNotFoundException("File '" + file + "' does not exist");
        }
        return new FileInputStream(file);
    }

    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    /**
     * Opens a {@link FileOutputStream} for the specified file, checking and
     * creating the parent directory if it does not exist.
     * <p>
     * At the end of the method either the stream will be successfully opened,
     * or an exception will have been thrown.
     * <p>
     * The parent directory will be created if it does not exist.
     * The file will be created if it does not exist.
     * An exception is thrown if the file object exists but is a directory.
     * An exception is thrown if the file exists but cannot be written to.
     * An exception is thrown if the parent directory cannot be created.
     * 
     * @param file  the file to open for output, must not be <code>null
     * @return a new {@link FileOutputStream} for the specified file
     * @throws IOException if the file object is a directory
     * @throws IOException if the file cannot be written to
     * @throws IOException if a parent directory needs creating but that fails
     * @since Commons IO 1.3
     */
    public static FileOutputStream openOutputStream(File file) throws IOException {
        if (file.exists()) {
            if (file.isDirectory()) {
                throw new IOException("File '" + file + "' exists but is a directory");
            }
            if (file.canWrite() == false) {
                throw new IOException("File '" + file + "' cannot be written to");
            }
        } else {
            File parent = file.getParentFile();
            if (parent != null && parent.exists() == false) {
                if (parent.mkdirs() == false) {
                    throw new IOException("File '" + file + "' could not be created");
                }
            }
        }
        return new FileOutputStream(file);
    }

    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    /**
     * Returns a human-readable version of the file size, where the input
     * represents a specific number of bytes.
     * 
     * If the size is over 1GB, the size is returned as the number of whole GB,
     * i.e. the size is rounded down to the nearest GB boundary.
     * 
     * Similarly for the 1MB and 1KB boundaries.
     *
     * @param size  the number of bytes
     * @return a human-readable display value (includes units - GB, MB, KB or bytes)
     */
    // See https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/IO-226 - should the rounding be changed?
    public static String byteCountToDisplaySize(long size) {
        String displaySize;

        if (size / ONE_GB > 0) {
            displaySize = String.valueOf(size / ONE_GB) + " GB";
        } else if (size / ONE_MB > 0) {
            displaySize = String.valueOf(size / ONE_MB) + " MB";
        } else if (size / ONE_KB > 0) {
            displaySize = String.valueOf(size / ONE_KB) + " KB";
        } else {
            displaySize = String.valueOf(size) + " bytes";
        }
        return displaySize;
    }

    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    /**
     * Implements the same behaviour as the "touch" utility on Unix. It creates
     * a new file with size 0 or, if the file exists already, it is opened and
     * closed without modifying it, but updating the file date and time.
     * <p>
     * NOTE: As from v1.3, this method throws an IOException if the last
     * modified date of the file cannot be set. Also, as from v1.3 this method
     * creates parent directories if they do not exist.
     *
     * @param file  the File to touch
     * @throws IOException If an I/O problem occurs
     */
    public static void touch(File file) throws IOException {
        if (!file.exists()) {
            OutputStream out = openOutputStream(file);
            IOUtils.closeQuietly(out);
        }
        boolean success = file.setLastModified(System.currentTimeMillis());
        if (!success) {
            throw new IOException("Unable to set the last modification time for " + file);
        }
    }

    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    /**
     * Converts a Collection containing java.io.File instanced into array
     * representation. This is to account for the difference between
     * File.listFiles() and FileUtils.listFiles().
     *
     * @param files  a Collection containing java.io.File instances
     * @return an array of java.io.File
     */
    public static File[] convertFileCollectionToFileArray(Collection<File> files) {
         return files.toArray(new File[files.size()]);
    }

    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    /**
     * Finds files within a given directory (and optionally its
     * subdirectories). All files found are filtered by an IOFileFilter.
     *
     * @param files the collection of files found.
     * @param directory the directory to search in.
     * @param filter the filter to apply to files and directories.
     */
    private static void innerListFiles(Collection<File> files, File directory,
            IOFileFilter filter) {
        File[] found = directory.listFiles((FileFilter) filter);
        if (found != null) {
            for (File file : found) {
                if (file.isDirectory()) {
                    innerListFiles(files, file, filter);
                } else {
                    files.add(file);
                }
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Finds files within a given directory (and optionally its
     * subdirectories). All files found are filtered by an IOFileFilter.
     * <p>
     * If your search should recurse into subdirectories you can pass in
     * an IOFileFilter for directories. You don't need to bind a
     * DirectoryFileFilter (via logical AND) to this filter. This method does
     * that for you.
     * <p>
     * An example: If you want to search through all directories called
     * "temp" you pass in <code>FileFilterUtils.NameFileFilter("temp")
     * <p>
     * Another common usage of this method is find files in a directory
     * tree but ignoring the directories generated CVS. You can simply pass
     * in <code>FileFilterUtils.makeCVSAware(null).
     *
     * @param directory  the directory to search in
     * @param fileFilter  filter to apply when finding files.
     * @param dirFilter  optional filter to apply when finding subdirectories.
     * If this parameter is <code>null, subdirectories will not be included in the
     * search. Use TrueFileFilter.INSTANCE to match all directories.
     * @return an collection of java.io.File with the matching files
     * @see org.apache.commons.io.filefilter.FileFilterUtils
     * @see org.apache.commons.io.filefilter.NameFileFilter
     */
    public static Collection<File> listFiles(
            File directory, IOFileFilter fileFilter, IOFileFilter dirFilter) {
        if (!directory.isDirectory()) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
                    "Parameter 'directory' is not a directory");
        }
        if (fileFilter == null) {
            throw new NullPointerException("Parameter 'fileFilter' is null");
        }

        //Setup effective file filter
        IOFileFilter effFileFilter = FileFilterUtils.and(fileFilter,
            FileFilterUtils.notFileFilter(DirectoryFileFilter.INSTANCE));

        //Setup effective directory filter
        IOFileFilter effDirFilter;
        if (dirFilter == null) {
            effDirFilter = FalseFileFilter.INSTANCE;
        } else {
            effDirFilter = FileFilterUtils.and(dirFilter,
                DirectoryFileFilter.INSTANCE);
        }

        //Find files
        Collection<File> files = new java.util.LinkedList();
        innerListFiles(files, directory,
            FileFilterUtils.or(effFileFilter, effDirFilter));
        return files;
    }

    /**
     * Allows iteration over the files in given directory (and optionally
     * its subdirectories).
     * <p>
     * All files found are filtered by an IOFileFilter. This method is
     * based on {@link #listFiles(File, IOFileFilter, IOFileFilter)}.
     *
     * @param directory  the directory to search in
     * @param fileFilter  filter to apply when finding files.
     * @param dirFilter  optional filter to apply when finding subdirectories.
     * If this parameter is <code>null, subdirectories will not be included in the
     * search. Use TrueFileFilter.INSTANCE to match all directories.
     * @return an iterator of java.io.File for the matching files
     * @see org.apache.commons.io.filefilter.FileFilterUtils
     * @see org.apache.commons.io.filefilter.NameFileFilter
     * @since Commons IO 1.2
     */
    public static Iterator<File> iterateFiles(
            File directory, IOFileFilter fileFilter, IOFileFilter dirFilter) {
        return listFiles(directory, fileFilter, dirFilter).iterator();
    }

    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    /**
     * Converts an array of file extensions to suffixes for use
     * with IOFileFilters.
     *
     * @param extensions  an array of extensions. Format: {"java", "xml"}
     * @return an array of suffixes. Format: {".java", ".xml"}
     */
    private static String[] toSuffixes(String[] extensions) {
        String[] suffixes = new String[extensions.length];
        for (int i = 0; i < extensions.length; i++) {
            suffixes[i] = "." + extensions[i];
        }
        return suffixes;
    }


    /**
     * Finds files within a given directory (and optionally its subdirectories)
     * which match an array of extensions.
     *
     * @param directory  the directory to search in
     * @param extensions  an array of extensions, ex. {"java","xml"}. If this
     * parameter is <code>null, all files are returned.
     * @param recursive  if true all subdirectories are searched as well
     * @return an collection of java.io.File with the matching files
     */
    public static Collection<File> listFiles(
            File directory, String[] extensions, boolean recursive) {
        IOFileFilter filter;
        if (extensions == null) {
            filter = TrueFileFilter.INSTANCE;
        } else {
            String[] suffixes = toSuffixes(extensions);
            filter = new SuffixFileFilter(suffixes);
        }
        return listFiles(directory, filter,
            (recursive ? TrueFileFilter.INSTANCE : FalseFileFilter.INSTANCE));
    }

    /**
     * Allows iteration over the files in a given directory (and optionally
     * its subdirectories) which match an array of extensions. This method
     * is based on {@link #listFiles(File, String[], boolean)}.
     *
     * @param directory  the directory to search in
     * @param extensions  an array of extensions, ex. {"java","xml"}. If this
     * parameter is <code>null, all files are returned.
     * @param recursive  if true all subdirectories are searched as well
     * @return an iterator of java.io.File with the matching files
     * @since Commons IO 1.2
     */
    public static Iterator<File> iterateFiles(
            File directory, String[] extensions, boolean recursive) {
        return listFiles(directory, extensions, recursive).iterator();
    }

    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    /**
     * Compares the contents of two files to determine if they are equal or not.
     * <p>
     * This method checks to see if the two files are different lengths
     * or if they point to the same file, before resorting to byte-by-byte
     * comparison of the contents.
     * <p>
     * Code origin: Avalon
     *
     * @param file1  the first file
     * @param file2  the second file
     * @return true if the content of the files are equal or they both don't
     * exist, false otherwise
     * @throws IOException in case of an I/O error
     */
    public static boolean contentEquals(File file1, File file2) throws IOException {
        boolean file1Exists = file1.exists();
        if (file1Exists != file2.exists()) {
            return false;
        }

        if (!file1Exists) {
            // two not existing files are equal
            return true;
        }

        if (file1.isDirectory() || file2.isDirectory()) {
            // don't want to compare directory contents
            throw new IOException("Can't compare directories, only files");
        }

        if (file1.length() != file2.length()) {
            // lengths differ, cannot be equal
            return false;
        }

        if (file1.getCanonicalFile().equals(file2.getCanonicalFile())) {
            // same file
            return true;
        }

        InputStream input1 = null;
        InputStream input2 = null;
        try {
            input1 = new FileInputStream(file1);
            input2 = new FileInputStream(file2);
            return IOUtils.contentEquals(input1, input2);

        } finally {
            IOUtils.closeQuietly(input1);
            IOUtils.closeQuietly(input2);
        }
    }

    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    /**
     * Convert from a <code>URL to a File.
     * <p>
     * From version 1.1 this method will decode the URL.
     * Syntax such as <code>file:///my%20docs/file.txt will be
     * correctly decoded to <code>/my docs/file.txt. Starting with version
     * 1.5, this method uses UTF-8 to decode percent-encoded octets to characters.
     * Additionally, malformed percent-encoded octets are handled leniently by
     * passing them through literally.
     *
     * @param url  the file URL to convert, <code>null returns null
     * @return the equivalent <code>File object, or null
     *  if the URL's protocol is not <code>file
     */
    public static File toFile(URL url) {
        if (url == null || !"file".equalsIgnoreCase(url.getProtocol())) {
            return null;
        } else {
            String filename = url.getFile().replace('/', File.separatorChar);
            filename = decodeUrl(filename);
            return new File(filename);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Decodes the specified URL as per RFC 3986, i.e. transforms
     * percent-encoded octets to characters by decoding with the UTF-8 character
     * set. This function is primarily intended for usage with
     * {@link java.net.URL} which unfortunately does not enforce proper URLs. As
     * such, this method will leniently accept invalid characters or malformed
     * percent-encoded octets and simply pass them literally through to the
     * result string. Except for rare edge cases, this will make unencoded URLs
     * pass through unaltered.
     * 
     * @param url  The URL to decode, may be <code>null.
     * @return The decoded URL or <code>null if the input was
     *         <code>null.
     */
    static String decodeUrl(String url) {
        String decoded = url;
        if (url != null && url.indexOf('%') >= 0) {
            int n = url.length();
            StringBuffer buffer = new StringBuffer();
            ByteBuffer bytes = ByteBuffer.allocate(n);
            for (int i = 0; i < n;) {
                if (url.charAt(i) == '%') {
                    try {
                        do {
                            byte octet = (byte) Integer.parseInt(url.substring(i + 1, i + 3), 16);
                            bytes.put(octet);
                            i += 3;
                        } while (i < n && url.charAt(i) == '%');
                        continue;
                    } catch (RuntimeException e) {
                        // malformed percent-encoded octet, fall through and
                        // append characters literally
                    } finally {
                        if (bytes.position() > 0) {
                            bytes.flip();
                            buffer.append(UTF8.decode(bytes).toString());
                            bytes.clear();
                        }
                    }
                }
                buffer.append(url.charAt(i++));
            }
            decoded = buffer.toString();
        }
        return decoded;
    }

    /**
     * Converts each of an array of <code>URL to a File.
     * <p>
     * Returns an array of the same size as the input.
     * If the input is <code>null, an empty array is returned.
     * If the input contains <code>null, the output array contains null at the same
     * index.
     * <p>
     * This method will decode the URL.
     * Syntax such as <code>file:///my%20docs/file.txt will be
     * correctly decoded to <code>/my docs/file.txt.
     *
     * @param urls  the file URLs to convert, <code>null returns empty array
     * @return a non-<code>null array of Files matching the input, with a null item
     *  if there was a <code>null at that index in the input array
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if any file is not a URL file
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if any file is incorrectly encoded
     * @since Commons IO 1.1
     */
    public static File[] toFiles(URL[] urls) {
        if (urls == null || urls.length == 0) {
            return EMPTY_FILE_ARRAY;
        }
        File[] files = new File[urls.length];
        for (int i = 0; i < urls.length; i++) {
            URL url = urls[i];
            if (url != null) {
                if (url.getProtocol().equals("file") == false) {
                    throw new IllegalArgumentException(
                            "URL could not be converted to a File: " + url);
                }
                files[i] = toFile(url);
            }
        }
        return files;
    }

    /**
     * Converts each of an array of <code>File to a URL.
     * <p>
     * Returns an array of the same size as the input.
     *
     * @param files  the files to convert
     * @return an array of URLs matching the input
     * @throws IOException if a file cannot be converted
     */
    public static URL[] toURLs(File[] files) throws IOException {
        URL[] urls = new URL[files.length];

        for (int i = 0; i < urls.length; i++) {
            urls[i] = files[i].toURI().toURL();
        }

        return urls;
    }

    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    /**
     * Copies a file to a directory preserving the file date.
     * <p>
     * This method copies the contents of the specified source file
     * to a file of the same name in the specified destination directory.
     * The destination directory is created if it does not exist.
     * If the destination file exists, then this method will overwrite it.
     * <p>
     * <strong>Note: This method tries to preserve the file's last
     * modified date/times using {@link File#setLastModified(long)}, however
     * it is not guaranteed that the operation will succeed.
     * If the modification operation fails, no indication is provided.
     *
     * @param srcFile  an existing file to copy, must not be <code>null
     * @param destDir  the directory to place the copy in, must not be <code>null
     *
     * @throws NullPointerException if source or destination is null
     * @throws IOException if source or destination is invalid
     * @throws IOException if an IO error occurs during copying
     * @see #copyFile(File, File, boolean)
     */
    public static void copyFileToDirectory(File srcFile, File destDir) throws IOException {
        copyFileToDirectory(srcFile, destDir, true);
    }

    /**
     * Copies a file to a directory optionally preserving the file date.
     * <p>
     * This method copies the contents of the specified source file
     * to a file of the same name in the specified destination directory.
     * The destination directory is created if it does not exist.
     * If the destination file exists, then this method will overwrite it.
     * <p>
     * <strong>Note: Setting preserveFileDate to
     * <code>true tries to preserve the file's last modified
     * date/times using {@link File#setLastModified(long)}, however it is
     * not guaranteed that the operation will succeed.
     * If the modification operation fails, no indication is provided.
     *
     * @param srcFile  an existing file to copy, must not be <code>null
     * @param destDir  the directory to place the copy in, must not be <code>null
     * @param preserveFileDate  true if the file date of the copy
     *  should be the same as the original
     *
     * @throws NullPointerException if source or destination is <code>null
     * @throws IOException if source or destination is invalid
     * @throws IOException if an IO error occurs during copying
     * @see #copyFile(File, File, boolean)
     * @since Commons IO 1.3
     */
    public static void copyFileToDirectory(File srcFile, File destDir, boolean preserveFileDate) throws IOException {
        if (destDir == null) {
            throw new NullPointerException("Destination must not be null");
        }
        if (destDir.exists() && destDir.isDirectory() == false) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Destination '" + destDir + "' is not a directory");
        }
        File destFile = new File(destDir, srcFile.getName());
        copyFile(srcFile, destFile, preserveFileDate);
    }

    /**
     * Copies a file to a new location preserving the file date.
     * <p>
     * This method copies the contents of the specified source file to the
     * specified destination file. The directory holding the destination file is
     * created if it does not exist. If the destination file exists, then this
     * method will overwrite it.
     * <p>
     * <strong>Note: This method tries to preserve the file's last
     * modified date/times using {@link File#setLastModified(long)}, however
     * it is not guaranteed that the operation will succeed.
     * If the modification operation fails, no indication is provided.
     * 
     * @param srcFile  an existing file to copy, must not be <code>null
     * @param destFile  the new file, must not be <code>null
     * 
     * @throws NullPointerException if source or destination is <code>null
     * @throws IOException if source or destination is invalid
     * @throws IOException if an IO error occurs during copying
     * @see #copyFileToDirectory(File, File)
     */
    public static void copyFile(File srcFile, File destFile) throws IOException {
        copyFile(srcFile, destFile, true);
    }

    /**
     * Copies a file to a new location.
     * <p>
     * This method copies the contents of the specified source file
     * to the specified destination file.
     * The directory holding the destination file is created if it does not exist.
     * If the destination file exists, then this method will overwrite it.
     * <p>
     * <strong>Note: Setting preserveFileDate to
     * <code>true tries to preserve the file's last modified
     * date/times using {@link File#setLastModified(long)}, however it is
     * not guaranteed that the operation will succeed.
     * If the modification operation fails, no indication is provided.
     *
     * @param srcFile  an existing file to copy, must not be <code>null
     * @param destFile  the new file, must not be <code>null
     * @param preserveFileDate  true if the file date of the copy
     *  should be the same as the original
     *
     * @throws NullPointerException if source or destination is <code>null
     * @throws IOException if source or destination is invalid
     * @throws IOException if an IO error occurs during copying
     * @see #copyFileToDirectory(File, File, boolean)
     */
    public static void copyFile(File srcFile, File destFile,
            boolean preserveFileDate) throws IOException {
        if (srcFile == null) {
            throw new NullPointerException("Source must not be null");
        }
        if (destFile == null) {
            throw new NullPointerException("Destination must not be null");
        }
        if (srcFile.exists() == false) {
            throw new FileNotFoundException("Source '" + srcFile + "' does not exist");
        }
        if (srcFile.isDirectory()) {
            throw new IOException("Source '" + srcFile + "' exists but is a directory");
        }
        if (srcFile.getCanonicalPath().equals(destFile.getCanonicalPath())) {
            throw new IOException("Source '" + srcFile + "' and destination '" + destFile + "' are the same");
        }
        if (destFile.getParentFile() != null && destFile.getParentFile().exists() == false) {
            if (destFile.getParentFile().mkdirs() == false) {
                throw new IOException("Destination '" + destFile + "' directory cannot be created");
            }
        }
        if (destFile.exists() && destFile.canWrite() == false) {
            throw new IOException("Destination '" + destFile + "' exists but is read-only");
        }
        doCopyFile(srcFile, destFile, preserveFileDate);
    }

    /**
     * Internal copy file method.
     * 
     * @param srcFile  the validated source file, must not be <code>null
     * @param destFile  the validated destination file, must not be <code>null
     * @param preserveFileDate  whether to preserve the file date
     * @throws IOException if an error occurs
     */
    private static void doCopyFile(File srcFile, File destFile, boolean preserveFileDate) throws IOException {
        if (destFile.exists() && destFile.isDirectory()) {
            throw new IOException("Destination '" + destFile + "' exists but is a directory");
        }

        FileInputStream fis = null;
        FileOutputStream fos = null;
        FileChannel input = null;
        FileChannel output = null;
        try {
            fis = new FileInputStream(srcFile);
            fos = new FileOutputStream(destFile);
            input  = fis.getChannel();
            output = fos.getChannel();
            long size = input.size();
            long pos = 0;
            long count = 0;
            while (pos < size) {
                count = (size - pos) > FIFTY_MB ? FIFTY_MB : (size - pos);
                pos += output.transferFrom(input, pos, count);
            }
        } finally {
            IOUtils.closeQuietly(output);
            IOUtils.closeQuietly(fos);
            IOUtils.closeQuietly(input);
            IOUtils.closeQuietly(fis);
        }

        if (srcFile.length() != destFile.length()) {
            throw new IOException("Failed to copy full contents from '" +
                    srcFile + "' to '" + destFile + "'");
        }
        if (preserveFileDate) {
            destFile.setLastModified(srcFile.lastModified());
        }
    }

    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    /**
     * Copies a directory to within another directory preserving the file dates.
     * <p>
     * This method copies the source directory and all its contents to a
     * directory of the same name in the specified destination directory.
     * <p>
     * The destination directory is created if it does not exist.
     * If the destination directory did exist, then this method merges
     * the source with the destination, with the source taking precedence.
     * <p>
     * <strong>Note: This method tries to preserve the files' last
     * modified date/times using {@link File#setLastModified(long)}, however
     * it is not guaranteed that those operations will succeed.
     * If the modification operation fails, no indication is provided.
     *
     * @param srcDir  an existing directory to copy, must not be <code>null
     * @param destDir  the directory to place the copy in, must not be <code>null
     *
     * @throws NullPointerException if source or destination is <code>null
     * @throws IOException if source or destination is invalid
     * @throws IOException if an IO error occurs during copying
     * @since Commons IO 1.2
     */
    public static void copyDirectoryToDirectory(File srcDir, File destDir) throws IOException {
        if (srcDir == null) {
            throw new NullPointerException("Source must not be null");
        }
        if (srcDir.exists() && srcDir.isDirectory() == false) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Source '" + destDir + "' is not a directory");
        }
        if (destDir == null) {
            throw new NullPointerException("Destination must not be null");
        }
        if (destDir.exists() && destDir.isDirectory() == false) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Destination '" + destDir + "' is not a directory");
        }
        copyDirectory(srcDir, new File(destDir, srcDir.getName()), true);
    }

    /**
     * Copies a whole directory to a new location preserving the file dates.
     * <p>
     * This method copies the specified directory and all its child
     * directories and files to the specified destination.
     * The destination is the new location and name of the directory.
     * <p>
     * The destination directory is created if it does not exist.
     * If the destination directory did exist, then this method merges
     * the source with the destination, with the source taking precedence.
     * <p>
     * <strong>Note: This method tries to preserve the files' last
     * modified date/times using {@link File#setLastModified(long)}, however
     * it is not guaranteed that those operations will succeed.
     * If the modification operation fails, no indication is provided.
     *
     * @param srcDir  an existing directory to copy, must not be <code>null
     * @param destDir  the new directory, must not be <code>null
     *
     * @throws NullPointerException if source or destination is <code>null
     * @throws IOException if source or destination is invalid
     * @throws IOException if an IO error occurs during copying
     * @since Commons IO 1.1
     */
    public static void copyDirectory(File srcDir, File destDir) throws IOException {
        copyDirectory(srcDir, destDir, true);
    }

    /**
     * Copies a whole directory to a new location.
     * <p>
     * This method copies the contents of the specified source directory
     * to within the specified destination directory.
     * <p>
     * The destination directory is created if it does not exist.
     * If the destination directory did exist, then this method merges
     * the source with the destination, with the source taking precedence.
     * <p>
     * <strong>Note: Setting preserveFileDate to
     * <code>true tries to preserve the files' last modified
     * date/times using {@link File#setLastModified(long)}, however it is
     * not guaranteed that those operations will succeed.
     * If the modification operation fails, no indication is provided.
     *
     * @param srcDir  an existing directory to copy, must not be <code>null
     * @param destDir  the new directory, must not be <code>null
     * @param preserveFileDate  true if the file date of the copy
     *  should be the same as the original
     *
     * @throws NullPointerException if source or destination is <code>null
     * @throws IOException if source or destination is invalid
     * @throws IOException if an IO error occurs during copying
     * @since Commons IO 1.1
     */
    public static void copyDirectory(File srcDir, File destDir,
            boolean preserveFileDate) throws IOException {
        copyDirectory(srcDir, destDir, null, preserveFileDate);
    }

    /**
     * Copies a filtered directory to a new location preserving the file dates.
     * <p>
     * This method copies the contents of the specified source directory
     * to within the specified destination directory.
     * <p>
     * The destination directory is created if it does not exist.
     * If the destination directory did exist, then this method merges
     * the source with the destination, with the source taking precedence.
     * <p>
     * <strong>Note: This method tries to preserve the files' last
     * modified date/times using {@link File#setLastModified(long)}, however
     * it is not guaranteed that those operations will succeed.
     * If the modification operation fails, no indication is provided.
     *
     * <h4>Example: Copy directories only 
     *  <pre>
     *  // only copy the directory structure
     *  FileUtils.copyDirectory(srcDir, destDir, DirectoryFileFilter.DIRECTORY);
     *  </pre>
     *
     * <h4>Example: Copy directories and txt files
     *  <pre>
     *  // Create a filter for ".txt" files
     *  IOFileFilter txtSuffixFilter = FileFilterUtils.suffixFileFilter(".txt");
     *  IOFileFilter txtFiles = FileFilterUtils.andFileFilter(FileFileFilter.FILE, txtSuffixFilter);
     *
     *  // Create a filter for either directories or ".txt" files
     *  FileFilter filter = FileFilterUtils.orFileFilter(DirectoryFileFilter.DIRECTORY, txtFiles);
     *
     *  // Copy using the filter
     *  FileUtils.copyDirectory(srcDir, destDir, filter);
     *  </pre>
     *
     * @param srcDir  an existing directory to copy, must not be <code>null
     * @param destDir  the new directory, must not be <code>null
     * @param filter  the filter to apply, null means copy all directories and files
     *  should be the same as the original
     *
     * @throws NullPointerException if source or destination is <code>null
     * @throws IOException if source or destination is invalid
     * @throws IOException if an IO error occurs during copying
     * @since Commons IO 1.4
     */
    public static void copyDirectory(File srcDir, File destDir,
            FileFilter filter) throws IOException {
        copyDirectory(srcDir, destDir, filter, true);
    }

    /**
     * Copies a filtered directory to a new location.
     * <p>
     * This method copies the contents of the specified source directory
     * to within the specified destination directory.
     * <p>
     * The destination directory is created if it does not exist.
     * If the destination directory did exist, then this method merges
     * the source with the destination, with the source taking precedence.
     * <p>
     * <strong>Note: Setting preserveFileDate to
     * <code>true tries to preserve the files' last modified
     * date/times using {@link File#setLastModified(long)}, however it is
     * not guaranteed that those operations will succeed.
     * If the modification operation fails, no indication is provided.
     *
     * <h4>Example: Copy directories only 
     *  <pre>
     *  // only copy the directory structure
     *  FileUtils.copyDirectory(srcDir, destDir, DirectoryFileFilter.DIRECTORY, false);
     *  </pre>
     *
     * <h4>Example: Copy directories and txt files
     *  <pre>
     *  // Create a filter for ".txt" files
     *  IOFileFilter txtSuffixFilter = FileFilterUtils.suffixFileFilter(".txt");
     *  IOFileFilter txtFiles = FileFilterUtils.andFileFilter(FileFileFilter.FILE, txtSuffixFilter);
     *
     *  // Create a filter for either directories or ".txt" files
     *  FileFilter filter = FileFilterUtils.orFileFilter(DirectoryFileFilter.DIRECTORY, txtFiles);
     *
     *  // Copy using the filter
     *  FileUtils.copyDirectory(srcDir, destDir, filter, false);
     *  </pre>
     * 
     * @param srcDir  an existing directory to copy, must not be <code>null
     * @param destDir  the new directory, must not be <code>null
     * @param filter  the filter to apply, null means copy all directories and files
     * @param preserveFileDate  true if the file date of the copy
     *  should be the same as the original
     *
     * @throws NullPointerException if source or destination is <code>null
     * @throws IOException if source or destination is invalid
     * @throws IOException if an IO error occurs during copying
     * @since Commons IO 1.4
     */
    public static void copyDirectory(File srcDir, File destDir,
            FileFilter filter, boolean preserveFileDate) throws IOException {
        if (srcDir == null) {
            throw new NullPointerException("Source must not be null");
        }
        if (destDir == null) {
            throw new NullPointerException("Destination must not be null");
        }
        if (srcDir.exists() == false) {
            throw new FileNotFoundException("Source '" + srcDir + "' does not exist");
        }
        if (srcDir.isDirectory() == false) {
            throw new IOException("Source '" + srcDir + "' exists but is not a directory");
        }
        if (srcDir.getCanonicalPath().equals(destDir.getCanonicalPath())) {
            throw new IOException("Source '" + srcDir + "' and destination '" + destDir + "' are the same");
        }

        // Cater for destination being directory within the source directory (see IO-141)
        List<String> exclusionList = null;
        if (destDir.getCanonicalPath().startsWith(srcDir.getCanonicalPath())) {
            File[] srcFiles = filter == null ? srcDir.listFiles() : srcDir.listFiles(filter);
            if (srcFiles != null && srcFiles.length > 0) {
                exclusionList = new ArrayList<String>(srcFiles.length);
                for (File srcFile : srcFiles) {
                    File copiedFile = new File(destDir, srcFile.getName());
                    exclusionList.add(copiedFile.getCanonicalPath());
                }
            }
        }
        doCopyDirectory(srcDir, destDir, filter, preserveFileDate, exclusionList);
    }

    /**
     * Internal copy directory method.
     * 
     * @param srcDir  the validated source directory, must not be <code>null
     * @param destDir  the validated destination directory, must not be <code>null
     * @param filter  the filter to apply, null means copy all directories and files
     * @param preserveFileDate  whether to preserve the file date
     * @param exclusionList  List of files and directories to exclude from the copy, may be null
     * @throws IOException if an error occurs
     * @since Commons IO 1.1
     */
    private static void doCopyDirectory(File srcDir, File destDir, FileFilter filter,
            boolean preserveFileDate, List<String> exclusionList) throws IOException {
        // recurse
        File[] files = filter == null ? srcDir.listFiles() : srcDir.listFiles(filter);
        if (files == null) {  // null if security restricted
            throw new IOException("Failed to list contents of " + srcDir);
        }
        if (destDir.exists()) {
            if (destDir.isDirectory() == false) {
                throw new IOException("Destination '" + destDir + "' exists but is not a directory");
            }
        } else {
            if (destDir.mkdirs() == false) {
                throw new IOException("Destination '" + destDir + "' directory cannot be created");
            }
        }
        if (destDir.canWrite() == false) {
            throw new IOException("Destination '" + destDir + "' cannot be written to");
        }
        for (File file : files) {
            File copiedFile = new File(destDir, file.getName());
            if (exclusionList == null || !exclusionList.contains(file.getCanonicalPath())) {
                if (file.isDirectory()) {
                    doCopyDirectory(file, copiedFile, filter, preserveFileDate, exclusionList);
                } else {
                    doCopyFile(file, copiedFile, preserveFileDate);
                }
            }
        }

        // Do this last, as the above has probably affected directory metadata
        if (preserveFileDate) {
            destDir.setLastModified(srcDir.lastModified());
        }
    }

    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    /**
     * Copies bytes from the URL <code>source to a file
     * <code>destination. The directories up to destination
     * will be created if they don't already exist. <code>destination
     * will be overwritten if it already exists.
     * <p>
     * Warning: this method does not set a connection or read timeout and thus
     * might block forever. Use {@link #copyURLToFile(URL, File, int, int)}
     * with reasonable timeouts to prevent this.
     *
     * @param source  the <code>URL to copy bytes from, must not be null
     * @param destination  the non-directory <code>File to write bytes to
     *  (possibly overwriting), must not be <code>null
     * @throws IOException if <code>source URL cannot be opened
     * @throws IOException if <code>destination is a directory
     * @throws IOException if <code>destination cannot be written
     * @throws IOException if <code>destination needs creating but can't be
     * @throws IOException if an IO error occurs during copying
     */
    public static void copyURLToFile(URL source, File destination) throws IOException {
        InputStream input = source.openStream();
        copyInputStreamToFile(input, destination);
    }

    /**
     * Copies bytes from the URL <code>source to a file
     * <code>destination. The directories up to destination
     * will be created if they don't already exist. <code>destination
     * will be overwritten if it already exists.
     *
     * @param source  the <code>URL to copy bytes from, must not be null
     * @param destination  the non-directory <code>File to write bytes to
     *  (possibly overwriting), must not be <code>null
     * @param connectionTimeout the number of milliseconds until this method
     *  will timeout if no connection could be established to the <code>source
     * @param readTimeout the number of milliseconds until this method will
     *  timeout if no data could be read from the <code>source 
     * @throws IOException if <code>source URL cannot be opened
     * @throws IOException if <code>destination is a directory
     * @throws IOException if <code>destination cannot be written
     * @throws IOException if <code>destination needs creating but can't be
     * @throws IOException if an IO error occurs during copying
     * @since Commons IO 2.0
     */
    public static void copyURLToFile(URL source, File destination,
            int connectionTimeout, int readTimeout) throws IOException {
        URLConnection connection = source.openConnection();
        connection.setConnectTimeout(connectionTimeout);
        connection.setReadTimeout(readTimeout);
        InputStream input = connection.getInputStream();
        copyInputStreamToFile(input, destination);
    }

    /**
     * Copies bytes from an {@link InputStream} <code>source to a file
     * <code>destination. The directories up to destination
     * will be created if they don't already exist. <code>destination
     * will be overwritten if it already exists.
     *
     * @param source  the <code>InputStream to copy bytes from, must not be null
     * @param destination  the non-directory <code>File to write bytes to
     *  (possibly overwriting), must not be <code>null
     * @throws IOException if <code>destination is a directory
     * @throws IOException if <code>destination cannot be written
     * @throws IOException if <code>destination needs creating but can't be
     * @throws IOException if an IO error occurs during copying
     * @since Commons IO 2.0
     */
    public static void copyInputStreamToFile(InputStream source, File destination) throws IOException {
        try {
            FileOutputStream output = openOutputStream(destination);
            try {
                IOUtils.copy(source, output);
            } finally {
                IOUtils.closeQuietly(output);
            }
        } finally {
            IOUtils.closeQuietly(source);
        }
    }

    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    /**
     * Deletes a directory recursively. 
     *
     * @param directory  directory to delete
     * @throws IOException in case deletion is unsuccessful
     */
    public static void deleteDirectory(File directory) throws IOException {
        if (!directory.exists()) {
            return;
        }

        if (!isSymlink(directory)) {
            cleanDirectory(directory);
        }

        if (!directory.delete()) {
            String message =
                "Unable to delete directory " + directory + ".";
            throw new IOException(message);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Deletes a file, never throwing an exception. If file is a directory, delete it and all sub-directories.
     * <p>
     * The difference between File.delete() and this method are:
     * <ul>
     * <li>A directory to be deleted does not have to be empty.
     * <li>No exceptions are thrown when a file or directory cannot be deleted.
     * </ul>
     *
     * @param file  file or directory to delete, can be <code>null
     * @return <code>true if the file or directory was deleted, otherwise
     * <code>false
     *
     * @since Commons IO 1.4
     */
    public static boolean deleteQuietly(File file) {
        if (file == null) {
            return false;
        }
        try {
            if (file.isDirectory()) {
                cleanDirectory(file);
            }
        } catch (Exception ignored) {
        }

        try {
            return file.delete();
        } catch (Exception ignored) {
            return false;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Cleans a directory without deleting it.
     *
     * @param directory directory to clean
     * @throws IOException in case cleaning is unsuccessful
     */
    public static void cleanDirectory(File directory) throws IOException {
        if (!directory.exists()) {
            String message = directory + " does not exist";
            throw new IllegalArgumentException(message);
        }

        if (!directory.isDirectory()) {
            String message = directory + " is not a directory";
            throw new IllegalArgumentException(message);
        }

        File[] files = directory.listFiles();
        if (files == null) {  // null if security restricted
            throw new IOException("Failed to list contents of " + directory);
        }

        IOException exception = null;
        for (File file : files) {
            try {
                forceDelete(file);
            } catch (IOException ioe) {
                exception = ioe;
            }
        }

        if (null != exception) {
            throw exception;
        }
    }

    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    /**
     * Waits for NFS to propagate a file creation, imposing a timeout.
     * <p>
     * This method repeatedly tests {@link File#exists()} until it returns
     * true up to the maximum time specified in seconds.
     *
     * @param file  the file to check, must not be <code>null
     * @param seconds  the maximum time in seconds to wait
     * @return true if file exists
     * @throws NullPointerException if the file is <code>null
     */
    public static boolean waitFor(File file, int seconds) {
        int timeout = 0;
        int tick = 0;
        while (!file.exists()) {
            if (tick++ >= 10) {
                tick = 0;
                if (timeout++ > seconds) {
                    return false;
                }
            }
            try {
                Thread.sleep(100);
            } catch (InterruptedException ignore) {
                // ignore exception
            } catch (Exception ex) {
                break;
            }
        }
        return true;
    }

    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    /**
     * Reads the contents of a file into a String.
     * The file is always closed.
     *
     * @param file  the file to read, must not be <code>null
     * @param encoding  the encoding to use, <code>null means platform default
     * @return the file contents, never <code>null
     * @throws IOException in case of an I/O error
     * @throws java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException if the encoding is not supported by the VM
     */
    public static String readFileToString(File file, String encoding) throws IOException {
        InputStream in = null;
        try {
            in = openInputStream(file);
            return IOUtils.toString(in, encoding);
        } finally {
            IOUtils.closeQuietly(in);
        }
    }


    /**
     * Reads the contents of a file into a String using the default encoding for the VM. 
     * The file is always closed.
     *
     * @param file  the file to read, must not be <code>null
     * @return the file contents, never <code>null
     * @throws IOException in case of an I/O error
     * @since Commons IO 1.3.1
     */
    public static String readFileToString(File file) throws IOException {
        return readFileToString(file, null);
    }

    /**
     * Reads the contents of a file into a byte array.
     * The file is always closed.
     *
     * @param file  the file to read, must not be <code>null
     * @return the file contents, never <code>null
     * @throws IOException in case of an I/O error
     * @since Commons IO 1.1
     */
    public static byte[] readFileToByteArray(File file) throws IOException {
        InputStream in = null;
        try {
            in = openInputStream(file);
            return IOUtils.toByteArray(in);
        } finally {
            IOUtils.closeQuietly(in);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Reads the contents of a file line by line to a List of Strings.
     * The file is always closed.
     *
     * @param file  the file to read, must not be <code>null
     * @param encoding  the encoding to use, <code>null means platform default
     * @return the list of Strings representing each line in the file, never <code>null
     * @throws IOException in case of an I/O error
     * @throws java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException if the encoding is not supported by the VM
     * @since Commons IO 1.1
     */
    public static List<String> readLines(File file, String encoding) throws IOException {
        InputStream in = null;
        try {
            in = openInputStream(file);
            return IOUtils.readLines(in, encoding);
        } finally {
            IOUtils.closeQuietly(in);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Reads the contents of a file line by line to a List of Strings using the default encoding for the VM.
     * The file is always closed.
     *
     * @param file  the file to read, must not be <code>null
     * @return the list of Strings representing each line in the file, never <code>null
     * @throws IOException in case of an I/O error
     * @since Commons IO 1.3
     */
    public static List<String> readLines(File file) throws IOException {
        return readLines(file, null);
    }

    /**
     * Returns an Iterator for the lines in a <code>File.
     * <p>
     * This method opens an <code>InputStream for the file.
     * When you have finished with the iterator you should close the stream
     * to free internal resources. This can be done by calling the
     * {@link LineIterator#close()} or
     * {@link LineIterator#closeQuietly(LineIterator)} method.
     * <p>
     * The recommended usage pattern is:
     * <pre>
     * LineIterator it = FileUtils.lineIterator(file, "UTF-8");
     * try {
     *   while (it.hasNext()) {
     *     String line = it.nextLine();
     *     /// do something with line
     *   }
     * } finally {
     *   LineIterator.closeQuietly(iterator);
     * }
     * </pre>
     * <p>
     * If an exception occurs during the creation of the iterator, the
     * underlying stream is closed.
     *
     * @param file  the file to open for input, must not be <code>null
     * @param encoding  the encoding to use, <code>null means platform default
     * @return an Iterator of the lines in the file, never <code>null
     * @throws IOException in case of an I/O error (file closed)
     * @since Commons IO 1.2
     */
    public static LineIterator lineIterator(File file, String encoding) throws IOException {
        InputStream in = null;
        try {
            in = openInputStream(file);
            return IOUtils.lineIterator(in, encoding);
        } catch (IOException ex) {
            IOUtils.closeQuietly(in);
            throw ex;
        } catch (RuntimeException ex) {
            IOUtils.closeQuietly(in);
            throw ex;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns an Iterator for the lines in a <code>File using the default encoding for the VM.
     *
     * @param file  the file to open for input, must not be <code>null
     * @return an Iterator of the lines in the file, never <code>null
     * @throws IOException in case of an I/O error (file closed)
     * @since Commons IO 1.3
     * @see #lineIterator(File, String)
     */
    public static LineIterator lineIterator(File file) throws IOException {
        return lineIterator(file, null);
    }

    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    /**
     * Writes a String to a file creating the file if it does not exist.
     *
     * NOTE: As from v1.3, the parent directories of the file will be created
     * if they do not exist.
     *
     * @param file  the file to write
     * @param data  the content to write to the file
     * @param encoding  the encoding to use, <code>null means platform default
     * @throws IOException in case of an I/O error
     * @throws java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException if the encoding is not supported by the VM
     */
    public static void writeStringToFile(File file, String data, String encoding) throws IOException {
        OutputStream out = null;
        try {
            out = openOutputStream(file);
            IOUtils.write(data, out, encoding);
        } finally {
            IOUtils.closeQuietly(out);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Writes a String to a file creating the file if it does not exist using the default encoding for the VM.
     * 
     * @param file  the file to write
     * @param data  the content to write to the file
     * @throws IOException in case of an I/O error
     */
    public static void writeStringToFile(File file, String data) throws IOException {
        writeStringToFile(file, data, null);
    }

    /**
     * Writes a CharSequence to a file creating the file if it does not exist using the default encoding for the VM.
     * 
     * @param file  the file to write
     * @param data  the content to write to the file
     * @throws IOException in case of an I/O error
     * @since Commons IO 2.0
     */
    public static void write(File file, CharSequence data) throws IOException {
        String str = data == null ? null : data.toString();
        writeStringToFile(file, str);
    }

    /**
     * Writes a CharSequence to a file creating the file if it does not exist.
     *
     * @param file  the file to write
     * @param data  the content to write to the file
     * @param encoding  the encoding to use, <code>null means platform default
     * @throws IOException in case of an I/O error
     * @throws java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException if the encoding is not supported by the VM
     * @since Commons IO 2.0
     */
    public static void write(File file, CharSequence data, String encoding) throws IOException {
        String str = data == null ? null : data.toString();
        writeStringToFile(file, str, encoding);
    }

    /**
     * Writes a byte array to a file creating the file if it does not exist.
     * <p>
     * NOTE: As from v1.3, the parent directories of the file will be created
     * if they do not exist.
     *
     * @param file  the file to write to
     * @param data  the content to write to the file
     * @throws IOException in case of an I/O error
     * @since Commons IO 1.1
     */
    public static void writeByteArrayToFile(File file, byte[] data) throws IOException {
        OutputStream out = null;
        try {
            out = openOutputStream(file);
            out.write(data);
        } finally {
            IOUtils.closeQuietly(out);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Writes the <code>toString() value of each item in a collection to
     * the specified <code>File line by line.
     * The specified character encoding and the default line ending will be used.
     * <p>
     * NOTE: As from v1.3, the parent directories of the file will be created
     * if they do not exist.
     *
     * @param file  the file to write to
     * @param encoding  the encoding to use, <code>null means platform default
     * @param lines  the lines to write, <code>null entries produce blank lines
     * @throws IOException in case of an I/O error
     * @throws java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException if the encoding is not supported by the VM
     * @since Commons IO 1.1
     */
    public static void writeLines(File file, String encoding, Collection<?> lines) throws IOException {
        writeLines(file, encoding, lines, null);
    }

    /**
     * Writes the <code>toString() value of each item in a collection to
     * the specified <code>File line by line.
     * The default VM encoding and the default line ending will be used.
     *
     * @param file  the file to write to
     * @param lines  the lines to write, <code>null entries produce blank lines
     * @throws IOException in case of an I/O error
     * @since Commons IO 1.3
     */
    public static void writeLines(File file, Collection<?> lines) throws IOException {
        writeLines(file, null, lines, null);
    }

    /**
     * Writes the <code>toString() value of each item in a collection to
     * the specified <code>File line by line.
     * The specified character encoding and the line ending will be used.
     * <p>
     * NOTE: As from v1.3, the parent directories of the file will be created
     * if they do not exist.
     *
     * @param file  the file to write to
     * @param encoding  the encoding to use, <code>null means platform default
     * @param lines  the lines to write, <code>null entries produce blank lines
     * @param lineEnding  the line separator to use, <code>null is system default
     * @throws IOException in case of an I/O error
     * @throws java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException if the encoding is not supported by the VM
     * @since Commons IO 1.1
     */
    public static void writeLines(File file, String encoding, Collection<?> lines, String lineEnding)
        throws IOException {
        OutputStream out = null;
        try {
            out = openOutputStream(file);
            IOUtils.writeLines(lines, lineEnding, out, encoding);
        } finally {
            IOUtils.closeQuietly(out);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Writes the <code>toString() value of each item in a collection to
     * the specified <code>File line by line.
     * The default VM encoding and the specified line ending will be used.
     *
     * @param file  the file to write to
     * @param lines  the lines to write, <code>null entries produce blank lines
     * @param lineEnding  the line separator to use, <code>null is system default
     * @throws IOException in case of an I/O error
     * @since Commons IO 1.3
     */
    public static void writeLines(File file, Collection<?> lines, String lineEnding) throws IOException {
        writeLines(file, null, lines, lineEnding);
    }

    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    /**
     * Deletes a file. If file is a directory, delete it and all sub-directories.
     * <p>
     * The difference between File.delete() and this method are:
     * <ul>
     * <li>A directory to be deleted does not have to be empty.
     * <li>You get exceptions when a file or directory cannot be deleted.
     *      (java.io.File methods returns a boolean)</li>
     * </ul>
     *
     * @param file  file or directory to delete, must not be <code>null
     * @throws NullPointerException if the directory is <code>null
     * @throws FileNotFoundException if the file was not found
     * @throws IOException in case deletion is unsuccessful
     */
    public static void forceDelete(File file) throws IOException {
        if (file.isDirectory()) {
            deleteDirectory(file);
        } else {
            boolean filePresent = file.exists();
            if (!file.delete()) {
                if (!filePresent){
                    throw new FileNotFoundException("File does not exist: " + file);
                }
                String message =
                    "Unable to delete file: " + file;
                throw new IOException(message);
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Schedules a file to be deleted when JVM exits.
     * If file is directory delete it and all sub-directories.
     *
     * @param file  file or directory to delete, must not be <code>null
     * @throws NullPointerException if the file is <code>null
     * @throws IOException in case deletion is unsuccessful
     */
    public static void forceDeleteOnExit(File file) throws IOException {
        if (file.isDirectory()) {
            deleteDirectoryOnExit(file);
        } else {
            file.deleteOnExit();
        }
    }

    /**
     * Schedules a directory recursively for deletion on JVM exit.
     *
     * @param directory  directory to delete, must not be <code>null
     * @throws NullPointerException if the directory is <code>null
     * @throws IOException in case deletion is unsuccessful
     */
    private static void deleteDirectoryOnExit(File directory) throws IOException {
        if (!directory.exists()) {
            return;
        }

        if (!isSymlink(directory)) {
            cleanDirectoryOnExit(directory);
        }
        directory.deleteOnExit();
    }

    /**
     * Cleans a directory without deleting it.
     *
     * @param directory  directory to clean, must not be <code>null
     * @throws NullPointerException if the directory is <code>null
     * @throws IOException in case cleaning is unsuccessful
     */
    private static void cleanDirectoryOnExit(File directory) throws IOException {
        if (!directory.exists()) {
            String message = directory + " does not exist";
            throw new IllegalArgumentException(message);
        }

        if (!directory.isDirectory()) {
            String message = directory + " is not a directory";
            throw new IllegalArgumentException(message);
        }

        File[] files = directory.listFiles();
        if (files == null) {  // null if security restricted
            throw new IOException("Failed to list contents of " + directory);
        }

        IOException exception = null;
        for (File file : files) {
            try {
                forceDeleteOnExit(file);
            } catch (IOException ioe) {
                exception = ioe;
            }
        }

        if (null != exception) {
            throw exception;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Makes a directory, including any necessary but nonexistent parent
     * directories. If a file already exists with specified name but it is
     * not a directory then an IOException is thrown.
     * If the directory cannot be created (or does not already exist)
     * then an IOException is thrown.
     *
     * @param directory  directory to create, must not be <code>null
     * @throws NullPointerException if the directory is <code>null
     * @throws IOException if the directory cannot be created or the file already exists but is not a directory
     */
    public static void forceMkdir(File directory) throws IOException {
        if (directory.exists()) {
            if (!directory.isDirectory()) {
                String message =
                    "File "
                        + directory
                        + " exists and is "
                        + "not a directory. Unable to create directory.";
                throw new IOException(message);
            }
        } else {
            if (!directory.mkdirs()) {
                // Double-check that some other thread or process hasn't made
                // the directory in the background
                if (!directory.isDirectory())
                {
                    String message =
                        "Unable to create directory " + directory;
                    throw new IOException(message);
                }
            }
        }
    }

    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    /**
     * Returns the size of the specified file or directory. If the provided 
     * {@link File} is a regular file, then the file's length is returned.
     * If the argument is a directory, then the size of the directory is
     * calculated recursively. If a directory or subdirectory is security 
     * restricted, its size will not be included.
     * 
     * @param file the regular file or directory to return the size 
     *        of (must not be <code>null).
     * 
     * @return the length of the file, or recursive size of the directory, 
     *         provided (in bytes).
     * 
     * @throws NullPointerException if the file is <code>null
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the file does not exist.
     *         
     * @since Commons IO 2.0
     */
    public static long sizeOf(File file) {

        if (!file.exists()) {
            String message = file + " does not exist";
            throw new IllegalArgumentException(message);
        }

        if (file.isDirectory()) {
            return sizeOfDirectory(file);
        } else {
            return file.length();
        }

    }

    /**
     * Counts the size of a directory recursively (sum of the length of all files).
     *
     * @param directory  directory to inspect, must not be <code>null
     * @return size of directory in bytes, 0 if directory is security restricted
     * @throws NullPointerException if the directory is <code>null
     */
    public static long sizeOfDirectory(File directory) {
        if (!directory.exists()) {
            String message = directory + " does not exist";
            throw new IllegalArgumentException(message);
        }

        if (!directory.isDirectory()) {
            String message = directory + " is not a directory";
            throw new IllegalArgumentException(message);
        }

        long size = 0;

        File[] files = directory.listFiles();
        if (files == null) {  // null if security restricted
            return 0L;
        }
        for (File file : files) {
            size += sizeOf(file);
        }

        return size;
    }

    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    /**
     * Tests if the specified <code>File is newer than the reference
     * <code>File.
     *
     * @param file  the <code>File of which the modification date must
     * be compared, must not be <code>null
     * @param reference  the <code>File of which the modification date
     * is used, must not be <code>null
     * @return true if the <code>File exists and has been modified more
     * recently than the reference <code>File
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the file is <code>null
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the reference file is <code>null or doesn't exist
     */
     public static boolean isFileNewer(File file, File reference) {
        if (reference == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("No specified reference file");
        }
        if (!reference.exists()) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("The reference file '"
                    + reference + "' doesn't exist");
        }
        return isFileNewer(file, reference.lastModified());
    }

    /**
     * Tests if the specified <code>File is newer than the specified
     * <code>Date.
     * 
     * @param file  the <code>File of which the modification date
     * must be compared, must not be <code>null
     * @param date  the date reference, must not be <code>null
     * @return true if the <code>File exists and has been modified
     * after the given <code>Date.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the file is <code>null
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the date is <code>null
     */
    public static boolean isFileNewer(File file, Date date) {
        if (date == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("No specified date");
        }
        return isFileNewer(file, date.getTime());
    }

    /**
     * Tests if the specified <code>File is newer than the specified
     * time reference.
     *
     * @param file  the <code>File of which the modification date must
     * be compared, must not be <code>null
     * @param timeMillis  the time reference measured in milliseconds since the
     * epoch (00:00:00 GMT, January 1, 1970)
     * @return true if the <code>File exists and has been modified after
     * the given time reference.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the file is <code>null
     */
     public static boolean isFileNewer(File file, long timeMillis) {
        if (file == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("No specified file");
        }
        if (!file.exists()) {
            return false;
        }
        return file.lastModified() > timeMillis;
    }


    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    /**
     * Tests if the specified <code>File is older than the reference
     * <code>File.
     *
     * @param file  the <code>File of which the modification date must
     * be compared, must not be <code>null
     * @param reference  the <code>File of which the modification date
     * is used, must not be <code>null
     * @return true if the <code>File exists and has been modified before
     * the reference <code>File
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the file is <code>null
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the reference file is <code>null or doesn't exist
     */
     public static boolean isFileOlder(File file, File reference) {
        if (reference == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("No specified reference file");
        }
        if (!reference.exists()) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("The reference file '"
                    + reference + "' doesn't exist");
        }
        return isFileOlder(file, reference.lastModified());
    }

    /**
     * Tests if the specified <code>File is older than the specified
     * <code>Date.
     * 
     * @param file  the <code>File of which the modification date
     * must be compared, must not be <code>null
     * @param date  the date reference, must not be <code>null
     * @return true if the <code>File exists and has been modified
     * before the given <code>Date.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the file is <code>null
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the date is <code>null
     */
    public static boolean isFileOlder(File file, Date date) {
        if (date == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("No specified date");
        }
        return isFileOlder(file, date.getTime());
    }

    /**
     * Tests if the specified <code>File is older than the specified
     * time reference.
     *
     * @param file  the <code>File of which the modification date must
     * be compared, must not be <code>null
     * @param timeMillis  the time reference measured in milliseconds since the
     * epoch (00:00:00 GMT, January 1, 1970)
     * @return true if the <code>File exists and has been modified before
     * the given time reference.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the file is <code>null
     */
     public static boolean isFileOlder(File file, long timeMillis) {
        if (file == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("No specified file");
        }
        if (!file.exists()) {
            return false;
        }
        return file.lastModified() < timeMillis;
    }

    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    /**
     * Computes the checksum of a file using the CRC32 checksum routine.
     * The value of the checksum is returned.
     *
     * @param file  the file to checksum, must not be <code>null
     * @return the checksum value
     * @throws NullPointerException if the file or checksum is <code>null
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the file is a directory
     * @throws IOException if an IO error occurs reading the file
     * @since Commons IO 1.3
     */
    public static long checksumCRC32(File file) throws IOException {
        CRC32 crc = new CRC32();
        checksum(file, crc);
        return crc.getValue();
    }

    /**
     * Computes the checksum of a file using the specified checksum object.
     * Multiple files may be checked using one <code>Checksum instance
     * if desired simply by reusing the same checksum object.
     * For example:
     * <pre>
     *   long csum = FileUtils.checksum(file, new CRC32()).getValue();
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param file  the file to checksum, must not be <code>null
     * @param checksum  the checksum object to be used, must not be <code>null
     * @return the checksum specified, updated with the content of the file
     * @throws NullPointerException if the file or checksum is <code>null
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the file is a directory
     * @throws IOException if an IO error occurs reading the file
     * @since Commons IO 1.3
     */
    public static Checksum checksum(File file, Checksum checksum) throws IOException {
        if (file.isDirectory()) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Checksums can't be computed on directories");
        }
        InputStream in = null;
        try {
            in = new CheckedInputStream(new FileInputStream(file), checksum);
            IOUtils.copy(in, new NullOutputStream());
        } finally {
            IOUtils.closeQuietly(in);
        }
        return checksum;
    }

    /**
     * Moves a directory.
     * <p>
     * When the destination directory is on another file system, do a "copy and delete".
     *
     * @param srcDir the directory to be moved
     * @param destDir the destination directory
     * @throws NullPointerException if source or destination is <code>null
     * @throws IOException if source or destination is invalid
     * @throws IOException if an IO error occurs moving the file
     * @since Commons IO 1.4
     */
    public static void moveDirectory(File srcDir, File destDir) throws IOException {
        if (srcDir == null) {
            throw new NullPointerException("Source must not be null");
        }
        if (destDir == null) {
            throw new NullPointerException("Destination must not be null");
        }
        if (!srcDir.exists()) {
            throw new FileNotFoundException("Source '" + srcDir + "' does not exist");
        }
        if (!srcDir.isDirectory()) {
            throw new IOException("Source '" + srcDir + "' is not a directory");
        }
        if (destDir.exists()) {
            throw new FileExistsException("Destination '" + destDir + "' already exists");
        }
        boolean rename = srcDir.renameTo(destDir);
        if (!rename) {
            copyDirectory( srcDir, destDir );
            deleteDirectory( srcDir );
            if (srcDir.exists()) {
                throw new IOException("Failed to delete original directory '" + srcDir +
                        "' after copy to '" + destDir + "'");
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Moves a directory to another directory.
     *
     * @param src the file to be moved
     * @param destDir the destination file
     * @param createDestDir If <code>true create the destination directory,
     * otherwise if <code>false throw an IOException
     * @throws NullPointerException if source or destination is <code>null
     * @throws IOException if source or destination is invalid
     * @throws IOException if an IO error occurs moving the file
     * @since Commons IO 1.4
     */
    public static void moveDirectoryToDirectory(File src, File destDir, boolean createDestDir) throws IOException {
        if (src == null) {
            throw new NullPointerException("Source must not be null");
        }
        if (destDir == null) {
            throw new NullPointerException("Destination directory must not be null");
        }
        if (!destDir.exists() && createDestDir) {
            destDir.mkdirs();
        }
        if (!destDir.exists()) {
            throw new FileNotFoundException("Destination directory '" + destDir +
                    "' does not exist [createDestDir=" + createDestDir +"]");
        }
        if (!destDir.isDirectory()) {
            throw new IOException("Destination '" + destDir + "' is not a directory");
        }
        moveDirectory(src, new File(destDir, src.getName()));
    
    }

    /**
     * Moves a file.
     * <p>
     * When the destination file is on another file system, do a "copy and delete".
     *
     * @param srcFile the file to be moved
     * @param destFile the destination file
     * @throws NullPointerException if source or destination is <code>null
     * @throws IOException if source or destination is invalid
     * @throws IOException if an IO error occurs moving the file
     * @since Commons IO 1.4
     */
    public static void moveFile(File srcFile, File destFile) throws IOException {
        if (srcFile == null) {
            throw new NullPointerException("Source must not be null");
        }
        if (destFile == null) {
            throw new NullPointerException("Destination must not be null");
        }
        if (!srcFile.exists()) {
            throw new FileNotFoundException("Source '" + srcFile + "' does not exist");
        }
        if (srcFile.isDirectory()) {
            throw new IOException("Source '" + srcFile + "' is a directory");
        }
        if (destFile.exists()) {
            throw new FileExistsException("Destination '" + destFile + "' already exists");
        }
        if (destFile.isDirectory()) {
            throw new IOException("Destination '" + destFile + "' is a directory");
        }
        boolean rename = srcFile.renameTo(destFile);
        if (!rename) {
            copyFile( srcFile, destFile );
            if (!srcFile.delete()) {
                FileUtils.deleteQuietly(destFile);
                throw new IOException("Failed to delete original file '" + srcFile +
                        "' after copy to '" + destFile + "'");
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Moves a file to a directory.
     *
     * @param srcFile the file to be moved
     * @param destDir the destination file
     * @param createDestDir If <code>true create the destination directory,
     * otherwise if <code>false throw an IOException
     * @throws NullPointerException if source or destination is <code>null
     * @throws IOException if source or destination is invalid
     * @throws IOException if an IO error occurs moving the file
     * @since Commons IO 1.4
     */
    public static void moveFileToDirectory(File srcFile, File destDir, boolean createDestDir) throws IOException {
        if (srcFile == null) {
            throw new NullPointerException("Source must not be null");
        }
        if (destDir == null) {
            throw new NullPointerException("Destination directory must not be null");
        }
        if (!destDir.exists() && createDestDir) {
            destDir.mkdirs();
        }
        if (!destDir.exists()) {
            throw new FileNotFoundException("Destination directory '" + destDir +
                    "' does not exist [createDestDir=" + createDestDir +"]");
        }
        if (!destDir.isDirectory()) {
            throw new IOException("Destination '" + destDir + "' is not a directory");
        }
        moveFile(srcFile, new File(destDir, srcFile.getName()));
    }

    /**
     * Moves a file or directory to the destination directory.
     * <p>
     * When the destination is on another file system, do a "copy and delete".
     *
     * @param src the file or directory to be moved
     * @param destDir the destination directory 
     * @param createDestDir If <code>true create the destination directory,
     * otherwise if <code>false throw an IOException
     * @throws NullPointerException if source or destination is <code>null
     * @throws IOException if source or destination is invalid
     * @throws IOException if an IO error occurs moving the file
     * @since Commons IO 1.4
     */
    public static void moveToDirectory(File src, File destDir, boolean createDestDir) throws IOException {
        if (src == null) {
            throw new NullPointerException("Source must not be null");
        }
        if (destDir == null) {
            throw new NullPointerException("Destination must not be null");
        }
        if (!src.exists()) {
            throw new FileNotFoundException("Source '" + src + "' does not exist");
        }
        if (src.isDirectory()) {
            moveDirectoryToDirectory(src, destDir, createDestDir);
        } else {
            moveFileToDirectory(src, destDir, createDestDir);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Determines whether the specified file is a Symbolic Link rather than an actual file.
     * <p>
     * Will not return true if there is a Symbolic Link anywhere in the path,
     * only if the specific file is.
     *
     * @param file the file to check
     * @return true if the file is a Symbolic Link
     * @throws IOException if an IO error occurs while checking the file
     * @since Commons IO 2.0
     */
    public static boolean isSymlink(File file) throws IOException {
        if (file == null) {
            throw new NullPointerException("File must not be null");
        }
        if (FilenameUtils.isSystemWindows()) {
            return false;
        }
        File fileInCanonicalDir = null;
        if (file.getParent() == null) {
            fileInCanonicalDir = file;
        } else {
            File canonicalDir = file.getParentFile().getCanonicalFile();
            fileInCanonicalDir = new File(canonicalDir, file.getName());
        }
        
        if (fileInCanonicalDir.getCanonicalFile().equals(fileInCanonicalDir.getAbsoluteFile())) {
            return false;
        } else {
            return true;
        }
    }
}

Other Commons IO examples (source code examples)

Here is a short list of links related to this Commons IO FileUtils.java source code file:

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