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Java example source code file (ClassReader.java)

This example Java source code file (ClassReader.java) is included in the alvinalexander.com "Java Source Code Warehouse" project. The intent of this project is to help you "Learn Java by Example" TM.

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Java - Java tags/keywords

annotations, annotationvisitor, attribute, classreader, frames, ioexception, item, label, object, runtimeinvisibleannotations, signatures, string, synthetic

The ClassReader.java Java example source code

/*
 * Copyright (c) 2005, 2009, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
 * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
 *
 * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
 * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
 * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
 * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
 * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
 *
 * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
 * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
 * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
 * accompanied this code).
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
 * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
 * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
 *
 * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
 * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
 * questions.
 */

/*
 * This file is available under and governed by the GNU General Public
 * License version 2 only, as published by the Free Software Foundation.
 * However, the following notice accompanied the original version of this
 * file:
 *
 * ASM: a very small and fast Java bytecode manipulation framework
 * Copyright (c) 2000-2007 INRIA, France Telecom
 * All rights reserved.
 *
 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
 * are met:
 * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
 *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
 * 3. Neither the name of the copyright holders nor the names of its
 *    contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
 *    this software without specific prior written permission.
 *
 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
 * AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
 * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
 * ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE
 * LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR
 * CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF
 * SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
 * INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN
 * CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
 * ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF
 * THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
 */
package com.sun.xml.internal.ws.org.objectweb.asm;

import java.io.InputStream;
import java.io.IOException;

/**
 * A Java class parser to make a {@link ClassVisitor} visit an existing class.
 * This class parses a byte array conforming to the Java class file format and
 * calls the appropriate visit methods of a given class visitor for each field,
 * method and bytecode instruction encountered.
 *
 * @author Eric Bruneton
 * @author Eugene Kuleshov
 */
public class ClassReader {

    /**
     * True to enable signatures support.
     */
    static final boolean SIGNATURES = true;

    /**
     * True to enable annotations support.
     */
    static final boolean ANNOTATIONS = true;

    /**
     * True to enable stack map frames support.
     */
    static final boolean FRAMES = true;

    /**
     * True to enable bytecode writing support.
     */
    static final boolean WRITER = true;

    /**
     * True to enable JSR_W and GOTO_W support.
     */
    static final boolean RESIZE = true;

    /**
     * Flag to skip method code. If this class is set <code>CODE
     * attribute won't be visited. This can be used, for example, to retrieve
     * annotations for methods and method parameters.
     */
    public static final int SKIP_CODE = 1;

    /**
     * Flag to skip the debug information in the class. If this flag is set the
     * debug information of the class is not visited, i.e. the
     * {@link MethodVisitor#visitLocalVariable visitLocalVariable} and
     * {@link MethodVisitor#visitLineNumber visitLineNumber} methods will not be
     * called.
     */
    public static final int SKIP_DEBUG = 2;

    /**
     * Flag to skip the stack map frames in the class. If this flag is set the
     * stack map frames of the class is not visited, i.e. the
     * {@link MethodVisitor#visitFrame visitFrame} method will not be called.
     * This flag is useful when the {@link ClassWriter#COMPUTE_FRAMES} option is
     * used: it avoids visiting frames that will be ignored and recomputed from
     * scratch in the class writer.
     */
    public static final int SKIP_FRAMES = 4;

    /**
     * Flag to expand the stack map frames. By default stack map frames are
     * visited in their original format (i.e. "expanded" for classes whose
     * version is less than V1_6, and "compressed" for the other classes). If
     * this flag is set, stack map frames are always visited in expanded format
     * (this option adds a decompression/recompression step in ClassReader and
     * ClassWriter which degrades performances quite a lot).
     */
    public static final int EXPAND_FRAMES = 8;

    /**
     * The class to be parsed. <i>The content of this array must not be
     * modified. This field is intended for {@link Attribute} sub classes, and
     * is normally not needed by class generators or adapters.</i>
     */
    public final byte[] b;

    /**
     * The start index of each constant pool item in {@link #b b}, plus one.
     * The one byte offset skips the constant pool item tag that indicates its
     * type.
     */
    private final int[] items;

    /**
     * The String objects corresponding to the CONSTANT_Utf8 items. This cache
     * avoids multiple parsing of a given CONSTANT_Utf8 constant pool item,
     * which GREATLY improves performances (by a factor 2 to 3). This caching
     * strategy could be extended to all constant pool items, but its benefit
     * would not be so great for these items (because they are much less
     * expensive to parse than CONSTANT_Utf8 items).
     */
    private final String[] strings;

    /**
     * Maximum length of the strings contained in the constant pool of the
     * class.
     */
    private final int maxStringLength;

    /**
     * Start index of the class header information (access, name...) in
     * {@link #b b}.
     */
    public final int header;

    // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
    // Constructors
    // ------------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * Constructs a new {@link ClassReader} object.
     *
     * @param b the bytecode of the class to be read.
     */
    public ClassReader(final byte[] b) {
        this(b, 0, b.length);
    }

    /**
     * Constructs a new {@link ClassReader} object.
     *
     * @param b the bytecode of the class to be read.
     * @param off the start offset of the class data.
     * @param len the length of the class data.
     */
    public ClassReader(final byte[] b, final int off, final int len) {
        this.b = b;
        // parses the constant pool
        items = new int[readUnsignedShort(off + 8)];
        int n = items.length;
        strings = new String[n];
        int max = 0;
        int index = off + 10;
        for (int i = 1; i < n; ++i) {
            items[i] = index + 1;
            int size;
            switch (b[index]) {
                case ClassWriter.FIELD:
                case ClassWriter.METH:
                case ClassWriter.IMETH:
                case ClassWriter.INT:
                case ClassWriter.FLOAT:
                case ClassWriter.NAME_TYPE:
                    size = 5;
                    break;
                case ClassWriter.LONG:
                case ClassWriter.DOUBLE:
                    size = 9;
                    ++i;
                    break;
                case ClassWriter.UTF8:
                    size = 3 + readUnsignedShort(index + 1);
                    if (size > max) {
                        max = size;
                    }
                    break;
                // case ClassWriter.CLASS:
                // case ClassWriter.STR:
                default:
                    size = 3;
                    break;
            }
            index += size;
        }
        maxStringLength = max;
        // the class header information starts just after the constant pool
        header = index;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the class's access flags (see {@link Opcodes}). This value may
     * not reflect Deprecated and Synthetic flags when bytecode is before 1.5
     * and those flags are represented by attributes.
     *
     * @return the class access flags
     *
     * @see ClassVisitor#visit(int, int, String, String, String, String[])
     */
    public int getAccess() {
        return readUnsignedShort(header);
    }

    /**
     * Returns the internal name of the class (see
     * {@link Type#getInternalName() getInternalName}).
     *
     * @return the internal class name
     *
     * @see ClassVisitor#visit(int, int, String, String, String, String[])
     */
    public String getClassName() {
        return readClass(header + 2, new char[maxStringLength]);
    }

    /**
     * Returns the internal of name of the super class (see
     * {@link Type#getInternalName() getInternalName}). For interfaces, the
     * super class is {@link Object}.
     *
     * @return the internal name of super class, or <tt>null for
     *         {@link Object} class.
     *
     * @see ClassVisitor#visit(int, int, String, String, String, String[])
     */
    public String getSuperName() {
        int n = items[readUnsignedShort(header + 4)];
        return n == 0 ? null : readUTF8(n, new char[maxStringLength]);
    }

    /**
     * Returns the internal names of the class's interfaces (see
     * {@link Type#getInternalName() getInternalName}).
     *
     * @return the array of internal names for all implemented interfaces or
     *         <tt>null.
     *
     * @see ClassVisitor#visit(int, int, String, String, String, String[])
     */
    public String[] getInterfaces() {
        int index = header + 6;
        int n = readUnsignedShort(index);
        String[] interfaces = new String[n];
        if (n > 0) {
            char[] buf = new char[maxStringLength];
            for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
                index += 2;
                interfaces[i] = readClass(index, buf);
            }
        }
        return interfaces;
    }

    /**
     * Copies the constant pool data into the given {@link ClassWriter}. Should
     * be called before the {@link #accept(ClassVisitor,int)} method.
     *
     * @param classWriter the {@link ClassWriter} to copy constant pool into.
     */
    void copyPool(final ClassWriter classWriter) {
        char[] buf = new char[maxStringLength];
        int ll = items.length;
        Item[] items2 = new Item[ll];
        for (int i = 1; i < ll; i++) {
            int index = items[i];
            int tag = b[index - 1];
            Item item = new Item(i);
            int nameType;
            switch (tag) {
                case ClassWriter.FIELD:
                case ClassWriter.METH:
                case ClassWriter.IMETH:
                    nameType = items[readUnsignedShort(index + 2)];
                    item.set(tag,
                            readClass(index, buf),
                            readUTF8(nameType, buf),
                            readUTF8(nameType + 2, buf));
                    break;

                case ClassWriter.INT:
                    item.set(readInt(index));
                    break;

                case ClassWriter.FLOAT:
                    item.set(Float.intBitsToFloat(readInt(index)));
                    break;

                case ClassWriter.NAME_TYPE:
                    item.set(tag,
                            readUTF8(index, buf),
                            readUTF8(index + 2, buf),
                            null);
                    break;

                case ClassWriter.LONG:
                    item.set(readLong(index));
                    ++i;
                    break;

                case ClassWriter.DOUBLE:
                    item.set(Double.longBitsToDouble(readLong(index)));
                    ++i;
                    break;

                case ClassWriter.UTF8: {
                    String s = strings[i];
                    if (s == null) {
                        index = items[i];
                        s = strings[i] = readUTF(index + 2,
                                readUnsignedShort(index),
                                buf);
                    }
                    item.set(tag, s, null, null);
                }
                    break;

                // case ClassWriter.STR:
                // case ClassWriter.CLASS:
                default:
                    item.set(tag, readUTF8(index, buf), null, null);
                    break;
            }

            int index2 = item.hashCode % items2.length;
            item.next = items2[index2];
            items2[index2] = item;
        }

        int off = items[1] - 1;
        classWriter.pool.putByteArray(b, off, header - off);
        classWriter.items = items2;
        classWriter.threshold = (int) (0.75d * ll);
        classWriter.index = ll;
    }

    /**
     * Constructs a new {@link ClassReader} object.
     *
     * @param is an input stream from which to read the class.
     * @throws IOException if a problem occurs during reading.
     */
    public ClassReader(final InputStream is) throws IOException {
        this(readClass(is));
    }

    /**
     * Constructs a new {@link ClassReader} object.
     *
     * @param name the fully qualified name of the class to be read.
     * @throws IOException if an exception occurs during reading.
     */
    public ClassReader(final String name) throws IOException {
        this(ClassLoader.getSystemResourceAsStream(name.replace('.', '/')
                + ".class"));
    }

    /**
     * Reads the bytecode of a class.
     *
     * @param is an input stream from which to read the class.
     * @return the bytecode read from the given input stream.
     * @throws IOException if a problem occurs during reading.
     */
    private static byte[] readClass(final InputStream is) throws IOException {
        if (is == null) {
            throw new IOException("Class not found");
        }
        byte[] b = new byte[is.available()];
        int len = 0;
        while (true) {
            int n = is.read(b, len, b.length - len);
            if (n == -1) {
                if (len < b.length) {
                    byte[] c = new byte[len];
                    System.arraycopy(b, 0, c, 0, len);
                    b = c;
                }
                return b;
            }
            len += n;
            if (len == b.length) {
                byte[] c = new byte[b.length + 1000];
                System.arraycopy(b, 0, c, 0, len);
                b = c;
            }
        }
    }

    // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
    // Public methods
    // ------------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * Makes the given visitor visit the Java class of this {@link ClassReader}.
     * This class is the one specified in the constructor (see
     * {@link #ClassReader(byte[]) ClassReader}).
     *
     * @param classVisitor the visitor that must visit this class.
     * @param flags option flags that can be used to modify the default behavior
     *        of this class. See {@link #SKIP_DEBUG}, {@link #EXPAND_FRAMES},
     *        {@link #SKIP_FRAMES}, {@link #SKIP_CODE}.
     */
    public void accept(final ClassVisitor classVisitor, final int flags) {
        accept(classVisitor, new Attribute[0], flags);
    }

    /**
     * Makes the given visitor visit the Java class of this {@link ClassReader}.
     * This class is the one specified in the constructor (see
     * {@link #ClassReader(byte[]) ClassReader}).
     *
     * @param classVisitor the visitor that must visit this class.
     * @param attrs prototypes of the attributes that must be parsed during the
     *        visit of the class. Any attribute whose type is not equal to the
     *        type of one the prototypes will not be parsed: its byte array
     *        value will be passed unchanged to the ClassWriter. <i>This may
     *        corrupt it if this value contains references to the constant pool,
     *        or has syntactic or semantic links with a class element that has
     *        been transformed by a class adapter between the reader and the
     *        writer</i>.
     * @param flags option flags that can be used to modify the default behavior
     *        of this class. See {@link #SKIP_DEBUG}, {@link #EXPAND_FRAMES},
     *        {@link #SKIP_FRAMES}, {@link #SKIP_CODE}.
     */
    public void accept(
        final ClassVisitor classVisitor,
        final Attribute[] attrs,
        final int flags)
    {
        byte[] b = this.b; // the bytecode array
        char[] c = new char[maxStringLength]; // buffer used to read strings
        int i, j, k; // loop variables
        int u, v, w; // indexes in b
        Attribute attr;

        int access;
        String name;
        String desc;
        String attrName;
        String signature;
        int anns = 0;
        int ianns = 0;
        Attribute cattrs = null;

        // visits the header
        u = header;
        access = readUnsignedShort(u);
        name = readClass(u + 2, c);
        v = items[readUnsignedShort(u + 4)];
        String superClassName = v == 0 ? null : readUTF8(v, c);
        String[] implementedItfs = new String[readUnsignedShort(u + 6)];
        w = 0;
        u += 8;
        for (i = 0; i < implementedItfs.length; ++i) {
            implementedItfs[i] = readClass(u, c);
            u += 2;
        }

        boolean skipCode = (flags & SKIP_CODE) != 0;
        boolean skipDebug = (flags & SKIP_DEBUG) != 0;
        boolean unzip = (flags & EXPAND_FRAMES) != 0;

        // skips fields and methods
        v = u;
        i = readUnsignedShort(v);
        v += 2;
        for (; i > 0; --i) {
            j = readUnsignedShort(v + 6);
            v += 8;
            for (; j > 0; --j) {
                v += 6 + readInt(v + 2);
            }
        }
        i = readUnsignedShort(v);
        v += 2;
        for (; i > 0; --i) {
            j = readUnsignedShort(v + 6);
            v += 8;
            for (; j > 0; --j) {
                v += 6 + readInt(v + 2);
            }
        }
        // reads the class's attributes
        signature = null;
        String sourceFile = null;
        String sourceDebug = null;
        String enclosingOwner = null;
        String enclosingName = null;
        String enclosingDesc = null;

        i = readUnsignedShort(v);
        v += 2;
        for (; i > 0; --i) {
            attrName = readUTF8(v, c);
            // tests are sorted in decreasing frequency order
            // (based on frequencies observed on typical classes)
            if ("SourceFile".equals(attrName)) {
                sourceFile = readUTF8(v + 6, c);
            } else if ("InnerClasses".equals(attrName)) {
                w = v + 6;
            } else if ("EnclosingMethod".equals(attrName)) {
                enclosingOwner = readClass(v + 6, c);
                int item = readUnsignedShort(v + 8);
                if (item != 0) {
                    enclosingName = readUTF8(items[item], c);
                    enclosingDesc = readUTF8(items[item] + 2, c);
                }
            } else if (SIGNATURES && "Signature".equals(attrName)) {
                signature = readUTF8(v + 6, c);
            } else if (ANNOTATIONS && "RuntimeVisibleAnnotations".equals(attrName)) {
                anns = v + 6;
            } else if ("Deprecated".equals(attrName)) {
                access |= Opcodes.ACC_DEPRECATED;
            } else if ("Synthetic".equals(attrName)) {
                access |= Opcodes.ACC_SYNTHETIC;
            } else if ("SourceDebugExtension".equals(attrName)) {
                int len = readInt(v + 2);
                sourceDebug = readUTF(v + 6, len, new char[len]);
            } else if (ANNOTATIONS && "RuntimeInvisibleAnnotations".equals(attrName)) {
                ianns = v + 6;
            } else {
                attr = readAttribute(attrs,
                        attrName,
                        v + 6,
                        readInt(v + 2),
                        c,
                        -1,
                        null);
                if (attr != null) {
                    attr.next = cattrs;
                    cattrs = attr;
                }
            }
            v += 6 + readInt(v + 2);
        }
        // calls the visit method
        classVisitor.visit(readInt(4),
                access,
                name,
                signature,
                superClassName,
                implementedItfs);

        // calls the visitSource method
        if (!skipDebug && (sourceFile != null || sourceDebug != null)) {
            classVisitor.visitSource(sourceFile, sourceDebug);
        }

        // calls the visitOuterClass method
        if (enclosingOwner != null) {
            classVisitor.visitOuterClass(enclosingOwner,
                    enclosingName,
                    enclosingDesc);
        }

        // visits the class annotations
        if (ANNOTATIONS) {
            for (i = 1; i >= 0; --i) {
                v = i == 0 ? ianns : anns;
                if (v != 0) {
                    j = readUnsignedShort(v);
                    v += 2;
                    for (; j > 0; --j) {
                        v = readAnnotationValues(v + 2,
                                c,
                                true,
                                classVisitor.visitAnnotation(readUTF8(v, c), i != 0));
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        // visits the class attributes
        while (cattrs != null) {
            attr = cattrs.next;
            cattrs.next = null;
            classVisitor.visitAttribute(cattrs);
            cattrs = attr;
        }

        // calls the visitInnerClass method
        if (w != 0) {
            i = readUnsignedShort(w);
            w += 2;
            for (; i > 0; --i) {
                classVisitor.visitInnerClass(readUnsignedShort(w) == 0
                        ? null
                        : readClass(w, c), readUnsignedShort(w + 2) == 0
                        ? null
                        : readClass(w + 2, c), readUnsignedShort(w + 4) == 0
                        ? null
                        : readUTF8(w + 4, c), readUnsignedShort(w + 6));
                w += 8;
            }
        }

        // visits the fields
        i = readUnsignedShort(u);
        u += 2;
        for (; i > 0; --i) {
            access = readUnsignedShort(u);
            name = readUTF8(u + 2, c);
            desc = readUTF8(u + 4, c);
            // visits the field's attributes and looks for a ConstantValue
            // attribute
            int fieldValueItem = 0;
            signature = null;
            anns = 0;
            ianns = 0;
            cattrs = null;

            j = readUnsignedShort(u + 6);
            u += 8;
            for (; j > 0; --j) {
                attrName = readUTF8(u, c);
                // tests are sorted in decreasing frequency order
                // (based on frequencies observed on typical classes)
                if ("ConstantValue".equals(attrName)) {
                    fieldValueItem = readUnsignedShort(u + 6);
                } else if (SIGNATURES && "Signature".equals(attrName)) {
                    signature = readUTF8(u + 6, c);
                } else if ("Deprecated".equals(attrName)) {
                    access |= Opcodes.ACC_DEPRECATED;
                } else if ("Synthetic".equals(attrName)) {
                    access |= Opcodes.ACC_SYNTHETIC;
                } else if (ANNOTATIONS && "RuntimeVisibleAnnotations".equals(attrName)) {
                    anns = u + 6;
                } else if (ANNOTATIONS && "RuntimeInvisibleAnnotations".equals(attrName)) {
                    ianns = u + 6;
                } else {
                    attr = readAttribute(attrs,
                            attrName,
                            u + 6,
                            readInt(u + 2),
                            c,
                            -1,
                            null);
                    if (attr != null) {
                        attr.next = cattrs;
                        cattrs = attr;
                    }
                }
                u += 6 + readInt(u + 2);
            }
            // visits the field
            FieldVisitor fv = classVisitor.visitField(access,
                    name,
                    desc,
                    signature,
                    fieldValueItem == 0 ? null : readConst(fieldValueItem, c));
            // visits the field annotations and attributes
            if (fv != null) {
                if (ANNOTATIONS) {
                    for (j = 1; j >= 0; --j) {
                        v = j == 0 ? ianns : anns;
                        if (v != 0) {
                            k = readUnsignedShort(v);
                            v += 2;
                            for (; k > 0; --k) {
                                v = readAnnotationValues(v + 2,
                                        c,
                                        true,
                                        fv.visitAnnotation(readUTF8(v, c), j != 0));
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
                while (cattrs != null) {
                    attr = cattrs.next;
                    cattrs.next = null;
                    fv.visitAttribute(cattrs);
                    cattrs = attr;
                }
                fv.visitEnd();
            }
        }

        // visits the methods
        i = readUnsignedShort(u);
        u += 2;
        for (; i > 0; --i) {
            int u0 = u + 6;
            access = readUnsignedShort(u);
            name = readUTF8(u + 2, c);
            desc = readUTF8(u + 4, c);
            signature = null;
            anns = 0;
            ianns = 0;
            int dann = 0;
            int mpanns = 0;
            int impanns = 0;
            cattrs = null;
            v = 0;
            w = 0;

            // looks for Code and Exceptions attributes
            j = readUnsignedShort(u + 6);
            u += 8;
            for (; j > 0; --j) {
                attrName = readUTF8(u, c);
                int attrSize = readInt(u + 2);
                u += 6;
                // tests are sorted in decreasing frequency order
                // (based on frequencies observed on typical classes)
                if ("Code".equals(attrName)) {
                    if (!skipCode) {
                        v = u;
                    }
                } else if ("Exceptions".equals(attrName)) {
                    w = u;
                } else if (SIGNATURES && "Signature".equals(attrName)) {
                    signature = readUTF8(u, c);
                } else if ("Deprecated".equals(attrName)) {
                    access |= Opcodes.ACC_DEPRECATED;
                } else if (ANNOTATIONS && "RuntimeVisibleAnnotations".equals(attrName)) {
                    anns = u;
                } else if (ANNOTATIONS && "AnnotationDefault".equals(attrName)) {
                    dann = u;
                } else if ("Synthetic".equals(attrName)) {
                    access |= Opcodes.ACC_SYNTHETIC;
                } else if (ANNOTATIONS && "RuntimeInvisibleAnnotations".equals(attrName)) {
                    ianns = u;
                } else if (ANNOTATIONS && "RuntimeVisibleParameterAnnotations".equals(attrName))
                {
                    mpanns = u;
                } else if (ANNOTATIONS && "RuntimeInvisibleParameterAnnotations".equals(attrName))
                {
                    impanns = u;
                } else {
                    attr = readAttribute(attrs,
                            attrName,
                            u,
                            attrSize,
                            c,
                            -1,
                            null);
                    if (attr != null) {
                        attr.next = cattrs;
                        cattrs = attr;
                    }
                }
                u += attrSize;
            }
            // reads declared exceptions
            String[] exceptions;
            if (w == 0) {
                exceptions = null;
            } else {
                exceptions = new String[readUnsignedShort(w)];
                w += 2;
                for (j = 0; j < exceptions.length; ++j) {
                    exceptions[j] = readClass(w, c);
                    w += 2;
                }
            }

            // visits the method's code, if any
            MethodVisitor mv = classVisitor.visitMethod(access,
                    name,
                    desc,
                    signature,
                    exceptions);

            if (mv != null) {
                /*
                 * if the returned MethodVisitor is in fact a MethodWriter, it
                 * means there is no method adapter between the reader and the
                 * writer. If, in addition, the writer's constant pool was
                 * copied from this reader (mw.cw.cr == this), and the signature
                 * and exceptions of the method have not been changed, then it
                 * is possible to skip all visit events and just copy the
                 * original code of the method to the writer (the access, name
                 * and descriptor can have been changed, this is not important
                 * since they are not copied as is from the reader).
                 */
                if (WRITER && mv instanceof MethodWriter) {
                    MethodWriter mw = (MethodWriter) mv;
                    if (mw.cw.cr == this) {
                        if (signature == mw.signature) {
                            boolean sameExceptions = false;
                            if (exceptions == null) {
                                sameExceptions = mw.exceptionCount == 0;
                            } else {
                                if (exceptions.length == mw.exceptionCount) {
                                    sameExceptions = true;
                                    for (j = exceptions.length - 1; j >= 0; --j)
                                    {
                                        w -= 2;
                                        if (mw.exceptions[j] != readUnsignedShort(w))
                                        {
                                            sameExceptions = false;
                                            break;
                                        }
                                    }
                                }
                            }
                            if (sameExceptions) {
                                /*
                                 * we do not copy directly the code into
                                 * MethodWriter to save a byte array copy
                                 * operation. The real copy will be done in
                                 * ClassWriter.toByteArray().
                                 */
                                mw.classReaderOffset = u0;
                                mw.classReaderLength = u - u0;
                                continue;
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }

                if (ANNOTATIONS && dann != 0) {
                    AnnotationVisitor dv = mv.visitAnnotationDefault();
                    readAnnotationValue(dann, c, null, dv);
                    if (dv != null) {
                        dv.visitEnd();
                    }
                }
                if (ANNOTATIONS) {
                    for (j = 1; j >= 0; --j) {
                        w = j == 0 ? ianns : anns;
                        if (w != 0) {
                            k = readUnsignedShort(w);
                            w += 2;
                            for (; k > 0; --k) {
                                w = readAnnotationValues(w + 2,
                                        c,
                                        true,
                                        mv.visitAnnotation(readUTF8(w, c), j != 0));
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
                if (ANNOTATIONS && mpanns != 0) {
                    readParameterAnnotations(mpanns, desc, c, true, mv);
                }
                if (ANNOTATIONS && impanns != 0) {
                    readParameterAnnotations(impanns, desc, c, false, mv);
                }
                while (cattrs != null) {
                    attr = cattrs.next;
                    cattrs.next = null;
                    mv.visitAttribute(cattrs);
                    cattrs = attr;
                }
            }

            if (mv != null && v != 0) {
                int maxStack = readUnsignedShort(v);
                int maxLocals = readUnsignedShort(v + 2);
                int codeLength = readInt(v + 4);
                v += 8;

                int codeStart = v;
                int codeEnd = v + codeLength;

                mv.visitCode();

                // 1st phase: finds the labels
                int label;
                Label[] labels = new Label[codeLength + 2];
                readLabel(codeLength + 1, labels);
                while (v < codeEnd) {
                    w = v - codeStart;
                    int opcode = b[v] & 0xFF;
                    switch (ClassWriter.TYPE[opcode]) {
                        case ClassWriter.NOARG_INSN:
                        case ClassWriter.IMPLVAR_INSN:
                            v += 1;
                            break;
                        case ClassWriter.LABEL_INSN:
                            readLabel(w + readShort(v + 1), labels);
                            v += 3;
                            break;
                        case ClassWriter.LABELW_INSN:
                            readLabel(w + readInt(v + 1), labels);
                            v += 5;
                            break;
                        case ClassWriter.WIDE_INSN:
                            opcode = b[v + 1] & 0xFF;
                            if (opcode == Opcodes.IINC) {
                                v += 6;
                            } else {
                                v += 4;
                            }
                            break;
                        case ClassWriter.TABL_INSN:
                            // skips 0 to 3 padding bytes*
                            v = v + 4 - (w & 3);
                            // reads instruction
                            readLabel(w + readInt(v), labels);
                            j = readInt(v + 8) - readInt(v + 4) + 1;
                            v += 12;
                            for (; j > 0; --j) {
                                readLabel(w + readInt(v), labels);
                                v += 4;
                            }
                            break;
                        case ClassWriter.LOOK_INSN:
                            // skips 0 to 3 padding bytes*
                            v = v + 4 - (w & 3);
                            // reads instruction
                            readLabel(w + readInt(v), labels);
                            j = readInt(v + 4);
                            v += 8;
                            for (; j > 0; --j) {
                                readLabel(w + readInt(v + 4), labels);
                                v += 8;
                            }
                            break;
                        case ClassWriter.VAR_INSN:
                        case ClassWriter.SBYTE_INSN:
                        case ClassWriter.LDC_INSN:
                            v += 2;
                            break;
                        case ClassWriter.SHORT_INSN:
                        case ClassWriter.LDCW_INSN:
                        case ClassWriter.FIELDORMETH_INSN:
                        case ClassWriter.TYPE_INSN:
                        case ClassWriter.IINC_INSN:
                            v += 3;
                            break;
                        case ClassWriter.ITFMETH_INSN:
                            v += 5;
                            break;
                        // case MANA_INSN:
                        default:
                            v += 4;
                            break;
                    }
                }
                // parses the try catch entries
                j = readUnsignedShort(v);
                v += 2;
                for (; j > 0; --j) {
                    Label start = readLabel(readUnsignedShort(v), labels);
                    Label end = readLabel(readUnsignedShort(v + 2), labels);
                    Label handler = readLabel(readUnsignedShort(v + 4), labels);
                    int type = readUnsignedShort(v + 6);
                    if (type == 0) {
                        mv.visitTryCatchBlock(start, end, handler, null);
                    } else {
                        mv.visitTryCatchBlock(start,
                                end,
                                handler,
                                readUTF8(items[type], c));
                    }
                    v += 8;
                }
                // parses the local variable, line number tables, and code
                // attributes
                int varTable = 0;
                int varTypeTable = 0;
                int stackMap = 0;
                int frameCount = 0;
                int frameMode = 0;
                int frameOffset = 0;
                int frameLocalCount = 0;
                int frameLocalDiff = 0;
                int frameStackCount = 0;
                Object[] frameLocal = null;
                Object[] frameStack = null;
                boolean zip = true;
                cattrs = null;
                j = readUnsignedShort(v);
                v += 2;
                for (; j > 0; --j) {
                    attrName = readUTF8(v, c);
                    if ("LocalVariableTable".equals(attrName)) {
                        if (!skipDebug) {
                            varTable = v + 6;
                            k = readUnsignedShort(v + 6);
                            w = v + 8;
                            for (; k > 0; --k) {
                                label = readUnsignedShort(w);
                                if (labels[label] == null) {
                                    readLabel(label, labels).status |= Label.DEBUG;
                                }
                                label += readUnsignedShort(w + 2);
                                if (labels[label] == null) {
                                    readLabel(label, labels).status |= Label.DEBUG;
                                }
                                w += 10;
                            }
                        }
                    } else if ("LocalVariableTypeTable".equals(attrName)) {
                        varTypeTable = v + 6;
                    } else if ("LineNumberTable".equals(attrName)) {
                        if (!skipDebug) {
                            k = readUnsignedShort(v + 6);
                            w = v + 8;
                            for (; k > 0; --k) {
                                label = readUnsignedShort(w);
                                if (labels[label] == null) {
                                    readLabel(label, labels).status |= Label.DEBUG;
                                }
                                labels[label].line = readUnsignedShort(w + 2);
                                w += 4;
                            }
                        }
                    } else if (FRAMES && "StackMapTable".equals(attrName)) {
                        if ((flags & SKIP_FRAMES) == 0) {
                            stackMap = v + 8;
                            frameCount = readUnsignedShort(v + 6);
                        }
                        /*
                         * here we do not extract the labels corresponding to
                         * the attribute content. This would require a full
                         * parsing of the attribute, which would need to be
                         * repeated in the second phase (see below). Instead the
                         * content of the attribute is read one frame at a time
                         * (i.e. after a frame has been visited, the next frame
                         * is read), and the labels it contains are also
                         * extracted one frame at a time. Thanks to the ordering
                         * of frames, having only a "one frame lookahead" is not
                         * a problem, i.e. it is not possible to see an offset
                         * smaller than the offset of the current insn and for
                         * which no Label exist.
                         */
                        // TODO true for frame offsets,
                        // but for UNINITIALIZED type offsets?
                    } else if (FRAMES && "StackMap".equals(attrName)) {
                        if ((flags & SKIP_FRAMES) == 0) {
                            stackMap = v + 8;
                            frameCount = readUnsignedShort(v + 6);
                            zip = false;
                        }
                        /*
                         * IMPORTANT! here we assume that the frames are
                         * ordered, as in the StackMapTable attribute, although
                         * this is not guaranteed by the attribute format.
                         */
                    } else {
                        for (k = 0; k < attrs.length; ++k) {
                            if (attrs[k].type.equals(attrName)) {
                                attr = attrs[k].read(this,
                                        v + 6,
                                        readInt(v + 2),
                                        c,
                                        codeStart - 8,
                                        labels);
                                if (attr != null) {
                                    attr.next = cattrs;
                                    cattrs = attr;
                                }
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    v += 6 + readInt(v + 2);
                }

                // 2nd phase: visits each instruction
                if (FRAMES && stackMap != 0) {
                    // creates the very first (implicit) frame from the method
                    // descriptor
                    frameLocal = new Object[maxLocals];
                    frameStack = new Object[maxStack];
                    if (unzip) {
                        int local = 0;
                        if ((access & Opcodes.ACC_STATIC) == 0) {
                            if ("<init>".equals(name)) {
                                frameLocal[local++] = Opcodes.UNINITIALIZED_THIS;
                            } else {
                                frameLocal[local++] = readClass(header + 2, c);
                            }
                        }
                        j = 1;
                        loop: while (true) {
                            k = j;
                            switch (desc.charAt(j++)) {
                                case 'Z':
                                case 'C':
                                case 'B':
                                case 'S':
                                case 'I':
                                    frameLocal[local++] = Opcodes.INTEGER;
                                    break;
                                case 'F':
                                    frameLocal[local++] = Opcodes.FLOAT;
                                    break;
                                case 'J':
                                    frameLocal[local++] = Opcodes.LONG;
                                    break;
                                case 'D':
                                    frameLocal[local++] = Opcodes.DOUBLE;
                                    break;
                                case '[':
                                    while (desc.charAt(j) == '[') {
                                        ++j;
                                    }
                                    if (desc.charAt(j) == 'L') {
                                        ++j;
                                        while (desc.charAt(j) != ';') {
                                            ++j;
                                        }
                                    }
                                    frameLocal[local++] = desc.substring(k, ++j);
                                    break;
                                case 'L':
                                    while (desc.charAt(j) != ';') {
                                        ++j;
                                    }
                                    frameLocal[local++] = desc.substring(k + 1,
                                            j++);
                                    break;
                                default:
                                    break loop;
                            }
                        }
                        frameLocalCount = local;
                    }
                    /*
                     * for the first explicit frame the offset is not
                     * offset_delta + 1 but only offset_delta; setting the
                     * implicit frame offset to -1 allow the use of the
                     * "offset_delta + 1" rule in all cases
                     */
                    frameOffset = -1;
                }
                v = codeStart;
                Label l;
                while (v < codeEnd) {
                    w = v - codeStart;

                    l = labels[w];
                    if (l != null) {
                        mv.visitLabel(l);
                        if (!skipDebug && l.line > 0) {
                            mv.visitLineNumber(l.line, l);
                        }
                    }

                    while (FRAMES && frameLocal != null
                            && (frameOffset == w || frameOffset == -1))
                    {
                        // if there is a frame for this offset,
                        // makes the visitor visit it,
                        // and reads the next frame if there is one.
                        if (!zip || unzip) {
                            mv.visitFrame(Opcodes.F_NEW,
                                    frameLocalCount,
                                    frameLocal,
                                    frameStackCount,
                                    frameStack);
                        } else if (frameOffset != -1) {
                            mv.visitFrame(frameMode,
                                    frameLocalDiff,
                                    frameLocal,
                                    frameStackCount,
                                    frameStack);
                        }

                        if (frameCount > 0) {
                            int tag, delta, n;
                            if (zip) {
                                tag = b[stackMap++] & 0xFF;
                            } else {
                                tag = MethodWriter.FULL_FRAME;
                                frameOffset = -1;
                            }
                            frameLocalDiff = 0;
                            if (tag < MethodWriter.SAME_LOCALS_1_STACK_ITEM_FRAME)
                            {
                                delta = tag;
                                frameMode = Opcodes.F_SAME;
                                frameStackCount = 0;
                            } else if (tag < MethodWriter.RESERVED) {
                                delta = tag
                                        - MethodWriter.SAME_LOCALS_1_STACK_ITEM_FRAME;
                                stackMap = readFrameType(frameStack,
                                        0,
                                        stackMap,
                                        c,
                                        labels);
                                frameMode = Opcodes.F_SAME1;
                                frameStackCount = 1;
                            } else {
                                delta = readUnsignedShort(stackMap);
                                stackMap += 2;
                                if (tag == MethodWriter.SAME_LOCALS_1_STACK_ITEM_FRAME_EXTENDED)
                                {
                                    stackMap = readFrameType(frameStack,
                                            0,
                                            stackMap,
                                            c,
                                            labels);
                                    frameMode = Opcodes.F_SAME1;
                                    frameStackCount = 1;
                                } else if (tag >= MethodWriter.CHOP_FRAME
                                        && tag < MethodWriter.SAME_FRAME_EXTENDED)
                                {
                                    frameMode = Opcodes.F_CHOP;
                                    frameLocalDiff = MethodWriter.SAME_FRAME_EXTENDED
                                            - tag;
                                    frameLocalCount -= frameLocalDiff;
                                    frameStackCount = 0;
                                } else if (tag == MethodWriter.SAME_FRAME_EXTENDED)
                                {
                                    frameMode = Opcodes.F_SAME;
                                    frameStackCount = 0;
                                } else if (tag < MethodWriter.FULL_FRAME) {
                                    j = unzip ? frameLocalCount : 0;
                                    for (k = tag
                                            - MethodWriter.SAME_FRAME_EXTENDED; k > 0; k--)
                                    {
                                        stackMap = readFrameType(frameLocal,
                                                j++,
                                                stackMap,
                                                c,
                                                labels);
                                    }
                                    frameMode = Opcodes.F_APPEND;
                                    frameLocalDiff = tag
                                            - MethodWriter.SAME_FRAME_EXTENDED;
                                    frameLocalCount += frameLocalDiff;
                                    frameStackCount = 0;
                                } else { // if (tag == FULL_FRAME) {
                                    frameMode = Opcodes.F_FULL;
                                    n = frameLocalDiff = frameLocalCount = readUnsignedShort(stackMap);
                                    stackMap += 2;
                                    for (j = 0; n > 0; n--) {
                                        stackMap = readFrameType(frameLocal,
                                                j++,
                                                stackMap,
                                                c,
                                                labels);
                                    }
                                    n = frameStackCount = readUnsignedShort(stackMap);
                                    stackMap += 2;
                                    for (j = 0; n > 0; n--) {
                                        stackMap = readFrameType(frameStack,
                                                j++,
                                                stackMap,
                                                c,
                                                labels);
                                    }
                                }
                            }
                            frameOffset += delta + 1;
                            readLabel(frameOffset, labels);

                            --frameCount;
                        } else {
                            frameLocal = null;
                        }
                    }

                    int opcode = b[v] & 0xFF;
                    switch (ClassWriter.TYPE[opcode]) {
                        case ClassWriter.NOARG_INSN:
                            mv.visitInsn(opcode);
                            v += 1;
                            break;
                        case ClassWriter.IMPLVAR_INSN:
                            if (opcode > Opcodes.ISTORE) {
                                opcode -= 59; // ISTORE_0
                                mv.visitVarInsn(Opcodes.ISTORE + (opcode >> 2),
                                        opcode & 0x3);
                            } else {
                                opcode -= 26; // ILOAD_0
                                mv.visitVarInsn(Opcodes.ILOAD + (opcode >> 2),
                                        opcode & 0x3);
                            }
                            v += 1;
                            break;
                        case ClassWriter.LABEL_INSN:
                            mv.visitJumpInsn(opcode, labels[w
                                    + readShort(v + 1)]);
                            v += 3;
                            break;
                        case ClassWriter.LABELW_INSN:
                            mv.visitJumpInsn(opcode - 33, labels[w
                                    + readInt(v + 1)]);
                            v += 5;
                            break;
                        case ClassWriter.WIDE_INSN:
                            opcode = b[v + 1] & 0xFF;
                            if (opcode == Opcodes.IINC) {
                                mv.visitIincInsn(readUnsignedShort(v + 2),
                                        readShort(v + 4));
                                v += 6;
                            } else {
                                mv.visitVarInsn(opcode,
                                        readUnsignedShort(v + 2));
                                v += 4;
                            }
                            break;
                        case ClassWriter.TABL_INSN:
                            // skips 0 to 3 padding bytes
                            v = v + 4 - (w & 3);
                            // reads instruction
                            label = w + readInt(v);
                            int min = readInt(v + 4);
                            int max = readInt(v + 8);
                            v += 12;
                            Label[] table = new Label[max - min + 1];
                            for (j = 0; j < table.length; ++j) {
                                table[j] = labels[w + readInt(v)];
                                v += 4;
                            }
                            mv.visitTableSwitchInsn(min,
                                    max,
                                    labels[label],
                                    table);
                            break;
                        case ClassWriter.LOOK_INSN:
                            // skips 0 to 3 padding bytes
                            v = v + 4 - (w & 3);
                            // reads instruction
                            label = w + readInt(v);
                            j = readInt(v + 4);
                            v += 8;
                            int[] keys = new int[j];
                            Label[] values = new Label[j];
                            for (j = 0; j < keys.length; ++j) {
                                keys[j] = readInt(v);
                                values[j] = labels[w + readInt(v + 4)];
                                v += 8;
                            }
                            mv.visitLookupSwitchInsn(labels[label],
                                    keys,
                                    values);
                            break;
                        case ClassWriter.VAR_INSN:
                            mv.visitVarInsn(opcode, b[v + 1] & 0xFF);
                            v += 2;
                            break;
                        case ClassWriter.SBYTE_INSN:
                            mv.visitIntInsn(opcode, b[v + 1]);
                            v += 2;
                            break;
                        case ClassWriter.SHORT_INSN:
                            mv.visitIntInsn(opcode, readShort(v + 1));
                            v += 3;
                            break;
                        case ClassWriter.LDC_INSN:
                            mv.visitLdcInsn(readConst(b[v + 1] & 0xFF, c));
                            v += 2;
                            break;
                        case ClassWriter.LDCW_INSN:
                            mv.visitLdcInsn(readConst(readUnsignedShort(v + 1),
                                    c));
                            v += 3;
                            break;
                        case ClassWriter.FIELDORMETH_INSN:
                        case ClassWriter.ITFMETH_INSN:
                            int cpIndex = items[readUnsignedShort(v + 1)];
                            String iowner = readClass(cpIndex, c);
                            cpIndex = items[readUnsignedShort(cpIndex + 2)];
                            String iname = readUTF8(cpIndex, c);
                            String idesc = readUTF8(cpIndex + 2, c);
                            if (opcode < Opcodes.INVOKEVIRTUAL) {
                                mv.visitFieldInsn(opcode, iowner, iname, idesc);
                            } else {
                                mv.visitMethodInsn(opcode, iowner, iname, idesc);
                            }
                            if (opcode == Opcodes.INVOKEINTERFACE) {
                                v += 5;
                            } else {
                                v += 3;
                            }
                            break;
                        case ClassWriter.TYPE_INSN:
                            mv.visitTypeInsn(opcode, readClass(v + 1, c));
                            v += 3;
                            break;
                        case ClassWriter.IINC_INSN:
                            mv.visitIincInsn(b[v + 1] & 0xFF, b[v + 2]);
                            v += 3;
                            break;
                        // case MANA_INSN:
                        default:
                            mv.visitMultiANewArrayInsn(readClass(v + 1, c),
                                    b[v + 3] & 0xFF);
                            v += 4;
                            break;
                    }
                }
                l = labels[codeEnd - codeStart];
                if (l != null) {
                    mv.visitLabel(l);
                }
                // visits the local variable tables
                if (!skipDebug && varTable != 0) {
                    int[] typeTable = null;
                    if (varTypeTable != 0) {
                        k = readUnsignedShort(varTypeTable) * 3;
                        w = varTypeTable + 2;
                        typeTable = new int[k];
                        while (k > 0) {
                            typeTable[--k] = w + 6; // signature
                            typeTable[--k] = readUnsignedShort(w + 8); // index
                            typeTable[--k] = readUnsignedShort(w); // start
                            w += 10;
                        }
                    }
                    k = readUnsignedShort(varTable);
                    w = varTable + 2;
                    for (; k > 0; --k) {
                        int start = readUnsignedShort(w);
                        int length = readUnsignedShort(w + 2);
                        int index = readUnsignedShort(w + 8);
                        String vsignature = null;
                        if (typeTable != null) {
                            for (int a = 0; a < typeTable.length; a += 3) {
                                if (typeTable[a] == start
                                        && typeTable[a + 1] == index)
                                {
                                    vsignature = readUTF8(typeTable[a + 2], c);
                                    break;
                                }
                            }
                        }
                        mv.visitLocalVariable(readUTF8(w + 4, c),
                                readUTF8(w + 6, c),
                                vsignature,
                                labels[start],
                                labels[start + length],
                                index);
                        w += 10;
                    }
                }
                // visits the other attributes
                while (cattrs != null) {
                    attr = cattrs.next;
                    cattrs.next = null;
                    mv.visitAttribute(cattrs);
                    cattrs = attr;
                }
                // visits the max stack and max locals values
                mv.visitMaxs(maxStack, maxLocals);
            }

            if (mv != null) {
                mv.visitEnd();
            }
        }

        // visits the end of the class
        classVisitor.visitEnd();
    }

    /**
     * Reads parameter annotations and makes the given visitor visit them.
     *
     * @param v start offset in {@link #b b} of the annotations to be read.
     * @param desc the method descriptor.
     * @param buf buffer to be used to call {@link #readUTF8 readUTF8},
     *        {@link #readClass(int,char[]) readClass} or
     *        {@link #readConst readConst}.
     * @param visible <tt>true if the annotations to be read are visible
     *        at runtime.
     * @param mv the visitor that must visit the annotations.
     */
    private void readParameterAnnotations(
        int v,
        final String desc,
        final char[] buf,
        final boolean visible,
        final MethodVisitor mv)
    {
        int i;
        int n = b[v++] & 0xFF;
        // workaround for a bug in javac (javac compiler generates a parameter
        // annotation array whose size is equal to the number of parameters in
        // the Java source file, while it should generate an array whose size is
        // equal to the number of parameters in the method descriptor - which
        // includes the synthetic parameters added by the compiler). This work-
        // around supposes that the synthetic parameters are the first ones.
        int synthetics = Type.getArgumentTypes(desc).length - n;
        AnnotationVisitor av;
        for (i = 0; i < synthetics; ++i) {
            // virtual annotation to detect synthetic parameters in MethodWriter
            av = mv.visitParameterAnnotation(i, "Ljava/lang/Synthetic;", false);
            if (av != null) {
                av.visitEnd();
            }
        }
        for (; i < n + synthetics; ++i) {
            int j = readUnsignedShort(v);
            v += 2;
            for (; j > 0; --j) {
                av = mv.visitParameterAnnotation(i, readUTF8(v, buf), visible);
                v = readAnnotationValues(v + 2, buf, true, av);
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Reads the values of an annotation and makes the given visitor visit them.
     *
     * @param v the start offset in {@link #b b} of the values to be read
     *        (including the unsigned short that gives the number of values).
     * @param buf buffer to be used to call {@link #readUTF8 readUTF8},
     *        {@link #readClass(int,char[]) readClass} or
     *        {@link #readConst readConst}.
     * @param named if the annotation values are named or not.
     * @param av the visitor that must visit the values.
     * @return the end offset of the annotation values.
     */
    private int readAnnotationValues(
        int v,
        final char[] buf,
        final boolean named,
        final AnnotationVisitor av)
    {
        int i = readUnsignedShort(v);
        v += 2;
        if (named) {
            for (; i > 0; --i) {
                v = readAnnotationValue(v + 2, buf, readUTF8(v, buf), av);
            }
        } else {
            for (; i > 0; --i) {
                v = readAnnotationValue(v, buf, null, av);
            }
        }
        if (av != null) {
            av.visitEnd();
        }
        return v;
    }

    /**
     * Reads a value of an annotation and makes the given visitor visit it.
     *
     * @param v the start offset in {@link #b b} of the value to be read (<i>not
     *        including the value name constant pool index</i>).
     * @param buf buffer to be used to call {@link #readUTF8 readUTF8},
     *        {@link #readClass(int,char[]) readClass} or
     *        {@link #readConst readConst}.
     * @param name the name of the value to be read.
     * @param av the visitor that must visit the value.
     * @return the end offset of the annotation value.
     */
    private int readAnnotationValue(
        int v,
        final char[] buf,
        final String name,
        final AnnotationVisitor av)
    {
        int i;
        if (av == null) {
            switch (b[v] & 0xFF) {
                case 'e': // enum_const_value
                    return v + 5;
                case '@': // annotation_value
                    return readAnnotationValues(v + 3, buf, true, null);
                case '[': // array_value
                    return readAnnotationValues(v + 1, buf, false, null);
                default:
                    return v + 3;
            }
        }
        switch (b[v++] & 0xFF) {
            case 'I': // pointer to CONSTANT_Integer
            case 'J': // pointer to CONSTANT_Long
            case 'F': // pointer to CONSTANT_Float
            case 'D': // pointer to CONSTANT_Double
                av.visit(name, readConst(readUnsignedShort(v), buf));
                v += 2;
                break;
            case 'B': // pointer to CONSTANT_Byte
                av.visit(name,
                        new Byte((byte) readInt(items[readUnsignedShort(v)])));
                v += 2;
                break;
            case 'Z': // pointer to CONSTANT_Boolean
                av.visit(name, readInt(items[readUnsignedShort(v)]) == 0
                        ? Boolean.FALSE
                        : Boolean.TRUE);
                v += 2;
                break;
            case 'S': // pointer to CONSTANT_Short
                av.visit(name,
                        new Short((short) readInt(items[readUnsignedShort(v)])));
                v += 2;
                break;
            case 'C': // pointer to CONSTANT_Char
                av.visit(name,
                        new Character((char) readInt(items[readUnsignedShort(v)])));
                v += 2;
                break;
            case 's': // pointer to CONSTANT_Utf8
                av.visit(name, readUTF8(v, buf));
                v += 2;
                break;
            case 'e': // enum_const_value
                av.visitEnum(name, readUTF8(v, buf), readUTF8(v + 2, buf));
                v += 4;
                break;
            case 'c': // class_info
                av.visit(name, Type.getType(readUTF8(v, buf)));
                v += 2;
                break;
            case '@': // annotation_value
                v = readAnnotationValues(v + 2,
                        buf,
                        true,
                        av.visitAnnotation(name, readUTF8(v, buf)));
                break;
            case '[': // array_value
                int size = readUnsignedShort(v);
                v += 2;
                if (size == 0) {
                    return readAnnotationValues(v - 2,
                            buf,
                            false,
                            av.visitArray(name));
                }
                switch (this.b[v++] & 0xFF) {
                    case 'B':
                        byte[] bv = new byte[size];
                        for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
                            bv[i] = (byte) readInt(items[readUnsignedShort(v)]);
                            v += 3;
                        }
                        av.visit(name, bv);
                        --v;
                        break;
                    case 'Z':
                        boolean[] zv = new boolean[size];
                        for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
                            zv[i] = readInt(items[readUnsignedShort(v)]) != 0;
                            v += 3;
                        }
                        av.visit(name, zv);
                        --v;
                        break;
                    case 'S':
                        short[] sv = new short[size];
                        for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
                            sv[i] = (short) readInt(items[readUnsignedShort(v)]);
                            v += 3;
                        }
                        av.visit(name, sv);
                        --v;
                        break;
                    case 'C':
                        char[] cv = new char[size];
                        for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
                            cv[i] = (char) readInt(items[readUnsignedShort(v)]);
                            v += 3;
                        }
                        av.visit(name, cv);
                        --v;
                        break;
                    case 'I':
                        int[] iv = new int[size];
                        for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
                            iv[i] = readInt(items[readUnsignedShort(v)]);
                            v += 3;
                        }
                        av.visit(name, iv);
                        --v;
                        break;
                    case 'J':
                        long[] lv = new long[size];
                        for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
                            lv[i] = readLong(items[readUnsignedShort(v)]);
                            v += 3;
                        }
                        av.visit(name, lv);
                        --v;
                        break;
                    case 'F':
                        float[] fv = new float[size];
                        for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
                            fv[i] = Float.intBitsToFloat(readInt(items[readUnsignedShort(v)]));
                            v += 3;
                        }
                        av.visit(name, fv);
                        --v;
                        break;
                    case 'D':
                        double[] dv = new double[size];
                        for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
                            dv[i] = Double.longBitsToDouble(readLong(items[readUnsignedShort(v)]));
                            v += 3;
                        }
                        av.visit(name, dv);
                        --v;
                        break;
                    default:
                        v = readAnnotationValues(v - 3,
                                buf,
                                false,
                                av.visitArray(name));
                }
        }
        return v;
    }

    private int readFrameType(
        final Object[] frame,
        final int index,
        int v,
        final char[] buf,
        final Label[] labels)
    {
        int type = b[v++] & 0xFF;
        switch (type) {
            case 0:
                frame[index] = Opcodes.TOP;
                break;
            case 1:
                frame[index] = Opcodes.INTEGER;
                break;
            case 2:
                frame[index] = Opcodes.FLOAT;
                break;
            case 3:
                frame[index] = Opcodes.DOUBLE;
                break;
            case 4:
                frame[index] = Opcodes.LONG;
                break;
            case 5:
                frame[index] = Opcodes.NULL;
                break;
            case 6:
                frame[index] = Opcodes.UNINITIALIZED_THIS;
                break;
            case 7: // Object
                frame[index] = readClass(v, buf);
                v += 2;
                break;
            default: // Uninitialized
                frame[index] = readLabel(readUnsignedShort(v), labels);
                v += 2;
        }
        return v;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the label corresponding to the given offset. The default
     * implementation of this method creates a label for the given offset if it
     * has not been already created.
     *
     * @param offset a bytecode offset in a method.
     * @param labels the already created labels, indexed by their offset. If a
     *        label already exists for offset this method must not create a new
     *        one. Otherwise it must store the new label in this array.
     * @return a non null Label, which must be equal to labels[offset].
     */
    protected Label readLabel(int offset, Label[] labels) {
        if (labels[offset] == null) {
            labels[offset] = new Label();
        }
        return labels[offset];
    }

    /**
     * Reads an attribute in {@link #b b}.
     *
     * @param attrs prototypes of the attributes that must be parsed during the
     *        visit of the class. Any attribute whose type is not equal to the
     *        type of one the prototypes is ignored (i.e. an empty
     *        {@link Attribute} instance is returned).
     * @param type the type of the attribute.
     * @param off index of the first byte of the attribute's content in
     *        {@link #b b}. The 6 attribute header bytes, containing the type
     *        and the length of the attribute, are not taken into account here
     *        (they have already been read).
     * @param len the length of the attribute's content.
     * @param buf buffer to be used to call {@link #readUTF8 readUTF8},
     *        {@link #readClass(int,char[]) readClass} or
     *        {@link #readConst readConst}.
     * @param codeOff index of the first byte of code's attribute content in
     *        {@link #b b}, or -1 if the attribute to be read is not a code
     *        attribute. The 6 attribute header bytes, containing the type and
     *        the length of the attribute, are not taken into account here.
     * @param labels the labels of the method's code, or <tt>null if the
     *        attribute to be read is not a code attribute.
     * @return the attribute that has been read, or <tt>null to skip this
     *         attribute.
     */
    private Attribute readAttribute(
        final Attribute[] attrs,
        final String type,
        final int off,
        final int len,
        final char[] buf,
        final int codeOff,
        final Label[] labels)
    {
        for (int i = 0; i < attrs.length; ++i) {
            if (attrs[i].type.equals(type)) {
                return attrs[i].read(this, off, len, buf, codeOff, labels);
            }
        }
        return new Attribute(type).read(this, off, len, null, -1, null);
    }

    // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
    // Utility methods: low level parsing
    // ------------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * Returns the start index of the constant pool item in {@link #b b}, plus
     * one. <i>This method is intended for {@link Attribute} sub classes, and is
     * normally not needed by class generators or adapters.</i>
     *
     * @param item the index a constant pool item.
     * @return the start index of the constant pool item in {@link #b b}, plus
     *         one.
     */
    public int getItem(final int item) {
        return items[item];
    }

    /**
     * Reads a byte value in {@link #b b}. <i>This method is intended for
     * {@link Attribute} sub classes, and is normally not needed by class
     * generators or adapters.</i>
     *
     * @param index the start index of the value to be read in {@link #b b}.
     * @return the read value.
     */
    public int readByte(final int index) {
        return b[index] & 0xFF;
    }

    /**
     * Reads an unsigned short value in {@link #b b}. <i>This method is
     * intended for {@link Attribute} sub classes, and is normally not needed by
     * class generators or adapters.</i>
     *
     * @param index the start index of the value to be read in {@link #b b}.
     * @return the read value.
     */
    public int readUnsignedShort(final int index) {
        byte[] b = this.b;
        return ((b[index] & 0xFF) << 8) | (b[index + 1] & 0xFF);
    }

    /**
     * Reads a signed short value in {@link #b b}. <i>This method is intended
     * for {@link Attribute} sub classes, and is normally not needed by class
     * generators or adapters.</i>
     *
     * @param index the start index of the value to be read in {@link #b b}.
     * @return the read value.
     */
    public short readShort(final int index) {
        byte[] b = this.b;
        return (short) (((b[index] & 0xFF) << 8) | (b[index + 1] & 0xFF));
    }

    /**
     * Reads a signed int value in {@link #b b}. <i>This method is intended for
     * {@link Attribute} sub classes, and is normally not needed by class
     * generators or adapters.</i>
     *
     * @param index the start index of the value to be read in {@link #b b}.
     * @return the read value.
     */
    public int readInt(final int index) {
        byte[] b = this.b;
        return ((b[index] & 0xFF) << 24) | ((b[index + 1] & 0xFF) << 16)
                | ((b[index + 2] & 0xFF) << 8) | (b[index + 3] & 0xFF);
    }

    /**
     * Reads a signed long value in {@link #b b}. <i>This method is intended
     * for {@link Attribute} sub classes, and is normally not needed by class
     * generators or adapters.</i>
     *
     * @param index the start index of the value to be read in {@link #b b}.
     * @return the read value.
     */
    public long readLong(final int index) {
        long l1 = readInt(index);
        long l0 = readInt(index + 4) & 0xFFFFFFFFL;
        return (l1 << 32) | l0;
    }

    /**
     * Reads an UTF8 string constant pool item in {@link #b b}. <i>This method
     * is intended for {@link Attribute} sub classes, and is normally not needed
     * by class generators or adapters.</i>
     *
     * @param index the start index of an unsigned short value in {@link #b b},
     *        whose value is the index of an UTF8 constant pool item.
     * @param buf buffer to be used to read the item. This buffer must be
     *        sufficiently large. It is not automatically resized.
     * @return the String corresponding to the specified UTF8 item.
     */
    public String readUTF8(int index, final char[] buf) {
        int item = readUnsignedShort(index);
        String s = strings[item];
        if (s != null) {
            return s;
        }
        index = items[item];
        return strings[item] = readUTF(index + 2, readUnsignedShort(index), buf);
    }

    /**
     * Reads UTF8 string in {@link #b b}.
     *
     * @param index start offset of the UTF8 string to be read.
     * @param utfLen length of the UTF8 string to be read.
     * @param buf buffer to be used to read the string. This buffer must be
     *        sufficiently large. It is not automatically resized.
     * @return the String corresponding to the specified UTF8 string.
     */
    private String readUTF(int index, final int utfLen, final char[] buf) {
        int endIndex = index + utfLen;
        byte[] b = this.b;
        int strLen = 0;
        int c, d, e;
        while (index < endIndex) {
            c = b[index++] & 0xFF;
            switch (c >> 4) {
                case 0:
                case 1:
                case 2:
                case 3:
                case 4:
                case 5:
                case 6:
                case 7:
                    // 0xxxxxxx
                    buf[strLen++] = (char) c;
                    break;
                case 12:
                case 13:
                    // 110x xxxx 10xx xxxx
                    d = b[index++];
                    buf[strLen++] = (char) (((c & 0x1F) << 6) | (d & 0x3F));
                    break;
                default:
                    // 1110 xxxx 10xx xxxx 10xx xxxx
                    d = b[index++];
                    e = b[index++];
                    buf[strLen++] = (char) (((c & 0x0F) << 12)
                            | ((d & 0x3F) << 6) | (e & 0x3F));
                    break;
            }
        }
        return new String(buf, 0, strLen);
    }

    /**
     * Reads a class constant pool item in {@link #b b}. <i>This method is
     * intended for {@link Attribute} sub classes, and is normally not needed by
     * class generators or adapters.</i>
     *
     * @param index the start index of an unsigned short value in {@link #b b},
     *        whose value is the index of a class constant pool item.
     * @param buf buffer to be used to read the item. This buffer must be
     *        sufficiently large. It is not automatically resized.
     * @return the String corresponding to the specified class item.
     */
    public String readClass(final int index, final char[] buf) {
        // computes the start index of the CONSTANT_Class item in b
        // and reads the CONSTANT_Utf8 item designated by
        // the first two bytes of this CONSTANT_Class item
        return readUTF8(items[readUnsignedShort(index)], buf);
    }

    /**
     * Reads a numeric or string constant pool item in {@link #b b}. <i>This
     * method is intended for {@link Attribute} sub classes, and is normally not
     * needed by class generators or adapters.</i>
     *
     * @param item the index of a constant pool item.
     * @param buf buffer to be used to read the item. This buffer must be
     *        sufficiently large. It is not automatically resized.
     * @return the {@link Integer}, {@link Float}, {@link Long},
     *         {@link Double}, {@link String} or {@link Type} corresponding to
     *         the given constant pool item.
     */
    public Object readConst(final int item, final char[] buf) {
        int index = items[item];
        switch (b[index - 1]) {
            case ClassWriter.INT:
                return new Integer(readInt(index));
            case ClassWriter.FLOAT:
                return new Float(Float.intBitsToFloat(readInt(index)));
            case ClassWriter.LONG:
                return new Long(readLong(index));
            case ClassWriter.DOUBLE:
                return new Double(Double.longBitsToDouble(readLong(index)));
            case ClassWriter.CLASS:
                return Type.getObjectType(readUTF8(index, buf));
                // case ClassWriter.STR:
            default:
                return readUTF8(index, buf);
        }
    }
}

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