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Commons Math example source code file (Array2DRowRealMatrixTest.java)

This example Commons Math source code file (Array2DRowRealMatrixTest.java) is included in the DevDaily.com "Java Source Code Warehouse" project. The intent of this project is to help you "Learn Java by Example" TM.

Java - Commons Math tags/keywords

array2drowrealmatrix, array2drowrealmatrix, arrayrealvector, expecting, expecting, getvisitor, illegalargumentexception, invalidmatrixexception, matrixindexexception, matrixindexexception, realmatrix, realmatrix, realvector, setvisitor

The Commons Math Array2DRowRealMatrixTest.java source code

/*
 * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
 * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
 * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
 * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
 * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
 * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */
package org.apache.commons.math.linear;

import junit.framework.TestCase;

import org.apache.commons.math.TestUtils;

/**
 * Test cases for the {@link Array2DRowRealMatrix} class.
 *
 * @version $Revision: 902201 $ $Date: 2010-01-22 13:18:16 -0500 (Fri, 22 Jan 2010) $
 */

public final class Array2DRowRealMatrixTest extends TestCase {

    // 3 x 3 identity matrix
    protected double[][] id = { {1d,0d,0d}, {0d,1d,0d}, {0d,0d,1d} };

    // Test data for group operations
    protected double[][] testData = { {1d,2d,3d}, {2d,5d,3d}, {1d,0d,8d} };
    protected double[][] testDataLU = {{2d, 5d, 3d}, {.5d, -2.5d, 6.5d}, {0.5d, 0.2d, .2d}};
    protected double[][] testDataPlus2 = { {3d,4d,5d}, {4d,7d,5d}, {3d,2d,10d} };
    protected double[][] testDataMinus = { {-1d,-2d,-3d}, {-2d,-5d,-3d},
       {-1d,0d,-8d} };
    protected double[] testDataRow1 = {1d,2d,3d};
    protected double[] testDataCol3 = {3d,3d,8d};
    protected double[][] testDataInv =
        { {-40d,16d,9d}, {13d,-5d,-3d}, {5d,-2d,-1d} };
    protected double[] preMultTest = {8,12,33};
    protected double[][] testData2 ={ {1d,2d,3d}, {2d,5d,3d}};
    protected double[][] testData2T = { {1d,2d}, {2d,5d}, {3d,3d}};
    protected double[][] testDataPlusInv =
        { {-39d,18d,12d}, {15d,0d,0d}, {6d,-2d,7d} };

    // lu decomposition tests
    protected double[][] luData = { {2d,3d,3d}, {0d,5d,7d}, {6d,9d,8d} };
    protected double[][] luDataLUDecomposition = { {6d,9d,8d}, {0d,5d,7d},
            {0.33333333333333,0d,0.33333333333333} };

    // singular matrices
    protected double[][] singular = { {2d,3d}, {2d,3d} };
    protected double[][] bigSingular = {{1d,2d,3d,4d}, {2d,5d,3d,4d},
        {7d,3d,256d,1930d}, {3d,7d,6d,8d}}; // 4th row = 1st + 2nd
    protected double[][] detData = { {1d,2d,3d}, {4d,5d,6d}, {7d,8d,10d} };
    protected double[][] detData2 = { {1d, 3d}, {2d, 4d}};

    // vectors
    protected double[] testVector = {1,2,3};
    protected double[] testVector2 = {1,2,3,4};

    // submatrix accessor tests
    protected double[][] subTestData = {{1, 2, 3, 4}, {1.5, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5},
            {2, 4, 6, 8}, {4, 5, 6, 7}};
    // array selections
    protected double[][] subRows02Cols13 = { {2, 4}, {4, 8}};
    protected double[][] subRows03Cols12 = { {2, 3}, {5, 6}};
    protected double[][] subRows03Cols123 = { {2, 3, 4} , {5, 6, 7}};
    // effective permutations
    protected double[][] subRows20Cols123 = { {4, 6, 8} , {2, 3, 4}};
    protected double[][] subRows31Cols31 = {{7, 5}, {4.5, 2.5}};
    // contiguous ranges
    protected double[][] subRows01Cols23 = {{3,4} , {3.5, 4.5}};
    protected double[][] subRows23Cols00 = {{2} , {4}};
    protected double[][] subRows00Cols33 = {{4}};
    // row matrices
    protected double[][] subRow0 = {{1,2,3,4}};
    protected double[][] subRow3 = {{4,5,6,7}};
    // column matrices
    protected double[][] subColumn1 = {{2}, {2.5}, {4}, {5}};
    protected double[][] subColumn3 = {{4}, {4.5}, {8}, {7}};

    // tolerances
    protected double entryTolerance = 10E-16;
    protected double normTolerance = 10E-14;

    public Array2DRowRealMatrixTest(String name) {
        super(name);
    }

    /** test dimensions */
    public void testDimensions() {
        Array2DRowRealMatrix m = new Array2DRowRealMatrix(testData);
        Array2DRowRealMatrix m2 = new Array2DRowRealMatrix(testData2);
        assertEquals("testData row dimension",3,m.getRowDimension());
        assertEquals("testData column dimension",3,m.getColumnDimension());
        assertTrue("testData is square",m.isSquare());
        assertEquals("testData2 row dimension",m2.getRowDimension(),2);
        assertEquals("testData2 column dimension",m2.getColumnDimension(),3);
        assertTrue("testData2 is not square",!m2.isSquare());
    }

    /** test copy functions */
    public void testCopyFunctions() {
        Array2DRowRealMatrix m1 = new Array2DRowRealMatrix(testData);
        Array2DRowRealMatrix m2 = new Array2DRowRealMatrix(m1.getData());
        assertEquals(m2,m1);
        Array2DRowRealMatrix m3 = new Array2DRowRealMatrix(testData);
        Array2DRowRealMatrix m4 = new Array2DRowRealMatrix(m3.getData(), false);
        assertEquals(m4,m3);
    }

    /** test add */
    public void testAdd() {
        Array2DRowRealMatrix m = new Array2DRowRealMatrix(testData);
        Array2DRowRealMatrix mInv = new Array2DRowRealMatrix(testDataInv);
        RealMatrix mPlusMInv = m.add(mInv);
        double[][] sumEntries = mPlusMInv.getData();
        for (int row = 0; row < m.getRowDimension(); row++) {
            for (int col = 0; col < m.getColumnDimension(); col++) {
                assertEquals("sum entry entry",
                    testDataPlusInv[row][col],sumEntries[row][col],
                        entryTolerance);
            }
        }
    }

    /** test add failure */
    public void testAddFail() {
        Array2DRowRealMatrix m = new Array2DRowRealMatrix(testData);
        Array2DRowRealMatrix m2 = new Array2DRowRealMatrix(testData2);
        try {
            m.add(m2);
            fail("IllegalArgumentException expected");
        } catch (IllegalArgumentException ex) {
            // ignored
        }
    }

    /** test norm */
    public void testNorm() {
        Array2DRowRealMatrix m = new Array2DRowRealMatrix(testData);
        Array2DRowRealMatrix m2 = new Array2DRowRealMatrix(testData2);
        assertEquals("testData norm",14d,m.getNorm(),entryTolerance);
        assertEquals("testData2 norm",7d,m2.getNorm(),entryTolerance);
    }

    /** test Frobenius norm */
    public void testFrobeniusNorm() {
        Array2DRowRealMatrix m = new Array2DRowRealMatrix(testData);
        Array2DRowRealMatrix m2 = new Array2DRowRealMatrix(testData2);
        assertEquals("testData Frobenius norm", Math.sqrt(117.0), m.getFrobeniusNorm(), entryTolerance);
        assertEquals("testData2 Frobenius norm", Math.sqrt(52.0), m2.getFrobeniusNorm(), entryTolerance);
    }

     /** test m-n = m + -n */
    public void testPlusMinus() {
        Array2DRowRealMatrix m = new Array2DRowRealMatrix(testData);
        Array2DRowRealMatrix m2 = new Array2DRowRealMatrix(testDataInv);
        TestUtils.assertEquals("m-n = m + -n",m.subtract(m2),
            m2.scalarMultiply(-1d).add(m),entryTolerance);
        try {
            m.subtract(new Array2DRowRealMatrix(testData2));
            fail("Expecting illegalArgumentException");
        } catch (IllegalArgumentException ex) {
            // ignored
        }
    }

    /** test multiply */
     public void testMultiply() {
        Array2DRowRealMatrix m = new Array2DRowRealMatrix(testData);
        Array2DRowRealMatrix mInv = new Array2DRowRealMatrix(testDataInv);
        Array2DRowRealMatrix identity = new Array2DRowRealMatrix(id);
        Array2DRowRealMatrix m2 = new Array2DRowRealMatrix(testData2);
        TestUtils.assertEquals("inverse multiply",m.multiply(mInv),
            identity,entryTolerance);
        TestUtils.assertEquals("inverse multiply",mInv.multiply(m),
            identity,entryTolerance);
        TestUtils.assertEquals("identity multiply",m.multiply(identity),
            m,entryTolerance);
        TestUtils.assertEquals("identity multiply",identity.multiply(mInv),
            mInv,entryTolerance);
        TestUtils.assertEquals("identity multiply",m2.multiply(identity),
            m2,entryTolerance);
        try {
            m.multiply(new Array2DRowRealMatrix(bigSingular));
            fail("Expecting illegalArgumentException");
        } catch (IllegalArgumentException ex) {
            // ignored
        }
    }

    //Additional Test for Array2DRowRealMatrixTest.testMultiply

    private double[][] d3 = new double[][] {{1,2,3,4},{5,6,7,8}};
    private double[][] d4 = new double[][] {{1},{2},{3},{4}};
    private double[][] d5 = new double[][] {{30},{70}};

    public void testMultiply2() {
       RealMatrix m3 = new Array2DRowRealMatrix(d3);
       RealMatrix m4 = new Array2DRowRealMatrix(d4);
       RealMatrix m5 = new Array2DRowRealMatrix(d5);
       TestUtils.assertEquals("m3*m4=m5", m3.multiply(m4), m5, entryTolerance);
   }

    /** test trace */
    public void testTrace() {
        RealMatrix m = new Array2DRowRealMatrix(id);
        assertEquals("identity trace",3d,m.getTrace(),entryTolerance);
        m = new Array2DRowRealMatrix(testData2);
        try {
            m.getTrace();
            fail("Expecting NonSquareMatrixException");
        } catch (NonSquareMatrixException ex) {
            // ignored
        }
    }

    /** test sclarAdd */
    public void testScalarAdd() {
        RealMatrix m = new Array2DRowRealMatrix(testData);
        TestUtils.assertEquals("scalar add",new Array2DRowRealMatrix(testDataPlus2),
            m.scalarAdd(2d),entryTolerance);
    }

    /** test operate */
    public void testOperate() {
        RealMatrix m = new Array2DRowRealMatrix(id);
        TestUtils.assertEquals("identity operate", testVector,
                    m.operate(testVector), entryTolerance);
        TestUtils.assertEquals("identity operate", testVector,
                    m.operate(new ArrayRealVector(testVector)).getData(), entryTolerance);
        m = new Array2DRowRealMatrix(bigSingular);
        try {
            m.operate(testVector);
            fail("Expecting illegalArgumentException");
        } catch (IllegalArgumentException ex) {
            // ignored
        }
    }

    /** test issue MATH-209 */
    public void testMath209() {
        RealMatrix a = new Array2DRowRealMatrix(new double[][] {
                { 1, 2 }, { 3, 4 }, { 5, 6 }
        }, false);
        double[] b = a.operate(new double[] { 1, 1 });
        assertEquals(a.getRowDimension(), b.length);
        assertEquals( 3.0, b[0], 1.0e-12);
        assertEquals( 7.0, b[1], 1.0e-12);
        assertEquals(11.0, b[2], 1.0e-12);
    }

    /** test transpose */
    public void testTranspose() {
        RealMatrix m = new Array2DRowRealMatrix(testData);
        RealMatrix mIT = new LUDecompositionImpl(m).getSolver().getInverse().transpose();
        RealMatrix mTI = new LUDecompositionImpl(m.transpose()).getSolver().getInverse();
        TestUtils.assertEquals("inverse-transpose", mIT, mTI, normTolerance);
        m = new Array2DRowRealMatrix(testData2);
        RealMatrix mt = new Array2DRowRealMatrix(testData2T);
        TestUtils.assertEquals("transpose",mt,m.transpose(),normTolerance);
    }

    /** test preMultiply by vector */
    public void testPremultiplyVector() {
        RealMatrix m = new Array2DRowRealMatrix(testData);
        TestUtils.assertEquals("premultiply", m.preMultiply(testVector),
                    preMultTest, normTolerance);
        TestUtils.assertEquals("premultiply", m.preMultiply(new ArrayRealVector(testVector).getData()),
                    preMultTest, normTolerance);
        m = new Array2DRowRealMatrix(bigSingular);
        try {
            m.preMultiply(testVector);
            fail("expecting IllegalArgumentException");
        } catch (IllegalArgumentException ex) {
            // ignored
        }
    }

    public void testPremultiply() {
        RealMatrix m3 = new Array2DRowRealMatrix(d3);
        RealMatrix m4 = new Array2DRowRealMatrix(d4);
        RealMatrix m5 = new Array2DRowRealMatrix(d5);
        TestUtils.assertEquals("m3*m4=m5", m4.preMultiply(m3), m5, entryTolerance);

        Array2DRowRealMatrix m = new Array2DRowRealMatrix(testData);
        Array2DRowRealMatrix mInv = new Array2DRowRealMatrix(testDataInv);
        Array2DRowRealMatrix identity = new Array2DRowRealMatrix(id);
        TestUtils.assertEquals("inverse multiply",m.preMultiply(mInv),
                identity,entryTolerance);
        TestUtils.assertEquals("inverse multiply",mInv.preMultiply(m),
                identity,entryTolerance);
        TestUtils.assertEquals("identity multiply",m.preMultiply(identity),
                m,entryTolerance);
        TestUtils.assertEquals("identity multiply",identity.preMultiply(mInv),
                mInv,entryTolerance);
        try {
            m.preMultiply(new Array2DRowRealMatrix(bigSingular));
            fail("Expecting illegalArgumentException");
        } catch (IllegalArgumentException ex) {
            // ignored
        }
    }

    public void testGetVectors() {
        RealMatrix m = new Array2DRowRealMatrix(testData);
        TestUtils.assertEquals("get row",m.getRow(0),testDataRow1,entryTolerance);
        TestUtils.assertEquals("get col",m.getColumn(2),testDataCol3,entryTolerance);
        try {
            m.getRow(10);
            fail("expecting MatrixIndexException");
        } catch (MatrixIndexException ex) {
            // ignored
        }
        try {
            m.getColumn(-1);
            fail("expecting MatrixIndexException");
        } catch (MatrixIndexException ex) {
            // ignored
        }
    }

    public void testGetEntry() {
        RealMatrix m = new Array2DRowRealMatrix(testData);
        assertEquals("get entry",m.getEntry(0,1),2d,entryTolerance);
        try {
            m.getEntry(10, 4);
            fail ("Expecting MatrixIndexException");
        } catch (MatrixIndexException ex) {
            // expected
        }
    }

    /** test examples in user guide */
    public void testExamples() {
        // Create a real matrix with two rows and three columns
        double[][] matrixData = { {1d,2d,3d}, {2d,5d,3d}};
        RealMatrix m = new Array2DRowRealMatrix(matrixData);
        // One more with three rows, two columns
        double[][] matrixData2 = { {1d,2d}, {2d,5d}, {1d, 7d}};
        RealMatrix n = new Array2DRowRealMatrix(matrixData2);
        // Now multiply m by n
        RealMatrix p = m.multiply(n);
        assertEquals(2, p.getRowDimension());
        assertEquals(2, p.getColumnDimension());
        // Invert p
        RealMatrix pInverse = new LUDecompositionImpl(p).getSolver().getInverse();
        assertEquals(2, pInverse.getRowDimension());
        assertEquals(2, pInverse.getColumnDimension());

        // Solve example
        double[][] coefficientsData = {{2, 3, -2}, {-1, 7, 6}, {4, -3, -5}};
        RealMatrix coefficients = new Array2DRowRealMatrix(coefficientsData);
        double[] constants = {1, -2, 1};
        double[] solution = new LUDecompositionImpl(coefficients).getSolver().solve(constants);
        assertEquals(2 * solution[0] + 3 * solution[1] -2 * solution[2], constants[0], 1E-12);
        assertEquals(-1 * solution[0] + 7 * solution[1] + 6 * solution[2], constants[1], 1E-12);
        assertEquals(4 * solution[0] - 3 * solution[1] -5 * solution[2], constants[2], 1E-12);

    }

    // test submatrix accessors
    public void testGetSubMatrix() {
        RealMatrix m = new Array2DRowRealMatrix(subTestData);
        checkGetSubMatrix(m, subRows23Cols00,  2 , 3 , 0, 0, false);
        checkGetSubMatrix(m, subRows00Cols33,  0 , 0 , 3, 3, false);
        checkGetSubMatrix(m, subRows01Cols23,  0 , 1 , 2, 3, false);
        checkGetSubMatrix(m, subRows02Cols13,  new int[] { 0, 2 }, new int[] { 1, 3 },    false);
        checkGetSubMatrix(m, subRows03Cols12,  new int[] { 0, 3 }, new int[] { 1, 2 },    false);
        checkGetSubMatrix(m, subRows03Cols123, new int[] { 0, 3 }, new int[] { 1, 2, 3 }, false);
        checkGetSubMatrix(m, subRows20Cols123, new int[] { 2, 0 }, new int[] { 1, 2, 3 }, false);
        checkGetSubMatrix(m, subRows31Cols31,  new int[] { 3, 1 }, new int[] { 3, 1 },    false);
        checkGetSubMatrix(m, subRows31Cols31,  new int[] { 3, 1 }, new int[] { 3, 1 },    false);
        checkGetSubMatrix(m, null,  1, 0, 2, 4, true);
        checkGetSubMatrix(m, null, -1, 1, 2, 2, true);
        checkGetSubMatrix(m, null,  1, 0, 2, 2, true);
        checkGetSubMatrix(m, null,  1, 0, 2, 4, true);
        checkGetSubMatrix(m, null, new int[] {},    new int[] { 0 }, true);
        checkGetSubMatrix(m, null, new int[] { 0 }, new int[] { 4 }, true);
    }

    private void checkGetSubMatrix(RealMatrix m, double[][] reference,
                                   int startRow, int endRow, int startColumn, int endColumn,
                                   boolean mustFail) {
        try {
            RealMatrix sub = m.getSubMatrix(startRow, endRow, startColumn, endColumn);
            assertEquals(new Array2DRowRealMatrix(reference), sub);
            if (mustFail) {
                fail("Expecting MatrixIndexException");
            }
        } catch (MatrixIndexException e) {
            if (!mustFail) {
                throw e;
            }
        }
    }

    private void checkGetSubMatrix(RealMatrix m, double[][] reference,
                                   int[] selectedRows, int[] selectedColumns,
                                   boolean mustFail) {
        try {
            RealMatrix sub = m.getSubMatrix(selectedRows, selectedColumns);
            assertEquals(new Array2DRowRealMatrix(reference), sub);
            if (mustFail) {
                fail("Expecting MatrixIndexException");
            }
        } catch (MatrixIndexException e) {
            if (!mustFail) {
                throw e;
            }
        }
    }

    public void testCopySubMatrix() {
        RealMatrix m = new Array2DRowRealMatrix(subTestData);
        checkCopy(m, subRows23Cols00,  2 , 3 , 0, 0, false);
        checkCopy(m, subRows00Cols33,  0 , 0 , 3, 3, false);
        checkCopy(m, subRows01Cols23,  0 , 1 , 2, 3, false);
        checkCopy(m, subRows02Cols13,  new int[] { 0, 2 }, new int[] { 1, 3 },    false);
        checkCopy(m, subRows03Cols12,  new int[] { 0, 3 }, new int[] { 1, 2 },    false);
        checkCopy(m, subRows03Cols123, new int[] { 0, 3 }, new int[] { 1, 2, 3 }, false);
        checkCopy(m, subRows20Cols123, new int[] { 2, 0 }, new int[] { 1, 2, 3 }, false);
        checkCopy(m, subRows31Cols31,  new int[] { 3, 1 }, new int[] { 3, 1 },    false);
        checkCopy(m, subRows31Cols31,  new int[] { 3, 1 }, new int[] { 3, 1 },    false);

        checkCopy(m, null,  1, 0, 2, 4, true);
        checkCopy(m, null, -1, 1, 2, 2, true);
        checkCopy(m, null,  1, 0, 2, 2, true);
        checkCopy(m, null,  1, 0, 2, 4, true);
        checkCopy(m, null, new int[] {},    new int[] { 0 }, true);
        checkCopy(m, null, new int[] { 0 }, new int[] { 4 }, true);
    }

    private void checkCopy(RealMatrix m, double[][] reference,
                           int startRow, int endRow, int startColumn, int endColumn,
                           boolean mustFail) {
        try {
            double[][] sub = (reference == null) ?
                             new double[1][1] :
                             new double[reference.length][reference[0].length];
            m.copySubMatrix(startRow, endRow, startColumn, endColumn, sub);
            assertEquals(new Array2DRowRealMatrix(reference), new Array2DRowRealMatrix(sub));
            if (mustFail) {
                fail("Expecting MatrixIndexException");
            }
        } catch (MatrixIndexException e) {
            if (!mustFail) {
                throw e;
            }
        }
    }

    private void checkCopy(RealMatrix m, double[][] reference,
                           int[] selectedRows, int[] selectedColumns,
                           boolean mustFail) {
        try {
            double[][] sub = (reference == null) ?
                    new double[1][1] :
                    new double[reference.length][reference[0].length];
            m.copySubMatrix(selectedRows, selectedColumns, sub);
            assertEquals(new Array2DRowRealMatrix(reference), new Array2DRowRealMatrix(sub));
            if (mustFail) {
                fail("Expecting MatrixIndexException");
            }
        } catch (MatrixIndexException e) {
            if (!mustFail) {
                throw e;
            }
        }
    }

    public void testGetRowMatrix() {
        RealMatrix m = new Array2DRowRealMatrix(subTestData);
        RealMatrix mRow0 = new Array2DRowRealMatrix(subRow0);
        RealMatrix mRow3 = new Array2DRowRealMatrix(subRow3);
        assertEquals("Row0", mRow0,
                m.getRowMatrix(0));
        assertEquals("Row3", mRow3,
                m.getRowMatrix(3));
        try {
            m.getRowMatrix(-1);
            fail("Expecting MatrixIndexException");
        } catch (MatrixIndexException ex) {
            // expected
        }
        try {
            m.getRowMatrix(4);
            fail("Expecting MatrixIndexException");
        } catch (MatrixIndexException ex) {
            // expected
        }
    }

    public void testSetRowMatrix() {
        RealMatrix m = new Array2DRowRealMatrix(subTestData);
        RealMatrix mRow3 = new Array2DRowRealMatrix(subRow3);
        assertNotSame(mRow3, m.getRowMatrix(0));
        m.setRowMatrix(0, mRow3);
        assertEquals(mRow3, m.getRowMatrix(0));
        try {
            m.setRowMatrix(-1, mRow3);
            fail("Expecting MatrixIndexException");
        } catch (MatrixIndexException ex) {
            // expected
        }
        try {
            m.setRowMatrix(0, m);
            fail("Expecting InvalidMatrixException");
        } catch (InvalidMatrixException ex) {
            // expected
        }
    }

    public void testGetColumnMatrix() {
        RealMatrix m = new Array2DRowRealMatrix(subTestData);
        RealMatrix mColumn1 = new Array2DRowRealMatrix(subColumn1);
        RealMatrix mColumn3 = new Array2DRowRealMatrix(subColumn3);
        assertEquals("Column1", mColumn1,
                m.getColumnMatrix(1));
        assertEquals("Column3", mColumn3,
                m.getColumnMatrix(3));
        try {
            m.getColumnMatrix(-1);
            fail("Expecting MatrixIndexException");
        } catch (MatrixIndexException ex) {
            // expected
        }
        try {
            m.getColumnMatrix(4);
            fail("Expecting MatrixIndexException");
        } catch (MatrixIndexException ex) {
            // expected
        }
    }

    public void testSetColumnMatrix() {
        RealMatrix m = new Array2DRowRealMatrix(subTestData);
        RealMatrix mColumn3 = new Array2DRowRealMatrix(subColumn3);
        assertNotSame(mColumn3, m.getColumnMatrix(1));
        m.setColumnMatrix(1, mColumn3);
        assertEquals(mColumn3, m.getColumnMatrix(1));
        try {
            m.setColumnMatrix(-1, mColumn3);
            fail("Expecting MatrixIndexException");
        } catch (MatrixIndexException ex) {
            // expected
        }
        try {
            m.setColumnMatrix(0, m);
            fail("Expecting InvalidMatrixException");
        } catch (InvalidMatrixException ex) {
            // expected
        }
    }

    public void testGetRowVector() {
        RealMatrix m = new Array2DRowRealMatrix(subTestData);
        RealVector mRow0 = new ArrayRealVector(subRow0[0]);
        RealVector mRow3 = new ArrayRealVector(subRow3[0]);
        assertEquals("Row0", mRow0, m.getRowVector(0));
        assertEquals("Row3", mRow3, m.getRowVector(3));
        try {
            m.getRowVector(-1);
            fail("Expecting MatrixIndexException");
        } catch (MatrixIndexException ex) {
            // expected
        }
        try {
            m.getRowVector(4);
            fail("Expecting MatrixIndexException");
        } catch (MatrixIndexException ex) {
            // expected
        }
    }

    public void testSetRowVector() {
        RealMatrix m = new Array2DRowRealMatrix(subTestData);
        RealVector mRow3 = new ArrayRealVector(subRow3[0]);
        assertNotSame(mRow3, m.getRowMatrix(0));
        m.setRowVector(0, mRow3);
        assertEquals(mRow3, m.getRowVector(0));
        try {
            m.setRowVector(-1, mRow3);
            fail("Expecting MatrixIndexException");
        } catch (MatrixIndexException ex) {
            // expected
        }
        try {
            m.setRowVector(0, new ArrayRealVector(5));
            fail("Expecting InvalidMatrixException");
        } catch (InvalidMatrixException ex) {
            // expected
        }
    }

    public void testGetColumnVector() {
        RealMatrix m = new Array2DRowRealMatrix(subTestData);
        RealVector mColumn1 = columnToVector(subColumn1);
        RealVector mColumn3 = columnToVector(subColumn3);
        assertEquals("Column1", mColumn1, m.getColumnVector(1));
        assertEquals("Column3", mColumn3, m.getColumnVector(3));
        try {
            m.getColumnVector(-1);
            fail("Expecting MatrixIndexException");
        } catch (MatrixIndexException ex) {
            // expected
        }
        try {
            m.getColumnVector(4);
            fail("Expecting MatrixIndexException");
        } catch (MatrixIndexException ex) {
            // expected
        }
    }

    public void testSetColumnVector() {
        RealMatrix m = new Array2DRowRealMatrix(subTestData);
        RealVector mColumn3 = columnToVector(subColumn3);
        assertNotSame(mColumn3, m.getColumnVector(1));
        m.setColumnVector(1, mColumn3);
        assertEquals(mColumn3, m.getColumnVector(1));
        try {
            m.setColumnVector(-1, mColumn3);
            fail("Expecting MatrixIndexException");
        } catch (MatrixIndexException ex) {
            // expected
        }
        try {
            m.setColumnVector(0, new ArrayRealVector(5));
            fail("Expecting InvalidMatrixException");
        } catch (InvalidMatrixException ex) {
            // expected
        }
    }

    private RealVector columnToVector(double[][] column) {
        double[] data = new double[column.length];
        for (int i = 0; i < data.length; ++i) {
            data[i] = column[i][0];
        }
        return new ArrayRealVector(data, false);
    }

    public void testGetRow() {
        RealMatrix m = new Array2DRowRealMatrix(subTestData);
        checkArrays(subRow0[0], m.getRow(0));
        checkArrays(subRow3[0], m.getRow(3));
        try {
            m.getRow(-1);
            fail("Expecting MatrixIndexException");
        } catch (MatrixIndexException ex) {
            // expected
        }
        try {
            m.getRow(4);
            fail("Expecting MatrixIndexException");
        } catch (MatrixIndexException ex) {
            // expected
        }
    }

    public void testSetRow() {
        RealMatrix m = new Array2DRowRealMatrix(subTestData);
        assertTrue(subRow3[0][0] != m.getRow(0)[0]);
        m.setRow(0, subRow3[0]);
        checkArrays(subRow3[0], m.getRow(0));
        try {
            m.setRow(-1, subRow3[0]);
            fail("Expecting MatrixIndexException");
        } catch (MatrixIndexException ex) {
            // expected
        }
        try {
            m.setRow(0, new double[5]);
            fail("Expecting InvalidMatrixException");
        } catch (InvalidMatrixException ex) {
            // expected
        }
    }

    public void testGetColumn() {
        RealMatrix m = new Array2DRowRealMatrix(subTestData);
        double[] mColumn1 = columnToArray(subColumn1);
        double[] mColumn3 = columnToArray(subColumn3);
        checkArrays(mColumn1, m.getColumn(1));
        checkArrays(mColumn3, m.getColumn(3));
        try {
            m.getColumn(-1);
            fail("Expecting MatrixIndexException");
        } catch (MatrixIndexException ex) {
            // expected
        }
        try {
            m.getColumn(4);
            fail("Expecting MatrixIndexException");
        } catch (MatrixIndexException ex) {
            // expected
        }
    }

    public void testSetColumn() {
        RealMatrix m = new Array2DRowRealMatrix(subTestData);
        double[] mColumn3 = columnToArray(subColumn3);
        assertTrue(mColumn3[0] != m.getColumn(1)[0]);
        m.setColumn(1, mColumn3);
        checkArrays(mColumn3, m.getColumn(1));
        try {
            m.setColumn(-1, mColumn3);
            fail("Expecting MatrixIndexException");
        } catch (MatrixIndexException ex) {
            // expected
        }
        try {
            m.setColumn(0, new double[5]);
            fail("Expecting InvalidMatrixException");
        } catch (InvalidMatrixException ex) {
            // expected
        }
    }

    private double[] columnToArray(double[][] column) {
        double[] data = new double[column.length];
        for (int i = 0; i < data.length; ++i) {
            data[i] = column[i][0];
        }
        return data;
    }

    private void checkArrays(double[] expected, double[] actual) {
        assertEquals(expected.length, actual.length);
        for (int i = 0; i < expected.length; ++i) {
            assertEquals(expected[i], actual[i]);
        }
    }

    public void testEqualsAndHashCode() {
        Array2DRowRealMatrix m = new Array2DRowRealMatrix(testData);
        Array2DRowRealMatrix m1 = (Array2DRowRealMatrix) m.copy();
        Array2DRowRealMatrix mt = (Array2DRowRealMatrix) m.transpose();
        assertTrue(m.hashCode() != mt.hashCode());
        assertEquals(m.hashCode(), m1.hashCode());
        assertEquals(m, m);
        assertEquals(m, m1);
        assertFalse(m.equals(null));
        assertFalse(m.equals(mt));
        assertFalse(m.equals(new Array2DRowRealMatrix(bigSingular)));
    }

    public void testToString() {
        Array2DRowRealMatrix m = new Array2DRowRealMatrix(testData);
        assertEquals("Array2DRowRealMatrix{{1.0,2.0,3.0},{2.0,5.0,3.0},{1.0,0.0,8.0}}",
                m.toString());
        m = new Array2DRowRealMatrix();
        assertEquals("Array2DRowRealMatrix{}",
                m.toString());
    }

    public void testSetSubMatrix() throws Exception {
        Array2DRowRealMatrix m = new Array2DRowRealMatrix(testData);
        m.setSubMatrix(detData2,1,1);
        RealMatrix expected = MatrixUtils.createRealMatrix
            (new double[][] {{1.0,2.0,3.0},{2.0,1.0,3.0},{1.0,2.0,4.0}});
        assertEquals(expected, m);

        m.setSubMatrix(detData2,0,0);
        expected = MatrixUtils.createRealMatrix
            (new double[][] {{1.0,3.0,3.0},{2.0,4.0,3.0},{1.0,2.0,4.0}});
        assertEquals(expected, m);

        m.setSubMatrix(testDataPlus2,0,0);
        expected = MatrixUtils.createRealMatrix
            (new double[][] {{3.0,4.0,5.0},{4.0,7.0,5.0},{3.0,2.0,10.0}});
        assertEquals(expected, m);

        // dimension overflow
        try {
            m.setSubMatrix(testData,1,1);
            fail("expecting MatrixIndexException");
        } catch (MatrixIndexException e) {
            // expected
        }
        // dimension underflow
        try {
            m.setSubMatrix(testData,-1,1);
            fail("expecting MatrixIndexException");
        } catch (MatrixIndexException e) {
            // expected
        }
        try {
            m.setSubMatrix(testData,1,-1);
            fail("expecting MatrixIndexException");
        } catch (MatrixIndexException e) {
            // expected
        }

        // null
        try {
            m.setSubMatrix(null,1,1);
            fail("expecting NullPointerException");
        } catch (NullPointerException e) {
            // expected
        }
        Array2DRowRealMatrix m2 = new Array2DRowRealMatrix();
        try {
            m2.setSubMatrix(testData,0,1);
            fail("expecting IllegalStateException");
        } catch (IllegalStateException e) {
            // expected
        }
        try {
            m2.setSubMatrix(testData,1,0);
            fail("expecting IllegalStateException");
        } catch (IllegalStateException e) {
            // expected
        }

        // ragged
        try {
            m.setSubMatrix(new double[][] {{1}, {2, 3}}, 0, 0);
            fail("expecting IllegalArgumentException");
        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
            // expected
        }

        // empty
        try {
            m.setSubMatrix(new double[][] {{}}, 0, 0);
            fail("expecting IllegalArgumentException");
        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
            // expected
        }

    }

    public void testWalk() {
        int rows    = 150;
        int columns = 75;

        RealMatrix m = new Array2DRowRealMatrix(rows, columns);
        m.walkInRowOrder(new SetVisitor());
        GetVisitor getVisitor = new GetVisitor();
        m.walkInOptimizedOrder(getVisitor);
        assertEquals(rows * columns, getVisitor.getCount());

        m = new Array2DRowRealMatrix(rows, columns);
        m.walkInRowOrder(new SetVisitor(), 1, rows - 2, 1, columns - 2);
        getVisitor = new GetVisitor();
        m.walkInOptimizedOrder(getVisitor, 1, rows - 2, 1, columns - 2);
        assertEquals((rows - 2) * (columns - 2), getVisitor.getCount());
        for (int i = 0; i < rows; ++i) {
            assertEquals(0.0, m.getEntry(i, 0), 0);
            assertEquals(0.0, m.getEntry(i, columns - 1), 0);
        }
        for (int j = 0; j < columns; ++j) {
            assertEquals(0.0, m.getEntry(0, j), 0);
            assertEquals(0.0, m.getEntry(rows - 1, j), 0);
        }

        m = new Array2DRowRealMatrix(rows, columns);
        m.walkInColumnOrder(new SetVisitor());
        getVisitor = new GetVisitor();
        m.walkInOptimizedOrder(getVisitor);
        assertEquals(rows * columns, getVisitor.getCount());

        m = new Array2DRowRealMatrix(rows, columns);
        m.walkInColumnOrder(new SetVisitor(), 1, rows - 2, 1, columns - 2);
        getVisitor = new GetVisitor();
        m.walkInOptimizedOrder(getVisitor, 1, rows - 2, 1, columns - 2);
        assertEquals((rows - 2) * (columns - 2), getVisitor.getCount());
        for (int i = 0; i < rows; ++i) {
            assertEquals(0.0, m.getEntry(i, 0), 0);
            assertEquals(0.0, m.getEntry(i, columns - 1), 0);
        }
        for (int j = 0; j < columns; ++j) {
            assertEquals(0.0, m.getEntry(0, j), 0);
            assertEquals(0.0, m.getEntry(rows - 1, j), 0);
        }

        m = new Array2DRowRealMatrix(rows, columns);
        m.walkInOptimizedOrder(new SetVisitor());
        getVisitor = new GetVisitor();
        m.walkInRowOrder(getVisitor);
        assertEquals(rows * columns, getVisitor.getCount());

        m = new Array2DRowRealMatrix(rows, columns);
        m.walkInOptimizedOrder(new SetVisitor(), 1, rows - 2, 1, columns - 2);
        getVisitor = new GetVisitor();
        m.walkInRowOrder(getVisitor, 1, rows - 2, 1, columns - 2);
        assertEquals((rows - 2) * (columns - 2), getVisitor.getCount());
        for (int i = 0; i < rows; ++i) {
            assertEquals(0.0, m.getEntry(i, 0), 0);
            assertEquals(0.0, m.getEntry(i, columns - 1), 0);
        }
        for (int j = 0; j < columns; ++j) {
            assertEquals(0.0, m.getEntry(0, j), 0);
            assertEquals(0.0, m.getEntry(rows - 1, j), 0);
        }

        m = new Array2DRowRealMatrix(rows, columns);
        m.walkInOptimizedOrder(new SetVisitor());
        getVisitor = new GetVisitor();
        m.walkInColumnOrder(getVisitor);
        assertEquals(rows * columns, getVisitor.getCount());

        m = new Array2DRowRealMatrix(rows, columns);
        m.walkInOptimizedOrder(new SetVisitor(), 1, rows - 2, 1, columns - 2);
        getVisitor = new GetVisitor();
        m.walkInColumnOrder(getVisitor, 1, rows - 2, 1, columns - 2);
        assertEquals((rows - 2) * (columns - 2), getVisitor.getCount());
        for (int i = 0; i < rows; ++i) {
            assertEquals(0.0, m.getEntry(i, 0), 0);
            assertEquals(0.0, m.getEntry(i, columns - 1), 0);
        }
        for (int j = 0; j < columns; ++j) {
            assertEquals(0.0, m.getEntry(0, j), 0);
            assertEquals(0.0, m.getEntry(rows - 1, j), 0);
        }

    }

    public void testSerial()  {
        Array2DRowRealMatrix m = new Array2DRowRealMatrix(testData);
        assertEquals(m,TestUtils.serializeAndRecover(m));
    }


    private static class SetVisitor extends DefaultRealMatrixChangingVisitor {
        @Override
        public double visit(int i, int j, double value) {
            return i + j / 1024.0;
        }
    }

    private static class GetVisitor extends DefaultRealMatrixPreservingVisitor {
        private int count = 0;
        @Override
        public void visit(int i, int j, double value) {
            ++count;
            assertEquals(i + j / 1024.0, value, 0.0);
        }
        public int getCount() {
            return count;
        }
    }

    //--------------- -----------------Protected methods

    /** extracts the l  and u matrices from compact lu representation */
    protected void splitLU(RealMatrix lu, double[][] lowerData, double[][] upperData) throws InvalidMatrixException {
        if (!lu.isSquare() || lowerData.length != lowerData[0].length || upperData.length != upperData[0].length ||
                lowerData.length != upperData.length
                || lowerData.length != lu.getRowDimension()) {
            throw new InvalidMatrixException("incorrect dimensions");
        }
        int n = lu.getRowDimension();
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
                if (j < i) {
                    lowerData[i][j] = lu.getEntry(i, j);
                    upperData[i][j] = 0d;
                } else if (i == j) {
                    lowerData[i][j] = 1d;
                    upperData[i][j] = lu.getEntry(i, j);
                } else {
                    lowerData[i][j] = 0d;
                    upperData[i][j] = lu.getEntry(i, j);
                }
            }
        }
    }

    /** Returns the result of applying the given row permutation to the matrix */
    protected RealMatrix permuteRows(RealMatrix matrix, int[] permutation) {
        if (!matrix.isSquare() || matrix.getRowDimension() != permutation.length) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("dimension mismatch");
        }
        int n = matrix.getRowDimension();
        int m = matrix.getColumnDimension();
        double out[][] = new double[m][n];
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            for (int j = 0; j < m; j++) {
                out[i][j] = matrix.getEntry(permutation[i], j);
            }
        }
        return new Array2DRowRealMatrix(out);
    }

//    /** Useful for debugging */
//    private void dumpMatrix(RealMatrix m) {
//          for (int i = 0; i < m.getRowDimension(); i++) {
//              String os = "";
//              for (int j = 0; j < m.getColumnDimension(); j++) {
//                  os += m.getEntry(i, j) + " ";
//              }
//              System.out.println(os);
//          }
//    }

}

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