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Java example source code file (ObjectStreamClass.java)

This example Java source code file (ObjectStreamClass.java) is included in the alvinalexander.com "Java Source Code Warehouse" project. The intent of this project is to help you "Learn Java by Example" TM.

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Java - Java tags/keywords

class, entryfuture, exceptioninfo, fieldreflector, internalerror, invalidclassexception, ioexception, membersignature, method, no_fields, objectstreamclass, objectstreamfield, reflection, security, string, threading, threads, unsupportedoperationexception, util

The ObjectStreamClass.java Java example source code

/*
 * Copyright (c) 1996, 2013, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
 * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
 *
 * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
 * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
 * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
 * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
 * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
 *
 * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
 * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
 * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
 * accompanied this code).
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
 * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
 * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
 *
 * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
 * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
 * questions.
 */

package java.io;

import java.lang.ref.Reference;
import java.lang.ref.ReferenceQueue;
import java.lang.ref.SoftReference;
import java.lang.ref.WeakReference;
import java.lang.reflect.Constructor;
import java.lang.reflect.Field;
import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
import java.lang.reflect.Member;
import java.lang.reflect.Method;
import java.lang.reflect.Modifier;
import java.lang.reflect.Proxy;
import java.security.AccessController;
import java.security.MessageDigest;
import java.security.NoSuchAlgorithmException;
import java.security.PrivilegedAction;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.Comparator;
import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.Set;
import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentMap;
import sun.misc.Unsafe;
import sun.reflect.CallerSensitive;
import sun.reflect.Reflection;
import sun.reflect.ReflectionFactory;
import sun.reflect.misc.ReflectUtil;

/**
 * Serialization's descriptor for classes.  It contains the name and
 * serialVersionUID of the class.  The ObjectStreamClass for a specific class
 * loaded in this Java VM can be found/created using the lookup method.
 *
 * <p>The algorithm to compute the SerialVersionUID is described in
 * <a href="../../../platform/serialization/spec/class.html#4100">Object
 * Serialization Specification, Section 4.6, Stream Unique Identifiers</a>.
 *
 * @author      Mike Warres
 * @author      Roger Riggs
 * @see ObjectStreamField
 * @see <a href="../../../platform/serialization/spec/class.html">Object Serialization Specification, Section 4, Class Descriptors
 * @since   JDK1.1
 */
public class ObjectStreamClass implements Serializable {

    /** serialPersistentFields value indicating no serializable fields */
    public static final ObjectStreamField[] NO_FIELDS =
        new ObjectStreamField[0];

    private static final long serialVersionUID = -6120832682080437368L;
    private static final ObjectStreamField[] serialPersistentFields =
        NO_FIELDS;

    /** reflection factory for obtaining serialization constructors */
    private static final ReflectionFactory reflFactory =
        AccessController.doPrivileged(
            new ReflectionFactory.GetReflectionFactoryAction());

    private static class Caches {
        /** cache mapping local classes -> descriptors */
        static final ConcurrentMap<WeakClassKey,Reference localDescs =
            new ConcurrentHashMap<>();

        /** cache mapping field group/local desc pairs -> field reflectors */
        static final ConcurrentMap<FieldReflectorKey,Reference reflectors =
            new ConcurrentHashMap<>();

        /** queue for WeakReferences to local classes */
        private static final ReferenceQueue<Class localDescsQueue =
            new ReferenceQueue<>();
        /** queue for WeakReferences to field reflectors keys */
        private static final ReferenceQueue<Class reflectorsQueue =
            new ReferenceQueue<>();
    }

    /** class associated with this descriptor (if any) */
    private Class<?> cl;
    /** name of class represented by this descriptor */
    private String name;
    /** serialVersionUID of represented class (null if not computed yet) */
    private volatile Long suid;

    /** true if represents dynamic proxy class */
    private boolean isProxy;
    /** true if represents enum type */
    private boolean isEnum;
    /** true if represented class implements Serializable */
    private boolean serializable;
    /** true if represented class implements Externalizable */
    private boolean externalizable;
    /** true if desc has data written by class-defined writeObject method */
    private boolean hasWriteObjectData;
    /**
     * true if desc has externalizable data written in block data format; this
     * must be true by default to accommodate ObjectInputStream subclasses which
     * override readClassDescriptor() to return class descriptors obtained from
     * ObjectStreamClass.lookup() (see 4461737)
     */
    private boolean hasBlockExternalData = true;

    /**
     * Contains information about InvalidClassException instances to be thrown
     * when attempting operations on an invalid class. Note that instances of
     * this class are immutable and are potentially shared among
     * ObjectStreamClass instances.
     */
    private static class ExceptionInfo {
        private final String className;
        private final String message;

        ExceptionInfo(String cn, String msg) {
            className = cn;
            message = msg;
        }

        /**
         * Returns (does not throw) an InvalidClassException instance created
         * from the information in this object, suitable for being thrown by
         * the caller.
         */
        InvalidClassException newInvalidClassException() {
            return new InvalidClassException(className, message);
        }
    }

    /** exception (if any) thrown while attempting to resolve class */
    private ClassNotFoundException resolveEx;
    /** exception (if any) to throw if non-enum deserialization attempted */
    private ExceptionInfo deserializeEx;
    /** exception (if any) to throw if non-enum serialization attempted */
    private ExceptionInfo serializeEx;
    /** exception (if any) to throw if default serialization attempted */
    private ExceptionInfo defaultSerializeEx;

    /** serializable fields */
    private ObjectStreamField[] fields;
    /** aggregate marshalled size of primitive fields */
    private int primDataSize;
    /** number of non-primitive fields */
    private int numObjFields;
    /** reflector for setting/getting serializable field values */
    private FieldReflector fieldRefl;
    /** data layout of serialized objects described by this class desc */
    private volatile ClassDataSlot[] dataLayout;

    /** serialization-appropriate constructor, or null if none */
    private Constructor<?> cons;
    /** class-defined writeObject method, or null if none */
    private Method writeObjectMethod;
    /** class-defined readObject method, or null if none */
    private Method readObjectMethod;
    /** class-defined readObjectNoData method, or null if none */
    private Method readObjectNoDataMethod;
    /** class-defined writeReplace method, or null if none */
    private Method writeReplaceMethod;
    /** class-defined readResolve method, or null if none */
    private Method readResolveMethod;

    /** local class descriptor for represented class (may point to self) */
    private ObjectStreamClass localDesc;
    /** superclass descriptor appearing in stream */
    private ObjectStreamClass superDesc;

    /**
     * Initializes native code.
     */
    private static native void initNative();
    static {
        initNative();
    }

    /**
     * Find the descriptor for a class that can be serialized.  Creates an
     * ObjectStreamClass instance if one does not exist yet for class. Null is
     * returned if the specified class does not implement java.io.Serializable
     * or java.io.Externalizable.
     *
     * @param   cl class for which to get the descriptor
     * @return  the class descriptor for the specified class
     */
    public static ObjectStreamClass lookup(Class<?> cl) {
        return lookup(cl, false);
    }

    /**
     * Returns the descriptor for any class, regardless of whether it
     * implements {@link Serializable}.
     *
     * @param        cl class for which to get the descriptor
     * @return       the class descriptor for the specified class
     * @since 1.6
     */
    public static ObjectStreamClass lookupAny(Class<?> cl) {
        return lookup(cl, true);
    }

    /**
     * Returns the name of the class described by this descriptor.
     * This method returns the name of the class in the format that
     * is used by the {@link Class#getName} method.
     *
     * @return a string representing the name of the class
     */
    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }

    /**
     * Return the serialVersionUID for this class.  The serialVersionUID
     * defines a set of classes all with the same name that have evolved from a
     * common root class and agree to be serialized and deserialized using a
     * common format.  NonSerializable classes have a serialVersionUID of 0L.
     *
     * @return  the SUID of the class described by this descriptor
     */
    public long getSerialVersionUID() {
        // REMIND: synchronize instead of relying on volatile?
        if (suid == null) {
            suid = AccessController.doPrivileged(
                new PrivilegedAction<Long>() {
                    public Long run() {
                        return computeDefaultSUID(cl);
                    }
                }
            );
        }
        return suid.longValue();
    }

    /**
     * Return the class in the local VM that this version is mapped to.  Null
     * is returned if there is no corresponding local class.
     *
     * @return  the <code>Class instance that this descriptor represents
     */
    @CallerSensitive
    public Class<?> forClass() {
        if (cl == null) {
            return null;
        }
        if (System.getSecurityManager() != null) {
            Class<?> caller = Reflection.getCallerClass();
            if (ReflectUtil.needsPackageAccessCheck(caller.getClassLoader(), cl.getClassLoader())) {
                ReflectUtil.checkPackageAccess(cl);
            }
        }
        return cl;
    }

    /**
     * Return an array of the fields of this serializable class.
     *
     * @return  an array containing an element for each persistent field of
     *          this class. Returns an array of length zero if there are no
     *          fields.
     * @since 1.2
     */
    public ObjectStreamField[] getFields() {
        return getFields(true);
    }

    /**
     * Get the field of this class by name.
     *
     * @param   name the name of the data field to look for
     * @return  The ObjectStreamField object of the named field or null if
     *          there is no such named field.
     */
    public ObjectStreamField getField(String name) {
        return getField(name, null);
    }

    /**
     * Return a string describing this ObjectStreamClass.
     */
    public String toString() {
        return name + ": static final long serialVersionUID = " +
            getSerialVersionUID() + "L;";
    }

    /**
     * Looks up and returns class descriptor for given class, or null if class
     * is non-serializable and "all" is set to false.
     *
     * @param   cl class to look up
     * @param   all if true, return descriptors for all classes; if false, only
     *          return descriptors for serializable classes
     */
    static ObjectStreamClass lookup(Class<?> cl, boolean all) {
        if (!(all || Serializable.class.isAssignableFrom(cl))) {
            return null;
        }
        processQueue(Caches.localDescsQueue, Caches.localDescs);
        WeakClassKey key = new WeakClassKey(cl, Caches.localDescsQueue);
        Reference<?> ref = Caches.localDescs.get(key);
        Object entry = null;
        if (ref != null) {
            entry = ref.get();
        }
        EntryFuture future = null;
        if (entry == null) {
            EntryFuture newEntry = new EntryFuture();
            Reference<?> newRef = new SoftReference<>(newEntry);
            do {
                if (ref != null) {
                    Caches.localDescs.remove(key, ref);
                }
                ref = Caches.localDescs.putIfAbsent(key, newRef);
                if (ref != null) {
                    entry = ref.get();
                }
            } while (ref != null && entry == null);
            if (entry == null) {
                future = newEntry;
            }
        }

        if (entry instanceof ObjectStreamClass) {  // check common case first
            return (ObjectStreamClass) entry;
        }
        if (entry instanceof EntryFuture) {
            future = (EntryFuture) entry;
            if (future.getOwner() == Thread.currentThread()) {
                /*
                 * Handle nested call situation described by 4803747: waiting
                 * for future value to be set by a lookup() call further up the
                 * stack will result in deadlock, so calculate and set the
                 * future value here instead.
                 */
                entry = null;
            } else {
                entry = future.get();
            }
        }
        if (entry == null) {
            try {
                entry = new ObjectStreamClass(cl);
            } catch (Throwable th) {
                entry = th;
            }
            if (future.set(entry)) {
                Caches.localDescs.put(key, new SoftReference<Object>(entry));
            } else {
                // nested lookup call already set future
                entry = future.get();
            }
        }

        if (entry instanceof ObjectStreamClass) {
            return (ObjectStreamClass) entry;
        } else if (entry instanceof RuntimeException) {
            throw (RuntimeException) entry;
        } else if (entry instanceof Error) {
            throw (Error) entry;
        } else {
            throw new InternalError("unexpected entry: " + entry);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Placeholder used in class descriptor and field reflector lookup tables
     * for an entry in the process of being initialized.  (Internal) callers
     * which receive an EntryFuture belonging to another thread as the result
     * of a lookup should call the get() method of the EntryFuture; this will
     * return the actual entry once it is ready for use and has been set().  To
     * conserve objects, EntryFutures synchronize on themselves.
     */
    private static class EntryFuture {

        private static final Object unset = new Object();
        private final Thread owner = Thread.currentThread();
        private Object entry = unset;

        /**
         * Attempts to set the value contained by this EntryFuture.  If the
         * EntryFuture's value has not been set already, then the value is
         * saved, any callers blocked in the get() method are notified, and
         * true is returned.  If the value has already been set, then no saving
         * or notification occurs, and false is returned.
         */
        synchronized boolean set(Object entry) {
            if (this.entry != unset) {
                return false;
            }
            this.entry = entry;
            notifyAll();
            return true;
        }

        /**
         * Returns the value contained by this EntryFuture, blocking if
         * necessary until a value is set.
         */
        synchronized Object get() {
            boolean interrupted = false;
            while (entry == unset) {
                try {
                    wait();
                } catch (InterruptedException ex) {
                    interrupted = true;
                }
            }
            if (interrupted) {
                AccessController.doPrivileged(
                    new PrivilegedAction<Void>() {
                        public Void run() {
                            Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
                            return null;
                        }
                    }
                );
            }
            return entry;
        }

        /**
         * Returns the thread that created this EntryFuture.
         */
        Thread getOwner() {
            return owner;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Creates local class descriptor representing given class.
     */
    private ObjectStreamClass(final Class<?> cl) {
        this.cl = cl;
        name = cl.getName();
        isProxy = Proxy.isProxyClass(cl);
        isEnum = Enum.class.isAssignableFrom(cl);
        serializable = Serializable.class.isAssignableFrom(cl);
        externalizable = Externalizable.class.isAssignableFrom(cl);

        Class<?> superCl = cl.getSuperclass();
        superDesc = (superCl != null) ? lookup(superCl, false) : null;
        localDesc = this;

        if (serializable) {
            AccessController.doPrivileged(new PrivilegedAction<Void>() {
                public Void run() {
                    if (isEnum) {
                        suid = Long.valueOf(0);
                        fields = NO_FIELDS;
                        return null;
                    }
                    if (cl.isArray()) {
                        fields = NO_FIELDS;
                        return null;
                    }

                    suid = getDeclaredSUID(cl);
                    try {
                        fields = getSerialFields(cl);
                        computeFieldOffsets();
                    } catch (InvalidClassException e) {
                        serializeEx = deserializeEx =
                            new ExceptionInfo(e.classname, e.getMessage());
                        fields = NO_FIELDS;
                    }

                    if (externalizable) {
                        cons = getExternalizableConstructor(cl);
                    } else {
                        cons = getSerializableConstructor(cl);
                        writeObjectMethod = getPrivateMethod(cl, "writeObject",
                            new Class<?>[] { ObjectOutputStream.class },
                            Void.TYPE);
                        readObjectMethod = getPrivateMethod(cl, "readObject",
                            new Class<?>[] { ObjectInputStream.class },
                            Void.TYPE);
                        readObjectNoDataMethod = getPrivateMethod(
                            cl, "readObjectNoData", null, Void.TYPE);
                        hasWriteObjectData = (writeObjectMethod != null);
                    }
                    writeReplaceMethod = getInheritableMethod(
                        cl, "writeReplace", null, Object.class);
                    readResolveMethod = getInheritableMethod(
                        cl, "readResolve", null, Object.class);
                    return null;
                }
            });
        } else {
            suid = Long.valueOf(0);
            fields = NO_FIELDS;
        }

        try {
            fieldRefl = getReflector(fields, this);
        } catch (InvalidClassException ex) {
            // field mismatches impossible when matching local fields vs. self
            throw new InternalError(ex);
        }

        if (deserializeEx == null) {
            if (isEnum) {
                deserializeEx = new ExceptionInfo(name, "enum type");
            } else if (cons == null) {
                deserializeEx = new ExceptionInfo(name, "no valid constructor");
            }
        }
        for (int i = 0; i < fields.length; i++) {
            if (fields[i].getField() == null) {
                defaultSerializeEx = new ExceptionInfo(
                    name, "unmatched serializable field(s) declared");
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Creates blank class descriptor which should be initialized via a
     * subsequent call to initProxy(), initNonProxy() or readNonProxy().
     */
    ObjectStreamClass() {
    }

    /**
     * Initializes class descriptor representing a proxy class.
     */
    void initProxy(Class<?> cl,
                   ClassNotFoundException resolveEx,
                   ObjectStreamClass superDesc)
        throws InvalidClassException
    {
        this.cl = cl;
        this.resolveEx = resolveEx;
        this.superDesc = superDesc;
        isProxy = true;
        serializable = true;
        suid = Long.valueOf(0);
        fields = NO_FIELDS;

        if (cl != null) {
            localDesc = lookup(cl, true);
            if (!localDesc.isProxy) {
                throw new InvalidClassException(
                    "cannot bind proxy descriptor to a non-proxy class");
            }
            name = localDesc.name;
            externalizable = localDesc.externalizable;
            cons = localDesc.cons;
            writeReplaceMethod = localDesc.writeReplaceMethod;
            readResolveMethod = localDesc.readResolveMethod;
            deserializeEx = localDesc.deserializeEx;
        }
        fieldRefl = getReflector(fields, localDesc);
    }

    /**
     * Initializes class descriptor representing a non-proxy class.
     */
    void initNonProxy(ObjectStreamClass model,
                      Class<?> cl,
                      ClassNotFoundException resolveEx,
                      ObjectStreamClass superDesc)
        throws InvalidClassException
    {
        this.cl = cl;
        this.resolveEx = resolveEx;
        this.superDesc = superDesc;
        name = model.name;
        suid = Long.valueOf(model.getSerialVersionUID());
        isProxy = false;
        isEnum = model.isEnum;
        serializable = model.serializable;
        externalizable = model.externalizable;
        hasBlockExternalData = model.hasBlockExternalData;
        hasWriteObjectData = model.hasWriteObjectData;
        fields = model.fields;
        primDataSize = model.primDataSize;
        numObjFields = model.numObjFields;

        if (cl != null) {
            localDesc = lookup(cl, true);
            if (localDesc.isProxy) {
                throw new InvalidClassException(
                    "cannot bind non-proxy descriptor to a proxy class");
            }
            if (isEnum != localDesc.isEnum) {
                throw new InvalidClassException(isEnum ?
                    "cannot bind enum descriptor to a non-enum class" :
                    "cannot bind non-enum descriptor to an enum class");
            }

            if (serializable == localDesc.serializable &&
                !cl.isArray() &&
                suid.longValue() != localDesc.getSerialVersionUID())
            {
                throw new InvalidClassException(localDesc.name,
                    "local class incompatible: " +
                    "stream classdesc serialVersionUID = " + suid +
                    ", local class serialVersionUID = " +
                    localDesc.getSerialVersionUID());
            }

            if (!classNamesEqual(name, localDesc.name)) {
                throw new InvalidClassException(localDesc.name,
                    "local class name incompatible with stream class " +
                    "name \"" + name + "\"");
            }

            if (!isEnum) {
                if ((serializable == localDesc.serializable) &&
                    (externalizable != localDesc.externalizable))
                {
                    throw new InvalidClassException(localDesc.name,
                        "Serializable incompatible with Externalizable");
                }

                if ((serializable != localDesc.serializable) ||
                    (externalizable != localDesc.externalizable) ||
                    !(serializable || externalizable))
                {
                    deserializeEx = new ExceptionInfo(
                        localDesc.name, "class invalid for deserialization");
                }
            }

            cons = localDesc.cons;
            writeObjectMethod = localDesc.writeObjectMethod;
            readObjectMethod = localDesc.readObjectMethod;
            readObjectNoDataMethod = localDesc.readObjectNoDataMethod;
            writeReplaceMethod = localDesc.writeReplaceMethod;
            readResolveMethod = localDesc.readResolveMethod;
            if (deserializeEx == null) {
                deserializeEx = localDesc.deserializeEx;
            }
        }
        fieldRefl = getReflector(fields, localDesc);
        // reassign to matched fields so as to reflect local unshared settings
        fields = fieldRefl.getFields();
    }

    /**
     * Reads non-proxy class descriptor information from given input stream.
     * The resulting class descriptor is not fully functional; it can only be
     * used as input to the ObjectInputStream.resolveClass() and
     * ObjectStreamClass.initNonProxy() methods.
     */
    void readNonProxy(ObjectInputStream in)
        throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException
    {
        name = in.readUTF();
        suid = Long.valueOf(in.readLong());
        isProxy = false;

        byte flags = in.readByte();
        hasWriteObjectData =
            ((flags & ObjectStreamConstants.SC_WRITE_METHOD) != 0);
        hasBlockExternalData =
            ((flags & ObjectStreamConstants.SC_BLOCK_DATA) != 0);
        externalizable =
            ((flags & ObjectStreamConstants.SC_EXTERNALIZABLE) != 0);
        boolean sflag =
            ((flags & ObjectStreamConstants.SC_SERIALIZABLE) != 0);
        if (externalizable && sflag) {
            throw new InvalidClassException(
                name, "serializable and externalizable flags conflict");
        }
        serializable = externalizable || sflag;
        isEnum = ((flags & ObjectStreamConstants.SC_ENUM) != 0);
        if (isEnum && suid.longValue() != 0L) {
            throw new InvalidClassException(name,
                "enum descriptor has non-zero serialVersionUID: " + suid);
        }

        int numFields = in.readShort();
        if (isEnum && numFields != 0) {
            throw new InvalidClassException(name,
                "enum descriptor has non-zero field count: " + numFields);
        }
        fields = (numFields > 0) ?
            new ObjectStreamField[numFields] : NO_FIELDS;
        for (int i = 0; i < numFields; i++) {
            char tcode = (char) in.readByte();
            String fname = in.readUTF();
            String signature = ((tcode == 'L') || (tcode == '[')) ?
                in.readTypeString() : new String(new char[] { tcode });
            try {
                fields[i] = new ObjectStreamField(fname, signature, false);
            } catch (RuntimeException e) {
                throw (IOException) new InvalidClassException(name,
                    "invalid descriptor for field " + fname).initCause(e);
            }
        }
        computeFieldOffsets();
    }

    /**
     * Writes non-proxy class descriptor information to given output stream.
     */
    void writeNonProxy(ObjectOutputStream out) throws IOException {
        out.writeUTF(name);
        out.writeLong(getSerialVersionUID());

        byte flags = 0;
        if (externalizable) {
            flags |= ObjectStreamConstants.SC_EXTERNALIZABLE;
            int protocol = out.getProtocolVersion();
            if (protocol != ObjectStreamConstants.PROTOCOL_VERSION_1) {
                flags |= ObjectStreamConstants.SC_BLOCK_DATA;
            }
        } else if (serializable) {
            flags |= ObjectStreamConstants.SC_SERIALIZABLE;
        }
        if (hasWriteObjectData) {
            flags |= ObjectStreamConstants.SC_WRITE_METHOD;
        }
        if (isEnum) {
            flags |= ObjectStreamConstants.SC_ENUM;
        }
        out.writeByte(flags);

        out.writeShort(fields.length);
        for (int i = 0; i < fields.length; i++) {
            ObjectStreamField f = fields[i];
            out.writeByte(f.getTypeCode());
            out.writeUTF(f.getName());
            if (!f.isPrimitive()) {
                out.writeTypeString(f.getTypeString());
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns ClassNotFoundException (if any) thrown while attempting to
     * resolve local class corresponding to this class descriptor.
     */
    ClassNotFoundException getResolveException() {
        return resolveEx;
    }

    /**
     * Throws an InvalidClassException if object instances referencing this
     * class descriptor should not be allowed to deserialize.  This method does
     * not apply to deserialization of enum constants.
     */
    void checkDeserialize() throws InvalidClassException {
        if (deserializeEx != null) {
            throw deserializeEx.newInvalidClassException();
        }
    }

    /**
     * Throws an InvalidClassException if objects whose class is represented by
     * this descriptor should not be allowed to serialize.  This method does
     * not apply to serialization of enum constants.
     */
    void checkSerialize() throws InvalidClassException {
        if (serializeEx != null) {
            throw serializeEx.newInvalidClassException();
        }
    }

    /**
     * Throws an InvalidClassException if objects whose class is represented by
     * this descriptor should not be permitted to use default serialization
     * (e.g., if the class declares serializable fields that do not correspond
     * to actual fields, and hence must use the GetField API).  This method
     * does not apply to deserialization of enum constants.
     */
    void checkDefaultSerialize() throws InvalidClassException {
        if (defaultSerializeEx != null) {
            throw defaultSerializeEx.newInvalidClassException();
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns superclass descriptor.  Note that on the receiving side, the
     * superclass descriptor may be bound to a class that is not a superclass
     * of the subclass descriptor's bound class.
     */
    ObjectStreamClass getSuperDesc() {
        return superDesc;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the "local" class descriptor for the class associated with this
     * class descriptor (i.e., the result of
     * ObjectStreamClass.lookup(this.forClass())) or null if there is no class
     * associated with this descriptor.
     */
    ObjectStreamClass getLocalDesc() {
        return localDesc;
    }

    /**
     * Returns arrays of ObjectStreamFields representing the serializable
     * fields of the represented class.  If copy is true, a clone of this class
     * descriptor's field array is returned, otherwise the array itself is
     * returned.
     */
    ObjectStreamField[] getFields(boolean copy) {
        return copy ? fields.clone() : fields;
    }

    /**
     * Looks up a serializable field of the represented class by name and type.
     * A specified type of null matches all types, Object.class matches all
     * non-primitive types, and any other non-null type matches assignable
     * types only.  Returns matching field, or null if no match found.
     */
    ObjectStreamField getField(String name, Class<?> type) {
        for (int i = 0; i < fields.length; i++) {
            ObjectStreamField f = fields[i];
            if (f.getName().equals(name)) {
                if (type == null ||
                    (type == Object.class && !f.isPrimitive()))
                {
                    return f;
                }
                Class<?> ftype = f.getType();
                if (ftype != null && type.isAssignableFrom(ftype)) {
                    return f;
                }
            }
        }
        return null;
    }

    /**
     * Returns true if class descriptor represents a dynamic proxy class, false
     * otherwise.
     */
    boolean isProxy() {
        return isProxy;
    }

    /**
     * Returns true if class descriptor represents an enum type, false
     * otherwise.
     */
    boolean isEnum() {
        return isEnum;
    }

    /**
     * Returns true if represented class implements Externalizable, false
     * otherwise.
     */
    boolean isExternalizable() {
        return externalizable;
    }

    /**
     * Returns true if represented class implements Serializable, false
     * otherwise.
     */
    boolean isSerializable() {
        return serializable;
    }

    /**
     * Returns true if class descriptor represents externalizable class that
     * has written its data in 1.2 (block data) format, false otherwise.
     */
    boolean hasBlockExternalData() {
        return hasBlockExternalData;
    }

    /**
     * Returns true if class descriptor represents serializable (but not
     * externalizable) class which has written its data via a custom
     * writeObject() method, false otherwise.
     */
    boolean hasWriteObjectData() {
        return hasWriteObjectData;
    }

    /**
     * Returns true if represented class is serializable/externalizable and can
     * be instantiated by the serialization runtime--i.e., if it is
     * externalizable and defines a public no-arg constructor, or if it is
     * non-externalizable and its first non-serializable superclass defines an
     * accessible no-arg constructor.  Otherwise, returns false.
     */
    boolean isInstantiable() {
        return (cons != null);
    }

    /**
     * Returns true if represented class is serializable (but not
     * externalizable) and defines a conformant writeObject method.  Otherwise,
     * returns false.
     */
    boolean hasWriteObjectMethod() {
        return (writeObjectMethod != null);
    }

    /**
     * Returns true if represented class is serializable (but not
     * externalizable) and defines a conformant readObject method.  Otherwise,
     * returns false.
     */
    boolean hasReadObjectMethod() {
        return (readObjectMethod != null);
    }

    /**
     * Returns true if represented class is serializable (but not
     * externalizable) and defines a conformant readObjectNoData method.
     * Otherwise, returns false.
     */
    boolean hasReadObjectNoDataMethod() {
        return (readObjectNoDataMethod != null);
    }

    /**
     * Returns true if represented class is serializable or externalizable and
     * defines a conformant writeReplace method.  Otherwise, returns false.
     */
    boolean hasWriteReplaceMethod() {
        return (writeReplaceMethod != null);
    }

    /**
     * Returns true if represented class is serializable or externalizable and
     * defines a conformant readResolve method.  Otherwise, returns false.
     */
    boolean hasReadResolveMethod() {
        return (readResolveMethod != null);
    }

    /**
     * Creates a new instance of the represented class.  If the class is
     * externalizable, invokes its public no-arg constructor; otherwise, if the
     * class is serializable, invokes the no-arg constructor of the first
     * non-serializable superclass.  Throws UnsupportedOperationException if
     * this class descriptor is not associated with a class, if the associated
     * class is non-serializable or if the appropriate no-arg constructor is
     * inaccessible/unavailable.
     */
    Object newInstance()
        throws InstantiationException, InvocationTargetException,
               UnsupportedOperationException
    {
        if (cons != null) {
            try {
                return cons.newInstance();
            } catch (IllegalAccessException ex) {
                // should not occur, as access checks have been suppressed
                throw new InternalError(ex);
            }
        } else {
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
        }
    }

    /**
     * Invokes the writeObject method of the represented serializable class.
     * Throws UnsupportedOperationException if this class descriptor is not
     * associated with a class, or if the class is externalizable,
     * non-serializable or does not define writeObject.
     */
    void invokeWriteObject(Object obj, ObjectOutputStream out)
        throws IOException, UnsupportedOperationException
    {
        if (writeObjectMethod != null) {
            try {
                writeObjectMethod.invoke(obj, new Object[]{ out });
            } catch (InvocationTargetException ex) {
                Throwable th = ex.getTargetException();
                if (th instanceof IOException) {
                    throw (IOException) th;
                } else {
                    throwMiscException(th);
                }
            } catch (IllegalAccessException ex) {
                // should not occur, as access checks have been suppressed
                throw new InternalError(ex);
            }
        } else {
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
        }
    }

    /**
     * Invokes the readObject method of the represented serializable class.
     * Throws UnsupportedOperationException if this class descriptor is not
     * associated with a class, or if the class is externalizable,
     * non-serializable or does not define readObject.
     */
    void invokeReadObject(Object obj, ObjectInputStream in)
        throws ClassNotFoundException, IOException,
               UnsupportedOperationException
    {
        if (readObjectMethod != null) {
            try {
                readObjectMethod.invoke(obj, new Object[]{ in });
            } catch (InvocationTargetException ex) {
                Throwable th = ex.getTargetException();
                if (th instanceof ClassNotFoundException) {
                    throw (ClassNotFoundException) th;
                } else if (th instanceof IOException) {
                    throw (IOException) th;
                } else {
                    throwMiscException(th);
                }
            } catch (IllegalAccessException ex) {
                // should not occur, as access checks have been suppressed
                throw new InternalError(ex);
            }
        } else {
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
        }
    }

    /**
     * Invokes the readObjectNoData method of the represented serializable
     * class.  Throws UnsupportedOperationException if this class descriptor is
     * not associated with a class, or if the class is externalizable,
     * non-serializable or does not define readObjectNoData.
     */
    void invokeReadObjectNoData(Object obj)
        throws IOException, UnsupportedOperationException
    {
        if (readObjectNoDataMethod != null) {
            try {
                readObjectNoDataMethod.invoke(obj, (Object[]) null);
            } catch (InvocationTargetException ex) {
                Throwable th = ex.getTargetException();
                if (th instanceof ObjectStreamException) {
                    throw (ObjectStreamException) th;
                } else {
                    throwMiscException(th);
                }
            } catch (IllegalAccessException ex) {
                // should not occur, as access checks have been suppressed
                throw new InternalError(ex);
            }
        } else {
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
        }
    }

    /**
     * Invokes the writeReplace method of the represented serializable class and
     * returns the result.  Throws UnsupportedOperationException if this class
     * descriptor is not associated with a class, or if the class is
     * non-serializable or does not define writeReplace.
     */
    Object invokeWriteReplace(Object obj)
        throws IOException, UnsupportedOperationException
    {
        if (writeReplaceMethod != null) {
            try {
                return writeReplaceMethod.invoke(obj, (Object[]) null);
            } catch (InvocationTargetException ex) {
                Throwable th = ex.getTargetException();
                if (th instanceof ObjectStreamException) {
                    throw (ObjectStreamException) th;
                } else {
                    throwMiscException(th);
                    throw new InternalError(th);  // never reached
                }
            } catch (IllegalAccessException ex) {
                // should not occur, as access checks have been suppressed
                throw new InternalError(ex);
            }
        } else {
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
        }
    }

    /**
     * Invokes the readResolve method of the represented serializable class and
     * returns the result.  Throws UnsupportedOperationException if this class
     * descriptor is not associated with a class, or if the class is
     * non-serializable or does not define readResolve.
     */
    Object invokeReadResolve(Object obj)
        throws IOException, UnsupportedOperationException
    {
        if (readResolveMethod != null) {
            try {
                return readResolveMethod.invoke(obj, (Object[]) null);
            } catch (InvocationTargetException ex) {
                Throwable th = ex.getTargetException();
                if (th instanceof ObjectStreamException) {
                    throw (ObjectStreamException) th;
                } else {
                    throwMiscException(th);
                    throw new InternalError(th);  // never reached
                }
            } catch (IllegalAccessException ex) {
                // should not occur, as access checks have been suppressed
                throw new InternalError(ex);
            }
        } else {
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
        }
    }

    /**
     * Class representing the portion of an object's serialized form allotted
     * to data described by a given class descriptor.  If "hasData" is false,
     * the object's serialized form does not contain data associated with the
     * class descriptor.
     */
    static class ClassDataSlot {

        /** class descriptor "occupying" this slot */
        final ObjectStreamClass desc;
        /** true if serialized form includes data for this slot's descriptor */
        final boolean hasData;

        ClassDataSlot(ObjectStreamClass desc, boolean hasData) {
            this.desc = desc;
            this.hasData = hasData;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns array of ClassDataSlot instances representing the data layout
     * (including superclass data) for serialized objects described by this
     * class descriptor.  ClassDataSlots are ordered by inheritance with those
     * containing "higher" superclasses appearing first.  The final
     * ClassDataSlot contains a reference to this descriptor.
     */
    ClassDataSlot[] getClassDataLayout() throws InvalidClassException {
        // REMIND: synchronize instead of relying on volatile?
        if (dataLayout == null) {
            dataLayout = getClassDataLayout0();
        }
        return dataLayout;
    }

    private ClassDataSlot[] getClassDataLayout0()
        throws InvalidClassException
    {
        ArrayList<ClassDataSlot> slots = new ArrayList<>();
        Class<?> start = cl, end = cl;

        // locate closest non-serializable superclass
        while (end != null && Serializable.class.isAssignableFrom(end)) {
            end = end.getSuperclass();
        }

        HashSet<String> oscNames = new HashSet<>(3);

        for (ObjectStreamClass d = this; d != null; d = d.superDesc) {
            if (oscNames.contains(d.name)) {
                throw new InvalidClassException("Circular reference.");
            } else {
                oscNames.add(d.name);
            }

            // search up inheritance hierarchy for class with matching name
            String searchName = (d.cl != null) ? d.cl.getName() : d.name;
            Class<?> match = null;
            for (Class<?> c = start; c != end; c = c.getSuperclass()) {
                if (searchName.equals(c.getName())) {
                    match = c;
                    break;
                }
            }

            // add "no data" slot for each unmatched class below match
            if (match != null) {
                for (Class<?> c = start; c != match; c = c.getSuperclass()) {
                    slots.add(new ClassDataSlot(
                        ObjectStreamClass.lookup(c, true), false));
                }
                start = match.getSuperclass();
            }

            // record descriptor/class pairing
            slots.add(new ClassDataSlot(d.getVariantFor(match), true));
        }

        // add "no data" slot for any leftover unmatched classes
        for (Class<?> c = start; c != end; c = c.getSuperclass()) {
            slots.add(new ClassDataSlot(
                ObjectStreamClass.lookup(c, true), false));
        }

        // order slots from superclass -> subclass
        Collections.reverse(slots);
        return slots.toArray(new ClassDataSlot[slots.size()]);
    }

    /**
     * Returns aggregate size (in bytes) of marshalled primitive field values
     * for represented class.
     */
    int getPrimDataSize() {
        return primDataSize;
    }

    /**
     * Returns number of non-primitive serializable fields of represented
     * class.
     */
    int getNumObjFields() {
        return numObjFields;
    }

    /**
     * Fetches the serializable primitive field values of object obj and
     * marshals them into byte array buf starting at offset 0.  It is the
     * responsibility of the caller to ensure that obj is of the proper type if
     * non-null.
     */
    void getPrimFieldValues(Object obj, byte[] buf) {
        fieldRefl.getPrimFieldValues(obj, buf);
    }

    /**
     * Sets the serializable primitive fields of object obj using values
     * unmarshalled from byte array buf starting at offset 0.  It is the
     * responsibility of the caller to ensure that obj is of the proper type if
     * non-null.
     */
    void setPrimFieldValues(Object obj, byte[] buf) {
        fieldRefl.setPrimFieldValues(obj, buf);
    }

    /**
     * Fetches the serializable object field values of object obj and stores
     * them in array vals starting at offset 0.  It is the responsibility of
     * the caller to ensure that obj is of the proper type if non-null.
     */
    void getObjFieldValues(Object obj, Object[] vals) {
        fieldRefl.getObjFieldValues(obj, vals);
    }

    /**
     * Sets the serializable object fields of object obj using values from
     * array vals starting at offset 0.  It is the responsibility of the caller
     * to ensure that obj is of the proper type if non-null.
     */
    void setObjFieldValues(Object obj, Object[] vals) {
        fieldRefl.setObjFieldValues(obj, vals);
    }

    /**
     * Calculates and sets serializable field offsets, as well as primitive
     * data size and object field count totals.  Throws InvalidClassException
     * if fields are illegally ordered.
     */
    private void computeFieldOffsets() throws InvalidClassException {
        primDataSize = 0;
        numObjFields = 0;
        int firstObjIndex = -1;

        for (int i = 0; i < fields.length; i++) {
            ObjectStreamField f = fields[i];
            switch (f.getTypeCode()) {
                case 'Z':
                case 'B':
                    f.setOffset(primDataSize++);
                    break;

                case 'C':
                case 'S':
                    f.setOffset(primDataSize);
                    primDataSize += 2;
                    break;

                case 'I':
                case 'F':
                    f.setOffset(primDataSize);
                    primDataSize += 4;
                    break;

                case 'J':
                case 'D':
                    f.setOffset(primDataSize);
                    primDataSize += 8;
                    break;

                case '[':
                case 'L':
                    f.setOffset(numObjFields++);
                    if (firstObjIndex == -1) {
                        firstObjIndex = i;
                    }
                    break;

                default:
                    throw new InternalError();
            }
        }
        if (firstObjIndex != -1 &&
            firstObjIndex + numObjFields != fields.length)
        {
            throw new InvalidClassException(name, "illegal field order");
        }
    }

    /**
     * If given class is the same as the class associated with this class
     * descriptor, returns reference to this class descriptor.  Otherwise,
     * returns variant of this class descriptor bound to given class.
     */
    private ObjectStreamClass getVariantFor(Class<?> cl)
        throws InvalidClassException
    {
        if (this.cl == cl) {
            return this;
        }
        ObjectStreamClass desc = new ObjectStreamClass();
        if (isProxy) {
            desc.initProxy(cl, null, superDesc);
        } else {
            desc.initNonProxy(this, cl, null, superDesc);
        }
        return desc;
    }

    /**
     * Returns public no-arg constructor of given class, or null if none found.
     * Access checks are disabled on the returned constructor (if any), since
     * the defining class may still be non-public.
     */
    private static Constructor<?> getExternalizableConstructor(Class cl) {
        try {
            Constructor<?> cons = cl.getDeclaredConstructor((Class[]) null);
            cons.setAccessible(true);
            return ((cons.getModifiers() & Modifier.PUBLIC) != 0) ?
                cons : null;
        } catch (NoSuchMethodException ex) {
            return null;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns subclass-accessible no-arg constructor of first non-serializable
     * superclass, or null if none found.  Access checks are disabled on the
     * returned constructor (if any).
     */
    private static Constructor<?> getSerializableConstructor(Class cl) {
        Class<?> initCl = cl;
        while (Serializable.class.isAssignableFrom(initCl)) {
            if ((initCl = initCl.getSuperclass()) == null) {
                return null;
            }
        }
        try {
            Constructor<?> cons = initCl.getDeclaredConstructor((Class[]) null);
            int mods = cons.getModifiers();
            if ((mods & Modifier.PRIVATE) != 0 ||
                ((mods & (Modifier.PUBLIC | Modifier.PROTECTED)) == 0 &&
                 !packageEquals(cl, initCl)))
            {
                return null;
            }
            cons = reflFactory.newConstructorForSerialization(cl, cons);
            cons.setAccessible(true);
            return cons;
        } catch (NoSuchMethodException ex) {
            return null;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns non-static, non-abstract method with given signature provided it
     * is defined by or accessible (via inheritance) by the given class, or
     * null if no match found.  Access checks are disabled on the returned
     * method (if any).
     */
    private static Method getInheritableMethod(Class<?> cl, String name,
                                               Class<?>[] argTypes,
                                               Class<?> returnType)
    {
        Method meth = null;
        Class<?> defCl = cl;
        while (defCl != null) {
            try {
                meth = defCl.getDeclaredMethod(name, argTypes);
                break;
            } catch (NoSuchMethodException ex) {
                defCl = defCl.getSuperclass();
            }
        }

        if ((meth == null) || (meth.getReturnType() != returnType)) {
            return null;
        }
        meth.setAccessible(true);
        int mods = meth.getModifiers();
        if ((mods & (Modifier.STATIC | Modifier.ABSTRACT)) != 0) {
            return null;
        } else if ((mods & (Modifier.PUBLIC | Modifier.PROTECTED)) != 0) {
            return meth;
        } else if ((mods & Modifier.PRIVATE) != 0) {
            return (cl == defCl) ? meth : null;
        } else {
            return packageEquals(cl, defCl) ? meth : null;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns non-static private method with given signature defined by given
     * class, or null if none found.  Access checks are disabled on the
     * returned method (if any).
     */
    private static Method getPrivateMethod(Class<?> cl, String name,
                                           Class<?>[] argTypes,
                                           Class<?> returnType)
    {
        try {
            Method meth = cl.getDeclaredMethod(name, argTypes);
            meth.setAccessible(true);
            int mods = meth.getModifiers();
            return ((meth.getReturnType() == returnType) &&
                    ((mods & Modifier.STATIC) == 0) &&
                    ((mods & Modifier.PRIVATE) != 0)) ? meth : null;
        } catch (NoSuchMethodException ex) {
            return null;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns true if classes are defined in the same runtime package, false
     * otherwise.
     */
    private static boolean packageEquals(Class<?> cl1, Class cl2) {
        return (cl1.getClassLoader() == cl2.getClassLoader() &&
                getPackageName(cl1).equals(getPackageName(cl2)));
    }

    /**
     * Returns package name of given class.
     */
    private static String getPackageName(Class<?> cl) {
        String s = cl.getName();
        int i = s.lastIndexOf('[');
        if (i >= 0) {
            s = s.substring(i + 2);
        }
        i = s.lastIndexOf('.');
        return (i >= 0) ? s.substring(0, i) : "";
    }

    /**
     * Compares class names for equality, ignoring package names.  Returns true
     * if class names equal, false otherwise.
     */
    private static boolean classNamesEqual(String name1, String name2) {
        name1 = name1.substring(name1.lastIndexOf('.') + 1);
        name2 = name2.substring(name2.lastIndexOf('.') + 1);
        return name1.equals(name2);
    }

    /**
     * Returns JVM type signature for given class.
     */
    private static String getClassSignature(Class<?> cl) {
        StringBuilder sbuf = new StringBuilder();
        while (cl.isArray()) {
            sbuf.append('[');
            cl = cl.getComponentType();
        }
        if (cl.isPrimitive()) {
            if (cl == Integer.TYPE) {
                sbuf.append('I');
            } else if (cl == Byte.TYPE) {
                sbuf.append('B');
            } else if (cl == Long.TYPE) {
                sbuf.append('J');
            } else if (cl == Float.TYPE) {
                sbuf.append('F');
            } else if (cl == Double.TYPE) {
                sbuf.append('D');
            } else if (cl == Short.TYPE) {
                sbuf.append('S');
            } else if (cl == Character.TYPE) {
                sbuf.append('C');
            } else if (cl == Boolean.TYPE) {
                sbuf.append('Z');
            } else if (cl == Void.TYPE) {
                sbuf.append('V');
            } else {
                throw new InternalError();
            }
        } else {
            sbuf.append('L' + cl.getName().replace('.', '/') + ';');
        }
        return sbuf.toString();
    }

    /**
     * Returns JVM type signature for given list of parameters and return type.
     */
    private static String getMethodSignature(Class<?>[] paramTypes,
                                             Class<?> retType)
    {
        StringBuilder sbuf = new StringBuilder();
        sbuf.append('(');
        for (int i = 0; i < paramTypes.length; i++) {
            sbuf.append(getClassSignature(paramTypes[i]));
        }
        sbuf.append(')');
        sbuf.append(getClassSignature(retType));
        return sbuf.toString();
    }

    /**
     * Convenience method for throwing an exception that is either a
     * RuntimeException, Error, or of some unexpected type (in which case it is
     * wrapped inside an IOException).
     */
    private static void throwMiscException(Throwable th) throws IOException {
        if (th instanceof RuntimeException) {
            throw (RuntimeException) th;
        } else if (th instanceof Error) {
            throw (Error) th;
        } else {
            IOException ex = new IOException("unexpected exception type");
            ex.initCause(th);
            throw ex;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns ObjectStreamField array describing the serializable fields of
     * the given class.  Serializable fields backed by an actual field of the
     * class are represented by ObjectStreamFields with corresponding non-null
     * Field objects.  Throws InvalidClassException if the (explicitly
     * declared) serializable fields are invalid.
     */
    private static ObjectStreamField[] getSerialFields(Class<?> cl)
        throws InvalidClassException
    {
        ObjectStreamField[] fields;
        if (Serializable.class.isAssignableFrom(cl) &&
            !Externalizable.class.isAssignableFrom(cl) &&
            !Proxy.isProxyClass(cl) &&
            !cl.isInterface())
        {
            if ((fields = getDeclaredSerialFields(cl)) == null) {
                fields = getDefaultSerialFields(cl);
            }
            Arrays.sort(fields);
        } else {
            fields = NO_FIELDS;
        }
        return fields;
    }

    /**
     * Returns serializable fields of given class as defined explicitly by a
     * "serialPersistentFields" field, or null if no appropriate
     * "serialPersistentFields" field is defined.  Serializable fields backed
     * by an actual field of the class are represented by ObjectStreamFields
     * with corresponding non-null Field objects.  For compatibility with past
     * releases, a "serialPersistentFields" field with a null value is
     * considered equivalent to not declaring "serialPersistentFields".  Throws
     * InvalidClassException if the declared serializable fields are
     * invalid--e.g., if multiple fields share the same name.
     */
    private static ObjectStreamField[] getDeclaredSerialFields(Class<?> cl)
        throws InvalidClassException
    {
        ObjectStreamField[] serialPersistentFields = null;
        try {
            Field f = cl.getDeclaredField("serialPersistentFields");
            int mask = Modifier.PRIVATE | Modifier.STATIC | Modifier.FINAL;
            if ((f.getModifiers() & mask) == mask) {
                f.setAccessible(true);
                serialPersistentFields = (ObjectStreamField[]) f.get(null);
            }
        } catch (Exception ex) {
        }
        if (serialPersistentFields == null) {
            return null;
        } else if (serialPersistentFields.length == 0) {
            return NO_FIELDS;
        }

        ObjectStreamField[] boundFields =
            new ObjectStreamField[serialPersistentFields.length];
        Set<String> fieldNames = new HashSet<>(serialPersistentFields.length);

        for (int i = 0; i < serialPersistentFields.length; i++) {
            ObjectStreamField spf = serialPersistentFields[i];

            String fname = spf.getName();
            if (fieldNames.contains(fname)) {
                throw new InvalidClassException(
                    "multiple serializable fields named " + fname);
            }
            fieldNames.add(fname);

            try {
                Field f = cl.getDeclaredField(fname);
                if ((f.getType() == spf.getType()) &&
                    ((f.getModifiers() & Modifier.STATIC) == 0))
                {
                    boundFields[i] =
                        new ObjectStreamField(f, spf.isUnshared(), true);
                }
            } catch (NoSuchFieldException ex) {
            }
            if (boundFields[i] == null) {
                boundFields[i] = new ObjectStreamField(
                    fname, spf.getType(), spf.isUnshared());
            }
        }
        return boundFields;
    }

    /**
     * Returns array of ObjectStreamFields corresponding to all non-static
     * non-transient fields declared by given class.  Each ObjectStreamField
     * contains a Field object for the field it represents.  If no default
     * serializable fields exist, NO_FIELDS is returned.
     */
    private static ObjectStreamField[] getDefaultSerialFields(Class<?> cl) {
        Field[] clFields = cl.getDeclaredFields();
        ArrayList<ObjectStreamField> list = new ArrayList<>();
        int mask = Modifier.STATIC | Modifier.TRANSIENT;

        for (int i = 0; i < clFields.length; i++) {
            if ((clFields[i].getModifiers() & mask) == 0) {
                list.add(new ObjectStreamField(clFields[i], false, true));
            }
        }
        int size = list.size();
        return (size == 0) ? NO_FIELDS :
            list.toArray(new ObjectStreamField[size]);
    }

    /**
     * Returns explicit serial version UID value declared by given class, or
     * null if none.
     */
    private static Long getDeclaredSUID(Class<?> cl) {
        try {
            Field f = cl.getDeclaredField("serialVersionUID");
            int mask = Modifier.STATIC | Modifier.FINAL;
            if ((f.getModifiers() & mask) == mask) {
                f.setAccessible(true);
                return Long.valueOf(f.getLong(null));
            }
        } catch (Exception ex) {
        }
        return null;
    }

    /**
     * Computes the default serial version UID value for the given class.
     */
    private static long computeDefaultSUID(Class<?> cl) {
        if (!Serializable.class.isAssignableFrom(cl) || Proxy.isProxyClass(cl))
        {
            return 0L;
        }

        try {
            ByteArrayOutputStream bout = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
            DataOutputStream dout = new DataOutputStream(bout);

            dout.writeUTF(cl.getName());

            int classMods = cl.getModifiers() &
                (Modifier.PUBLIC | Modifier.FINAL |
                 Modifier.INTERFACE | Modifier.ABSTRACT);

            /*
             * compensate for javac bug in which ABSTRACT bit was set for an
             * interface only if the interface declared methods
             */
            Method[] methods = cl.getDeclaredMethods();
            if ((classMods & Modifier.INTERFACE) != 0) {
                classMods = (methods.length > 0) ?
                    (classMods | Modifier.ABSTRACT) :
                    (classMods & ~Modifier.ABSTRACT);
            }
            dout.writeInt(classMods);

            if (!cl.isArray()) {
                /*
                 * compensate for change in 1.2FCS in which
                 * Class.getInterfaces() was modified to return Cloneable and
                 * Serializable for array classes.
                 */
                Class<?>[] interfaces = cl.getInterfaces();
                String[] ifaceNames = new String[interfaces.length];
                for (int i = 0; i < interfaces.length; i++) {
                    ifaceNames[i] = interfaces[i].getName();
                }
                Arrays.sort(ifaceNames);
                for (int i = 0; i < ifaceNames.length; i++) {
                    dout.writeUTF(ifaceNames[i]);
                }
            }

            Field[] fields = cl.getDeclaredFields();
            MemberSignature[] fieldSigs = new MemberSignature[fields.length];
            for (int i = 0; i < fields.length; i++) {
                fieldSigs[i] = new MemberSignature(fields[i]);
            }
            Arrays.sort(fieldSigs, new Comparator<MemberSignature>() {
                public int compare(MemberSignature ms1, MemberSignature ms2) {
                    return ms1.name.compareTo(ms2.name);
                }
            });
            for (int i = 0; i < fieldSigs.length; i++) {
                MemberSignature sig = fieldSigs[i];
                int mods = sig.member.getModifiers() &
                    (Modifier.PUBLIC | Modifier.PRIVATE | Modifier.PROTECTED |
                     Modifier.STATIC | Modifier.FINAL | Modifier.VOLATILE |
                     Modifier.TRANSIENT);
                if (((mods & Modifier.PRIVATE) == 0) ||
                    ((mods & (Modifier.STATIC | Modifier.TRANSIENT)) == 0))
                {
                    dout.writeUTF(sig.name);
                    dout.writeInt(mods);
                    dout.writeUTF(sig.signature);
                }
            }

            if (hasStaticInitializer(cl)) {
                dout.writeUTF("<clinit>");
                dout.writeInt(Modifier.STATIC);
                dout.writeUTF("()V");
            }

            Constructor<?>[] cons = cl.getDeclaredConstructors();
            MemberSignature[] consSigs = new MemberSignature[cons.length];
            for (int i = 0; i < cons.length; i++) {
                consSigs[i] = new MemberSignature(cons[i]);
            }
            Arrays.sort(consSigs, new Comparator<MemberSignature>() {
                public int compare(MemberSignature ms1, MemberSignature ms2) {
                    return ms1.signature.compareTo(ms2.signature);
                }
            });
            for (int i = 0; i < consSigs.length; i++) {
                MemberSignature sig = consSigs[i];
                int mods = sig.member.getModifiers() &
                    (Modifier.PUBLIC | Modifier.PRIVATE | Modifier.PROTECTED |
                     Modifier.STATIC | Modifier.FINAL |
                     Modifier.SYNCHRONIZED | Modifier.NATIVE |
                     Modifier.ABSTRACT | Modifier.STRICT);
                if ((mods & Modifier.PRIVATE) == 0) {
                    dout.writeUTF("<init>");
                    dout.writeInt(mods);
                    dout.writeUTF(sig.signature.replace('/', '.'));
                }
            }

            MemberSignature[] methSigs = new MemberSignature[methods.length];
            for (int i = 0; i < methods.length; i++) {
                methSigs[i] = new MemberSignature(methods[i]);
            }
            Arrays.sort(methSigs, new Comparator<MemberSignature>() {
                public int compare(MemberSignature ms1, MemberSignature ms2) {
                    int comp = ms1.name.compareTo(ms2.name);
                    if (comp == 0) {
                        comp = ms1.signature.compareTo(ms2.signature);
                    }
                    return comp;
                }
            });
            for (int i = 0; i < methSigs.length; i++) {
                MemberSignature sig = methSigs[i];
                int mods = sig.member.getModifiers() &
                    (Modifier.PUBLIC | Modifier.PRIVATE | Modifier.PROTECTED |
                     Modifier.STATIC | Modifier.FINAL |
                     Modifier.SYNCHRONIZED | Modifier.NATIVE |
                     Modifier.ABSTRACT | Modifier.STRICT);
                if ((mods & Modifier.PRIVATE) == 0) {
                    dout.writeUTF(sig.name);
                    dout.writeInt(mods);
                    dout.writeUTF(sig.signature.replace('/', '.'));
                }
            }

            dout.flush();

            MessageDigest md = MessageDigest.getInstance("SHA");
            byte[] hashBytes = md.digest(bout.toByteArray());
            long hash = 0;
            for (int i = Math.min(hashBytes.length, 8) - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
                hash = (hash << 8) | (hashBytes[i] & 0xFF);
            }
            return hash;
        } catch (IOException ex) {
            throw new InternalError(ex);
        } catch (NoSuchAlgorithmException ex) {
            throw new SecurityException(ex.getMessage());
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns true if the given class defines a static initializer method,
     * false otherwise.
     */
    private native static boolean hasStaticInitializer(Class<?> cl);

    /**
     * Class for computing and caching field/constructor/method signatures
     * during serialVersionUID calculation.
     */
    private static class MemberSignature {

        public final Member member;
        public final String name;
        public final String signature;

        public MemberSignature(Field field) {
            member = field;
            name = field.getName();
            signature = getClassSignature(field.getType());
        }

        public MemberSignature(Constructor<?> cons) {
            member = cons;
            name = cons.getName();
            signature = getMethodSignature(
                cons.getParameterTypes(), Void.TYPE);
        }

        public MemberSignature(Method meth) {
            member = meth;
            name = meth.getName();
            signature = getMethodSignature(
                meth.getParameterTypes(), meth.getReturnType());
        }
    }

    /**
     * Class for setting and retrieving serializable field values in batch.
     */
    // REMIND: dynamically generate these?
    private static class FieldReflector {

        /** handle for performing unsafe operations */
        private static final Unsafe unsafe = Unsafe.getUnsafe();

        /** fields to operate on */
        private final ObjectStreamField[] fields;
        /** number of primitive fields */
        private final int numPrimFields;
        /** unsafe field keys for reading fields - may contain dupes */
        private final long[] readKeys;
        /** unsafe fields keys for writing fields - no dupes */
        private final long[] writeKeys;
        /** field data offsets */
        private final int[] offsets;
        /** field type codes */
        private final char[] typeCodes;
        /** field types */
        private final Class<?>[] types;

        /**
         * Constructs FieldReflector capable of setting/getting values from the
         * subset of fields whose ObjectStreamFields contain non-null
         * reflective Field objects.  ObjectStreamFields with null Fields are
         * treated as filler, for which get operations return default values
         * and set operations discard given values.
         */
        FieldReflector(ObjectStreamField[] fields) {
            this.fields = fields;
            int nfields = fields.length;
            readKeys = new long[nfields];
            writeKeys = new long[nfields];
            offsets = new int[nfields];
            typeCodes = new char[nfields];
            ArrayList<Class typeList = new ArrayList<>();
            Set<Long> usedKeys = new HashSet<>();


            for (int i = 0; i < nfields; i++) {
                ObjectStreamField f = fields[i];
                Field rf = f.getField();
                long key = (rf != null) ?
                    unsafe.objectFieldOffset(rf) : Unsafe.INVALID_FIELD_OFFSET;
                readKeys[i] = key;
                writeKeys[i] = usedKeys.add(key) ?
                    key : Unsafe.INVALID_FIELD_OFFSET;
                offsets[i] = f.getOffset();
                typeCodes[i] = f.getTypeCode();
                if (!f.isPrimitive()) {
                    typeList.add((rf != null) ? rf.getType() : null);
                }
            }

            types = typeList.toArray(new Class<?>[typeList.size()]);
            numPrimFields = nfields - types.length;
        }

        /**
         * Returns list of ObjectStreamFields representing fields operated on
         * by this reflector.  The shared/unshared values and Field objects
         * contained by ObjectStreamFields in the list reflect their bindings
         * to locally defined serializable fields.
         */
        ObjectStreamField[] getFields() {
            return fields;
        }

        /**
         * Fetches the serializable primitive field values of object obj and
         * marshals them into byte array buf starting at offset 0.  The caller
         * is responsible for ensuring that obj is of the proper type.
         */
        void getPrimFieldValues(Object obj, byte[] buf) {
            if (obj == null) {
                throw new NullPointerException();
            }
            /* assuming checkDefaultSerialize() has been called on the class
             * descriptor this FieldReflector was obtained from, no field keys
             * in array should be equal to Unsafe.INVALID_FIELD_OFFSET.
             */
            for (int i = 0; i < numPrimFields; i++) {
                long key = readKeys[i];
                int off = offsets[i];
                switch (typeCodes[i]) {
                    case 'Z':
                        Bits.putBoolean(buf, off, unsafe.getBoolean(obj, key));
                        break;

                    case 'B':
                        buf[off] = unsafe.getByte(obj, key);
                        break;

                    case 'C':
                        Bits.putChar(buf, off, unsafe.getChar(obj, key));
                        break;

                    case 'S':
                        Bits.putShort(buf, off, unsafe.getShort(obj, key));
                        break;

                    case 'I':
                        Bits.putInt(buf, off, unsafe.getInt(obj, key));
                        break;

                    case 'F':
                        Bits.putFloat(buf, off, unsafe.getFloat(obj, key));
                        break;

                    case 'J':
                        Bits.putLong(buf, off, unsafe.getLong(obj, key));
                        break;

                    case 'D':
                        Bits.putDouble(buf, off, unsafe.getDouble(obj, key));
                        break;

                    default:
                        throw new InternalError();
                }
            }
        }

        /**
         * Sets the serializable primitive fields of object obj using values
         * unmarshalled from byte array buf starting at offset 0.  The caller
         * is responsible for ensuring that obj is of the proper type.
         */
        void setPrimFieldValues(Object obj, byte[] buf) {
            if (obj == null) {
                throw new NullPointerException();
            }
            for (int i = 0; i < numPrimFields; i++) {
                long key = writeKeys[i];
                if (key == Unsafe.INVALID_FIELD_OFFSET) {
                    continue;           // discard value
                }
                int off = offsets[i];
                switch (typeCodes[i]) {
                    case 'Z':
                        unsafe.putBoolean(obj, key, Bits.getBoolean(buf, off));
                        break;

                    case 'B':
                        unsafe.putByte(obj, key, buf[off]);
                        break;

                    case 'C':
                        unsafe.putChar(obj, key, Bits.getChar(buf, off));
                        break;

                    case 'S':
                        unsafe.putShort(obj, key, Bits.getShort(buf, off));
                        break;

                    case 'I':
                        unsafe.putInt(obj, key, Bits.getInt(buf, off));
                        break;

                    case 'F':
                        unsafe.putFloat(obj, key, Bits.getFloat(buf, off));
                        break;

                    case 'J':
                        unsafe.putLong(obj, key, Bits.getLong(buf, off));
                        break;

                    case 'D':
                        unsafe.putDouble(obj, key, Bits.getDouble(buf, off));
                        break;

                    default:
                        throw new InternalError();
                }
            }
        }

        /**
         * Fetches the serializable object field values of object obj and
         * stores them in array vals starting at offset 0.  The caller is
         * responsible for ensuring that obj is of the proper type.
         */
        void getObjFieldValues(Object obj, Object[] vals) {
            if (obj == null) {
                throw new NullPointerException();
            }
            /* assuming checkDefaultSerialize() has been called on the class
             * descriptor this FieldReflector was obtained from, no field keys
             * in array should be equal to Unsafe.INVALID_FIELD_OFFSET.
             */
            for (int i = numPrimFields; i < fields.length; i++) {
                switch (typeCodes[i]) {
                    case 'L':
                    case '[':
                        vals[offsets[i]] = unsafe.getObject(obj, readKeys[i]);
                        break;

                    default:
                        throw new InternalError();
                }
            }
        }

        /**
         * Sets the serializable object fields of object obj using values from
         * array vals starting at offset 0.  The caller is responsible for
         * ensuring that obj is of the proper type; however, attempts to set a
         * field with a value of the wrong type will trigger an appropriate
         * ClassCastException.
         */
        void setObjFieldValues(Object obj, Object[] vals) {
            if (obj == null) {
                throw new NullPointerException();
            }
            for (int i = numPrimFields; i < fields.length; i++) {
                long key = writeKeys[i];
                if (key == Unsafe.INVALID_FIELD_OFFSET) {
                    continue;           // discard value
                }
                switch (typeCodes[i]) {
                    case 'L':
                    case '[':
                        Object val = vals[offsets[i]];
                        if (val != null &&
                            !types[i - numPrimFields].isInstance(val))
                        {
                            Field f = fields[i].getField();
                            throw new ClassCastException(
                                "cannot assign instance of " +
                                val.getClass().getName() + " to field " +
                                f.getDeclaringClass().getName() + "." +
                                f.getName() + " of type " +
                                f.getType().getName() + " in instance of " +
                                obj.getClass().getName());
                        }
                        unsafe.putObject(obj, key, val);
                        break;

                    default:
                        throw new InternalError();
                }
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Matches given set of serializable fields with serializable fields
     * described by the given local class descriptor, and returns a
     * FieldReflector instance capable of setting/getting values from the
     * subset of fields that match (non-matching fields are treated as filler,
     * for which get operations return default values and set operations
     * discard given values).  Throws InvalidClassException if unresolvable
     * type conflicts exist between the two sets of fields.
     */
    private static FieldReflector getReflector(ObjectStreamField[] fields,
                                               ObjectStreamClass localDesc)
        throws InvalidClassException
    {
        // class irrelevant if no fields
        Class<?> cl = (localDesc != null && fields.length > 0) ?
            localDesc.cl : null;
        processQueue(Caches.reflectorsQueue, Caches.reflectors);
        FieldReflectorKey key = new FieldReflectorKey(cl, fields,
                                                      Caches.reflectorsQueue);
        Reference<?> ref = Caches.reflectors.get(key);
        Object entry = null;
        if (ref != null) {
            entry = ref.get();
        }
        EntryFuture future = null;
        if (entry == null) {
            EntryFuture newEntry = new EntryFuture();
            Reference<?> newRef = new SoftReference<>(newEntry);
            do {
                if (ref != null) {
                    Caches.reflectors.remove(key, ref);
                }
                ref = Caches.reflectors.putIfAbsent(key, newRef);
                if (ref != null) {
                    entry = ref.get();
                }
            } while (ref != null && entry == null);
            if (entry == null) {
                future = newEntry;
            }
        }

        if (entry instanceof FieldReflector) {  // check common case first
            return (FieldReflector) entry;
        } else if (entry instanceof EntryFuture) {
            entry = ((EntryFuture) entry).get();
        } else if (entry == null) {
            try {
                entry = new FieldReflector(matchFields(fields, localDesc));
            } catch (Throwable th) {
                entry = th;
            }
            future.set(entry);
            Caches.reflectors.put(key, new SoftReference<Object>(entry));
        }

        if (entry instanceof FieldReflector) {
            return (FieldReflector) entry;
        } else if (entry instanceof InvalidClassException) {
            throw (InvalidClassException) entry;
        } else if (entry instanceof RuntimeException) {
            throw (RuntimeException) entry;
        } else if (entry instanceof Error) {
            throw (Error) entry;
        } else {
            throw new InternalError("unexpected entry: " + entry);
        }
    }

    /**
     * FieldReflector cache lookup key.  Keys are considered equal if they
     * refer to the same class and equivalent field formats.
     */
    private static class FieldReflectorKey extends WeakReference<Class {

        private final String sigs;
        private final int hash;
        private final boolean nullClass;

        FieldReflectorKey(Class<?> cl, ObjectStreamField[] fields,
                          ReferenceQueue<Class queue)
        {
            super(cl, queue);
            nullClass = (cl == null);
            StringBuilder sbuf = new StringBuilder();
            for (int i = 0; i < fields.length; i++) {
                ObjectStreamField f = fields[i];
                sbuf.append(f.getName()).append(f.getSignature());
            }
            sigs = sbuf.toString();
            hash = System.identityHashCode(cl) + sigs.hashCode();
        }

        public int hashCode() {
            return hash;
        }

        public boolean equals(Object obj) {
            if (obj == this) {
                return true;
            }

            if (obj instanceof FieldReflectorKey) {
                FieldReflectorKey other = (FieldReflectorKey) obj;
                Class<?> referent;
                return (nullClass ? other.nullClass
                                  : ((referent = get()) != null) &&
                                    (referent == other.get())) &&
                    sigs.equals(other.sigs);
            } else {
                return false;
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Matches given set of serializable fields with serializable fields
     * obtained from the given local class descriptor (which contain bindings
     * to reflective Field objects).  Returns list of ObjectStreamFields in
     * which each ObjectStreamField whose signature matches that of a local
     * field contains a Field object for that field; unmatched
     * ObjectStreamFields contain null Field objects.  Shared/unshared settings
     * of the returned ObjectStreamFields also reflect those of matched local
     * ObjectStreamFields.  Throws InvalidClassException if unresolvable type
     * conflicts exist between the two sets of fields.
     */
    private static ObjectStreamField[] matchFields(ObjectStreamField[] fields,
                                                   ObjectStreamClass localDesc)
        throws InvalidClassException
    {
        ObjectStreamField[] localFields = (localDesc != null) ?
            localDesc.fields : NO_FIELDS;

        /*
         * Even if fields == localFields, we cannot simply return localFields
         * here.  In previous implementations of serialization,
         * ObjectStreamField.getType() returned Object.class if the
         * ObjectStreamField represented a non-primitive field and belonged to
         * a non-local class descriptor.  To preserve this (questionable)
         * behavior, the ObjectStreamField instances returned by matchFields
         * cannot report non-primitive types other than Object.class; hence
         * localFields cannot be returned directly.
         */

        ObjectStreamField[] matches = new ObjectStreamField[fields.length];
        for (int i = 0; i < fields.length; i++) {
            ObjectStreamField f = fields[i], m = null;
            for (int j = 0; j < localFields.length; j++) {
                ObjectStreamField lf = localFields[j];
                if (f.getName().equals(lf.getName())) {
                    if ((f.isPrimitive() || lf.isPrimitive()) &&
                        f.getTypeCode() != lf.getTypeCode())
                    {
                        throw new InvalidClassException(localDesc.name,
                            "incompatible types for field " + f.getName());
                    }
                    if (lf.getField() != null) {
                        m = new ObjectStreamField(
                            lf.getField(), lf.isUnshared(), false);
                    } else {
                        m = new ObjectStreamField(
                            lf.getName(), lf.getSignature(), lf.isUnshared());
                    }
                }
            }
            if (m == null) {
                m = new ObjectStreamField(
                    f.getName(), f.getSignature(), false);
            }
            m.setOffset(f.getOffset());
            matches[i] = m;
        }
        return matches;
    }

    /**
     * Removes from the specified map any keys that have been enqueued
     * on the specified reference queue.
     */
    static void processQueue(ReferenceQueue<Class queue,
                             ConcurrentMap<? extends
                             WeakReference<Class, ?> map)
    {
        Reference<? extends Class ref;
        while((ref = queue.poll()) != null) {
            map.remove(ref);
        }
    }

    /**
     *  Weak key for Class objects.
     *
     **/
    static class WeakClassKey extends WeakReference<Class {
        /**
         * saved value of the referent's identity hash code, to maintain
         * a consistent hash code after the referent has been cleared
         */
        private final int hash;

        /**
         * Create a new WeakClassKey to the given object, registered
         * with a queue.
         */
        WeakClassKey(Class<?> cl, ReferenceQueue> refQueue) {
            super(cl, refQueue);
            hash = System.identityHashCode(cl);
        }

        /**
         * Returns the identity hash code of the original referent.
         */
        public int hashCode() {
            return hash;
        }

        /**
         * Returns true if the given object is this identical
         * WeakClassKey instance, or, if this object's referent has not
         * been cleared, if the given object is another WeakClassKey
         * instance with the identical non-null referent as this one.
         */
        public boolean equals(Object obj) {
            if (obj == this) {
                return true;
            }

            if (obj instanceof WeakClassKey) {
                Object referent = get();
                return (referent != null) &&
                       (referent == ((WeakClassKey) obj).get());
            } else {
                return false;
            }
        }
    }
}

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