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{@code import static java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles.*; import static java.lang.invoke.MethodType.*; ... MethodHandle MH_asList = publicLookup().findStatic(Arrays.class, "asList", methodType(List.class, Object[].class)); assertEquals("[x, y]", MH_asList.invoke("x", "y").toString()); * }</pre> * @param refc the class from which the method is accessed * @param name the name of the method * @param type the type of the method * @return the desired method handle * @throws NoSuchMethodException if the method does not exist * @throws IllegalAccessException if access checking fails, * or if the method is not {@code static}, * or if the method's variable arity modifier bit * is set and {@code asVarargsCollector} fails * @exception SecurityException if a security manager is present and it * <a href="MethodHandles.Lookup.html#secmgr">refuses access * @throws NullPointerException if any argument is null */ public MethodHandle findStatic(Class<?> refc, String name, MethodType type) throws NoSuchMethodException, IllegalAccessException { MemberName method = resolveOrFail(REF_invokeStatic, refc, name, type); return getDirectMethod(REF_invokeStatic, refc, method, findBoundCallerClass(method)); } /** * Produces a method handle for a virtual method. * The type of the method handle will be that of the method, * with the receiver type (usually {@code refc}) prepended. * The method and all its argument types must be accessible to the lookup object. * <p> * When called, the handle will treat the first argument as a receiver * and dispatch on the receiver's type to determine which method * implementation to enter. * (The dispatching action is identical with that performed by an * {@code invokevirtual} or {@code invokeinterface} instruction.) * <p> * The first argument will be of type {@code refc} if the lookup * class has full privileges to access the member. Otherwise * the member must be {@code protected} and the first argument * will be restricted in type to the lookup class. * <p> * The returned method handle will have * {@linkplain MethodHandle#asVarargsCollector variable arity} if and only if * the method's variable arity modifier bit ({@code 0x0080}) is set. * <p> * Because of the general <a href="MethodHandles.Lookup.html#equiv">equivalence between {@code invokevirtual} * instructions and method handles produced by {@code findVirtual}, * if the class is {@code MethodHandle} and the name string is * {@code invokeExact} or {@code invoke}, the resulting * method handle is equivalent to one produced by * {@link java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles#exactInvoker MethodHandles.exactInvoker} or * {@link java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles#invoker MethodHandles.invoker} * with the same {@code type} argument. * * <b>Example: * <blockquote>{@code import static java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles.*; import static java.lang.invoke.MethodType.*; ... MethodHandle MH_concat = publicLookup().findVirtual(String.class, "concat", methodType(String.class, String.class)); MethodHandle MH_hashCode = publicLookup().findVirtual(Object.class, "hashCode", methodType(int.class)); MethodHandle MH_hashCode_String = publicLookup().findVirtual(String.class, "hashCode", methodType(int.class)); assertEquals("xy", (String) MH_concat.invokeExact("x", "y")); assertEquals("xy".hashCode(), (int) MH_hashCode.invokeExact((Object)"xy")); assertEquals("xy".hashCode(), (int) MH_hashCode_String.invokeExact("xy")); // interface method: MethodHandle MH_subSequence = publicLookup().findVirtual(CharSequence.class, "subSequence", methodType(CharSequence.class, int.class, int.class)); assertEquals("def", MH_subSequence.invoke("abcdefghi", 3, 6).toString()); // constructor "internal method" must be accessed differently: MethodType MT_newString = methodType(void.class); //()V for new String() try { assertEquals("impossible", lookup() .findVirtual(String.class, "<init>", MT_newString)); } catch (NoSuchMethodException ex) { } // OK MethodHandle MH_newString = publicLookup() .findConstructor(String.class, MT_newString); assertEquals("", (String) MH_newString.invokeExact()); * }</pre> * * @param refc the class or interface from which the method is accessed * @param name the name of the method * @param type the type of the method, with the receiver argument omitted * @return the desired method handle * @throws NoSuchMethodException if the method does not exist * @throws IllegalAccessException if access checking fails, * or if the method is {@code static} * or if the method's variable arity modifier bit * is set and {@code asVarargsCollector} fails * @exception SecurityException if a security manager is present and it * <a href="MethodHandles.Lookup.html#secmgr">refuses access * @throws NullPointerException if any argument is null */ public MethodHandle findVirtual(Class<?> refc, String name, MethodType type) throws NoSuchMethodException, IllegalAccessException { if (refc == MethodHandle.class) { MethodHandle mh = findVirtualForMH(name, type); if (mh != null) return mh; } byte refKind = (refc.isInterface() ? REF_invokeInterface : REF_invokeVirtual); MemberName method = resolveOrFail(refKind, refc, name, type); return getDirectMethod(refKind, refc, method, findBoundCallerClass(method)); } private MethodHandle findVirtualForMH(String name, MethodType type) { // these names require special lookups because of the implicit MethodType argument if ("invoke".equals(name)) return invoker(type); if ("invokeExact".equals(name)) return exactInvoker(type); assert(!MemberName.isMethodHandleInvokeName(name)); return null; } /** * Produces a method handle which creates an object and initializes it, using * the constructor of the specified type. * The parameter types of the method handle will be those of the constructor, * while the return type will be a reference to the constructor's class. * The constructor and all its argument types must be accessible to the lookup object. * <p> * The requested type must have a return type of {@code void}. * (This is consistent with the JVM's treatment of constructor type descriptors.) * <p> * The returned method handle will have * {@linkplain MethodHandle#asVarargsCollector variable arity} if and only if * the constructor's variable arity modifier bit ({@code 0x0080}) is set. * <p> * If the returned method handle is invoked, the constructor's class will * be initialized, if it has not already been initialized. * <p>Example: * <blockquote>{@code import static java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles.*; import static java.lang.invoke.MethodType.*; ... MethodHandle MH_newArrayList = publicLookup().findConstructor( ArrayList.class, methodType(void.class, Collection.class)); Collection orig = Arrays.asList("x", "y"); Collection copy = (ArrayList) MH_newArrayList.invokeExact(orig); assert(orig != copy); assertEquals(orig, copy); // a variable-arity constructor: MethodHandle MH_newProcessBuilder = publicLookup().findConstructor( ProcessBuilder.class, methodType(void.class, String[].class)); ProcessBuilder pb = (ProcessBuilder) MH_newProcessBuilder.invoke("x", "y", "z"); assertEquals("[x, y, z]", pb.command().toString()); * }</pre> * @param refc the class or interface from which the method is accessed * @param type the type of the method, with the receiver argument omitted, and a void return type * @return the desired method handle * @throws NoSuchMethodException if the constructor does not exist * @throws IllegalAccessException if access checking fails * or if the method's variable arity modifier bit * is set and {@code asVarargsCollector} fails * @exception SecurityException if a security manager is present and it * <a href="MethodHandles.Lookup.html#secmgr">refuses access * @throws NullPointerException if any argument is null */ public MethodHandle findConstructor(Class<?> refc, MethodType type) throws NoSuchMethodException, IllegalAccessException { String name = "<init>"; MemberName ctor = resolveOrFail(REF_newInvokeSpecial, refc, name, type); return getDirectConstructor(refc, ctor); } /** * Produces an early-bound method handle for a virtual method. * It will bypass checks for overriding methods on the receiver, * <a href="MethodHandles.Lookup.html#equiv">as if called from an {@code invokespecial} * instruction from within the explicitly specified {@code specialCaller}. * The type of the method handle will be that of the method, * with a suitably restricted receiver type prepended. * (The receiver type will be {@code specialCaller} or a subtype.) * The method and all its argument types must be accessible * to the lookup object. * <p> * Before method resolution, * if the explicitly specified caller class is not identical with the * lookup class, or if this lookup object does not have * <a href="MethodHandles.Lookup.html#privacc">private access * privileges, the access fails. * <p> * The returned method handle will have * {@linkplain MethodHandle#asVarargsCollector variable arity} if and only if * the method's variable arity modifier bit ({@code 0x0080}) is set. * <p style="font-size:smaller;"> * <em>(Note: JVM internal methods named {@code ""} are not visible to this API, * even though the {@code invokespecial} instruction can refer to them * in special circumstances. Use {@link #findConstructor findConstructor} * to access instance initialization methods in a safe manner.)</em> * <p>Example: * <blockquote> {@code import static java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles.*; import static java.lang.invoke.MethodType.*; ... static class Listie extends ArrayList { public String toString() { return "[wee Listie]"; } static Lookup lookup() { return MethodHandles.lookup(); } } ... // no access to constructor via invokeSpecial: MethodHandle MH_newListie = Listie.lookup() .findConstructor(Listie.class, methodType(void.class)); Listie l = (Listie) MH_newListie.invokeExact(); try { assertEquals("impossible", Listie.lookup().findSpecial( Listie.class, "<init>", methodType(void.class), Listie.class)); } catch (NoSuchMethodException ex) { } // OK // access to super and self methods via invokeSpecial: MethodHandle MH_super = Listie.lookup().findSpecial( ArrayList.class, "toString" , methodType(String.class), Listie.class); MethodHandle MH_this = Listie.lookup().findSpecial( Listie.class, "toString" , methodType(String.class), Listie.class); MethodHandle MH_duper = Listie.lookup().findSpecial( Object.class, "toString" , methodType(String.class), Listie.class); assertEquals("[]", (String) MH_super.invokeExact(l)); assertEquals(""+l, (String) MH_this.invokeExact(l)); assertEquals("[]", (String) MH_duper.invokeExact(l)); // ArrayList method try { assertEquals("inaccessible", Listie.lookup().findSpecial( String.class, "toString", methodType(String.class), Listie.class)); } catch (IllegalAccessException ex) { } // OK Listie subl = new Listie() { public String toString() { return "[subclass]"; } }; assertEquals(""+l, (String) MH_this.invokeExact(subl)); // Listie method * }</pre> * * @param refc the class or interface from which the method is accessed * @param name the name of the method (which must not be "<init>") * @param type the type of the method, with the receiver argument omitted * @param specialCaller the proposed calling class to perform the {@code invokespecial} * @return the desired method handle * @throws NoSuchMethodException if the method does not exist * @throws IllegalAccessException if access checking fails * or if the method's variable arity modifier bit * is set and {@code asVarargsCollector} fails * @exception SecurityException if a security manager is present and it * <a href="MethodHandles.Lookup.html#secmgr">refuses access * @throws NullPointerException if any argument is null */ public MethodHandle findSpecial(Class<?> refc, String name, MethodType type, Class<?> specialCaller) throws NoSuchMethodException, IllegalAccessException { checkSpecialCaller(specialCaller); Lookup specialLookup = this.in(specialCaller); MemberName method = specialLookup.resolveOrFail(REF_invokeSpecial, refc, name, type); return specialLookup.getDirectMethod(REF_invokeSpecial, refc, method, findBoundCallerClass(method)); } /** * Produces a method handle giving read access to a non-static field. * The type of the method handle will have a return type of the field's * value type. * The method handle's single argument will be the instance containing * the field. * Access checking is performed immediately on behalf of the lookup class. * @param refc the class or interface from which the method is accessed * @param name the field's name * @param type the field's type * @return a method handle which can load values from the field * @throws NoSuchFieldException if the field does not exist * @throws IllegalAccessException if access checking fails, or if the field is {@code static} * @exception SecurityException if a security manager is present and it * <a href="MethodHandles.Lookup.html#secmgr">refuses access * @throws NullPointerException if any argument is null */ public MethodHandle findGetter(Class<?> refc, String name, Class type) throws NoSuchFieldException, IllegalAccessException { MemberName field = resolveOrFail(REF_getField, refc, name, type); return getDirectField(REF_getField, refc, field); } /** * Produces a method handle giving write access to a non-static field. * The type of the method handle will have a void return type. * The method handle will take two arguments, the instance containing * the field, and the value to be stored. * The second argument will be of the field's value type. * Access checking is performed immediately on behalf of the lookup class. * @param refc the class or interface from which the method is accessed * @param name the field's name * @param type the field's type * @return a method handle which can store values into the field * @throws NoSuchFieldException if the field does not exist * @throws IllegalAccessException if access checking fails, or if the field is {@code static} * @exception SecurityException if a security manager is present and it * <a href="MethodHandles.Lookup.html#secmgr">refuses access * @throws NullPointerException if any argument is null */ public MethodHandle findSetter(Class<?> refc, String name, Class type) throws NoSuchFieldException, IllegalAccessException { MemberName field = resolveOrFail(REF_putField, refc, name, type); return getDirectField(REF_putField, refc, field); } /** * Produces a method handle giving read access to a static field. * The type of the method handle will have a return type of the field's * value type. * The method handle will take no arguments. * Access checking is performed immediately on behalf of the lookup class. * <p> * If the returned method handle is invoked, the field's class will * be initialized, if it has not already been initialized. * @param refc the class or interface from which the method is accessed * @param name the field's name * @param type the field's type * @return a method handle which can load values from the field * @throws NoSuchFieldException if the field does not exist * @throws IllegalAccessException if access checking fails, or if the field is not {@code static} * @exception SecurityException if a security manager is present and it * <a href="MethodHandles.Lookup.html#secmgr">refuses access * @throws NullPointerException if any argument is null */ public MethodHandle findStaticGetter(Class<?> refc, String name, Class type) throws NoSuchFieldException, IllegalAccessException { MemberName field = resolveOrFail(REF_getStatic, refc, name, type); return getDirectField(REF_getStatic, refc, field); } /** * Produces a method handle giving write access to a static field. * The type of the method handle will have a void return type. * The method handle will take a single * argument, of the field's value type, the value to be stored. * Access checking is performed immediately on behalf of the lookup class. * <p> * If the returned method handle is invoked, the field's class will * be initialized, if it has not already been initialized. * @param refc the class or interface from which the method is accessed * @param name the field's name * @param type the field's type * @return a method handle which can store values into the field * @throws NoSuchFieldException if the field does not exist * @throws IllegalAccessException if access checking fails, or if the field is not {@code static} * @exception SecurityException if a security manager is present and it * <a href="MethodHandles.Lookup.html#secmgr">refuses access * @throws NullPointerException if any argument is null */ public MethodHandle findStaticSetter(Class<?> refc, String name, Class type) throws NoSuchFieldException, IllegalAccessException { MemberName field = resolveOrFail(REF_putStatic, refc, name, type); return getDirectField(REF_putStatic, refc, field); } /** * Produces an early-bound method handle for a non-static method. * The receiver must have a supertype {@code defc} in which a method * of the given name and type is accessible to the lookup class. * The method and all its argument types must be accessible to the lookup object. * The type of the method handle will be that of the method, * without any insertion of an additional receiver parameter. * The given receiver will be bound into the method handle, * so that every call to the method handle will invoke the * requested method on the given receiver. * <p> * The returned method handle will have * {@linkplain MethodHandle#asVarargsCollector variable arity} if and only if * the method's variable arity modifier bit ({@code 0x0080}) is set * <em>and the trailing array argument is not the only argument. * (If the trailing array argument is the only argument, * the given receiver value will be bound to it.) * <p> * This is equivalent to the following code: * <blockquote>{@code import static java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles.*; import static java.lang.invoke.MethodType.*; ... MethodHandle mh0 = lookup().findVirtual(defc, name, type); MethodHandle mh1 = mh0.bindTo(receiver); MethodType mt1 = mh1.type(); if (mh0.isVarargsCollector()) mh1 = mh1.asVarargsCollector(mt1.parameterType(mt1.parameterCount()-1)); return mh1; * }</pre> * where {@code defc} is either {@code receiver.getClass()} or a super * type of that class, in which the requested method is accessible * to the lookup class. * (Note that {@code bindTo} does not preserve variable arity.) * @param receiver the object from which the method is accessed * @param name the name of the method * @param type the type of the method, with the receiver argument omitted * @return the desired method handle * @throws NoSuchMethodException if the method does not exist * @throws IllegalAccessException if access checking fails * or if the method's variable arity modifier bit * is set and {@code asVarargsCollector} fails * @exception SecurityException if a security manager is present and it * <a href="MethodHandles.Lookup.html#secmgr">refuses access * @throws NullPointerException if any argument is null * @see MethodHandle#bindTo * @see #findVirtual */ public MethodHandle bind(Object receiver, String name, MethodType type) throws NoSuchMethodException, IllegalAccessException { Class<? extends Object> refc = receiver.getClass(); // may get NPE MemberName method = resolveOrFail(REF_invokeSpecial, refc, name, type); MethodHandle mh = getDirectMethodNoRestrict(REF_invokeSpecial, refc, method, findBoundCallerClass(method)); return mh.bindReceiver(receiver).setVarargs(method); } /** * Makes a <a href="MethodHandleInfo.html#directmh">direct method handle * to <i>m, if the lookup class has permission. * If <i>m is non-static, the receiver argument is treated as an initial argument. * If <i>m is virtual, overriding is respected on every call. * Unlike the Core Reflection API, exceptions are <em>not wrapped. * The type of the method handle will be that of the method, * with the receiver type prepended (but only if it is non-static). * If the method's {@code accessible} flag is not set, * access checking is performed immediately on behalf of the lookup class. * If <i>m is not public, do not share the resulting handle with untrusted parties. * <p> * The returned method handle will have * {@linkplain MethodHandle#asVarargsCollector variable arity} if and only if * the method's variable arity modifier bit ({@code 0x0080}) is set. * <p> * If <i>m is static, and * if the returned method handle is invoked, the method's class will * be initialized, if it has not already been initialized. * @param m the reflected method * @return a method handle which can invoke the reflected method * @throws IllegalAccessException if access checking fails * or if the method's variable arity modifier bit * is set and {@code asVarargsCollector} fails * @throws NullPointerException if the argument is null */ public MethodHandle unreflect(Method m) throws IllegalAccessException { if (m.getDeclaringClass() == MethodHandle.class) { MethodHandle mh = unreflectForMH(m); if (mh != null) return mh; } MemberName method = new MemberName(m); byte refKind = method.getReferenceKind(); if (refKind == REF_invokeSpecial) refKind = REF_invokeVirtual; assert(method.isMethod()); Lookup lookup = m.isAccessible() ? IMPL_LOOKUP : this; return lookup.getDirectMethodNoSecurityManager(refKind, method.getDeclaringClass(), method, findBoundCallerClass(method)); } private MethodHandle unreflectForMH(Method m) { // these names require special lookups because they throw UnsupportedOperationException if (MemberName.isMethodHandleInvokeName(m.getName())) return MethodHandleImpl.fakeMethodHandleInvoke(new MemberName(m)); return null; } /** * Produces a method handle for a reflected method. * It will bypass checks for overriding methods on the receiver, * <a href="MethodHandles.Lookup.html#equiv">as if called from an {@code invokespecial} * instruction from within the explicitly specified {@code specialCaller}. * The type of the method handle will be that of the method, * with a suitably restricted receiver type prepended. * (The receiver type will be {@code specialCaller} or a subtype.) * If the method's {@code accessible} flag is not set, * access checking is performed immediately on behalf of the lookup class, * as if {@code invokespecial} instruction were being linked. * <p> * Before method resolution, * if the explicitly specified caller class is not identical with the * lookup class, or if this lookup object does not have * <a href="MethodHandles.Lookup.html#privacc">private access * privileges, the access fails. * <p> * The returned method handle will have * {@linkplain MethodHandle#asVarargsCollector variable arity} if and only if * the method's variable arity modifier bit ({@code 0x0080}) is set. * @param m the reflected method * @param specialCaller the class nominally calling the method * @return a method handle which can invoke the reflected method * @throws IllegalAccessException if access checking fails * or if the method's variable arity modifier bit * is set and {@code asVarargsCollector} fails * @throws NullPointerException if any argument is null */ public MethodHandle unreflectSpecial(Method m, Class<?> specialCaller) throws IllegalAccessException { checkSpecialCaller(specialCaller); Lookup specialLookup = this.in(specialCaller); MemberName method = new MemberName(m, true); assert(method.isMethod()); // ignore m.isAccessible: this is a new kind of access return specialLookup.getDirectMethodNoSecurityManager(REF_invokeSpecial, method.getDeclaringClass(), method, findBoundCallerClass(method)); } /** * Produces a method handle for a reflected constructor. * The type of the method handle will be that of the constructor, * with the return type changed to the declaring class. * The method handle will perform a {@code newInstance} operation, * creating a new instance of the constructor's class on the * arguments passed to the method handle. * <p> * If the constructor's {@code accessible} flag is not set, * access checking is performed immediately on behalf of the lookup class. * <p> * The returned method handle will have * {@linkplain MethodHandle#asVarargsCollector variable arity} if and only if * the constructor's variable arity modifier bit ({@code 0x0080}) is set. * <p> * If the returned method handle is invoked, the constructor's class will * be initialized, if it has not already been initialized. * @param c the reflected constructor * @return a method handle which can invoke the reflected constructor * @throws IllegalAccessException if access checking fails * or if the method's variable arity modifier bit * is set and {@code asVarargsCollector} fails * @throws NullPointerException if the argument is null */ public MethodHandle unreflectConstructor(Constructor<?> c) throws IllegalAccessException { MemberName ctor = new MemberName(c); assert(ctor.isConstructor()); Lookup lookup = c.isAccessible() ? IMPL_LOOKUP : this; return lookup.getDirectConstructorNoSecurityManager(ctor.getDeclaringClass(), ctor); } /** * Produces a method handle giving read access to a reflected field. * The type of the method handle will have a return type of the field's * value type. * If the field is static, the method handle will take no arguments. * Otherwise, its single argument will be the instance containing * the field. * If the field's {@code accessible} flag is not set, * access checking is performed immediately on behalf of the lookup class. * <p> * If the field is static, and * if the returned method handle is invoked, the field's class will * be initialized, if it has not already been initialized. * @param f the reflected field * @return a method handle which can load values from the reflected field * @throws IllegalAccessException if access checking fails * @throws NullPointerException if the argument is null */ public MethodHandle unreflectGetter(Field f) throws IllegalAccessException { return unreflectField(f, false); } private MethodHandle unreflectField(Field f, boolean isSetter) throws IllegalAccessException { MemberName field = new MemberName(f, isSetter); assert(isSetter ? MethodHandleNatives.refKindIsSetter(field.getReferenceKind()) : MethodHandleNatives.refKindIsGetter(field.getReferenceKind())); Lookup lookup = f.isAccessible() ? IMPL_LOOKUP : this; return lookup.getDirectFieldNoSecurityManager(field.getReferenceKind(), f.getDeclaringClass(), field); } /** * Produces a method handle giving write access to a reflected field. * The type of the method handle will have a void return type. * If the field is static, the method handle will take a single * argument, of the field's value type, the value to be stored. * Otherwise, the two arguments will be the instance containing * the field, and the value to be stored. * If the field's {@code accessible} flag is not set, * access checking is performed immediately on behalf of the lookup class. * <p> * If the field is static, and * if the returned method handle is invoked, the field's class will * be initialized, if it has not already been initialized. * @param f the reflected field * @return a method handle which can store values into the reflected field * @throws IllegalAccessException if access checking fails * @throws NullPointerException if the argument is null */ public MethodHandle unreflectSetter(Field f) throws IllegalAccessException { return unreflectField(f, true); } /** * Cracks a <a href="MethodHandleInfo.html#directmh">direct method handle * created by this lookup object or a similar one. * Security and access checks are performed to ensure that this lookup object * is capable of reproducing the target method handle. * This means that the cracking may fail if target is a direct method handle * but was created by an unrelated lookup object. * This can happen if the method handle is <a href="MethodHandles.Lookup.html#callsens">caller sensitive * and was created by a lookup object for a different class. * @param target a direct method handle to crack into symbolic reference components * @return a symbolic reference which can be used to reconstruct this method handle from this lookup object * @exception SecurityException if a security manager is present and it * <a href="MethodHandles.Lookup.html#secmgr">refuses access * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the target is not a direct method handle or if access checking fails * @exception NullPointerException if the target is {@code null} * @see MethodHandleInfo * @since 1.8 */ public MethodHandleInfo revealDirect(MethodHandle target) { MemberName member = target.internalMemberName(); if (member == null || (!member.isResolved() && !member.isMethodHandleInvoke())) throw newIllegalArgumentException("not a direct method handle"); Class<?> defc = member.getDeclaringClass(); byte refKind = member.getReferenceKind(); assert(MethodHandleNatives.refKindIsValid(refKind)); if (refKind == REF_invokeSpecial && !target.isInvokeSpecial()) // Devirtualized method invocation is usually formally virtual. // To avoid creating extra MemberName objects for this common case, // we encode this extra degree of freedom using MH.isInvokeSpecial. refKind = REF_invokeVirtual; if (refKind == REF_invokeVirtual && defc.isInterface()) // Symbolic reference is through interface but resolves to Object method (toString, etc.) refKind = REF_invokeInterface; // Check SM permissions and member access before cracking. try { checkAccess(refKind, defc, member); checkSecurityManager(defc, member); } catch (IllegalAccessException ex) { throw new IllegalArgumentException(ex); } if (allowedModes != TRUSTED && member.isCallerSensitive()) { Class<?> callerClass = target.internalCallerClass(); if (!hasPrivateAccess() || callerClass != lookupClass()) throw new IllegalArgumentException("method handle is caller sensitive: "+callerClass); } // Produce the handle to the results. return new InfoFromMemberName(this, member, refKind); } /// Helper methods, all package-private. MemberName resolveOrFail(byte refKind, Class<?> refc, String name, Class type) throws NoSuchFieldException, IllegalAccessException { checkSymbolicClass(refc); // do this before attempting to resolve name.getClass(); // NPE type.getClass(); // NPE return IMPL_NAMES.resolveOrFail(refKind, new MemberName(refc, name, type, refKind), lookupClassOrNull(), NoSuchFieldException.class); } MemberName resolveOrFail(byte refKind, Class<?> refc, String name, MethodType type) throws NoSuchMethodException, IllegalAccessException { checkSymbolicClass(refc); // do this before attempting to resolve name.getClass(); // NPE type.getClass(); // NPE checkMethodName(refKind, name); // NPE check on name return IMPL_NAMES.resolveOrFail(refKind, new MemberName(refc, name, type, refKind), lookupClassOrNull(), NoSuchMethodException.class); } MemberName resolveOrFail(byte refKind, MemberName member) throws ReflectiveOperationException { checkSymbolicClass(member.getDeclaringClass()); // do this before attempting to resolve member.getName().getClass(); // NPE member.getType().getClass(); // NPE return IMPL_NAMES.resolveOrFail(refKind, member, lookupClassOrNull(), ReflectiveOperationException.class); } void checkSymbolicClass(Class<?> refc) throws IllegalAccessException { refc.getClass(); // NPE Class<?> caller = lookupClassOrNull(); if (caller != null && !VerifyAccess.isClassAccessible(refc, caller, allowedModes)) throw new MemberName(refc).makeAccessException("symbolic reference class is not public", this); } /** Check name for an illegal leading "<" character. */ void checkMethodName(byte refKind, String name) throws NoSuchMethodException { if (name.startsWith("<") && refKind != REF_newInvokeSpecial) throw new NoSuchMethodException("illegal method name: "+name); } /** * Find my trustable caller class if m is a caller sensitive method. * If this lookup object has private access, then the caller class is the lookupClass. * Otherwise, if m is caller-sensitive, throw IllegalAccessException. */ Class<?> findBoundCallerClass(MemberName m) throws IllegalAccessException { Class<?> callerClass = null; if (MethodHandleNatives.isCallerSensitive(m)) { // Only lookups with private access are allowed to resolve caller-sensitive methods if (hasPrivateAccess()) { callerClass = lookupClass; } else { throw new IllegalAccessException("Attempt to lookup caller-sensitive method using restricted lookup object"); } } return callerClass; } private boolean hasPrivateAccess() { return (allowedModes & PRIVATE) != 0; } /** * Perform necessary <a href="MethodHandles.Lookup.html#secmgr">access checks. * Determines a trustable caller class to compare with refc, the symbolic reference class. * If this lookup object has private access, then the caller class is the lookupClass. */ void checkSecurityManager(Class<?> refc, MemberName m) { SecurityManager smgr = System.getSecurityManager(); if (smgr == null) return; if (allowedModes == TRUSTED) return; // Step 1: boolean fullPowerLookup = hasPrivateAccess(); if (!fullPowerLookup || !VerifyAccess.classLoaderIsAncestor(lookupClass, refc)) { ReflectUtil.checkPackageAccess(refc); } // Step 2: if (m.isPublic()) return; if (!fullPowerLookup) { smgr.checkPermission(SecurityConstants.CHECK_MEMBER_ACCESS_PERMISSION); } // Step 3: Class<?> defc = m.getDeclaringClass(); if (!fullPowerLookup && defc != refc) { ReflectUtil.checkPackageAccess(defc); } } void checkMethod(byte refKind, Class<?> refc, MemberName m) throws IllegalAccessException { boolean wantStatic = (refKind == REF_invokeStatic); String message; if (m.isConstructor()) message = "expected a method, not a constructor"; else if (!m.isMethod()) message = "expected a method"; else if (wantStatic != m.isStatic()) message = wantStatic ? "expected a static method" : "expected a non-static method"; else { checkAccess(refKind, refc, m); return; } throw m.makeAccessException(message, this); } void checkField(byte refKind, Class<?> refc, MemberName m) throws IllegalAccessException { boolean wantStatic = !MethodHandleNatives.refKindHasReceiver(refKind); String message; if (wantStatic != m.isStatic()) message = wantStatic ? "expected a static field" : "expected a non-static field"; else { checkAccess(refKind, refc, m); return; } throw m.makeAccessException(message, this); } /** Check public/protected/private bits on the symbolic reference class and its member. */ void checkAccess(byte refKind, Class<?> refc, MemberName m) throws IllegalAccessException { assert(m.referenceKindIsConsistentWith(refKind) && MethodHandleNatives.refKindIsValid(refKind) && (MethodHandleNatives.refKindIsField(refKind) == m.isField())); int allowedModes = this.allowedModes; if (allowedModes == TRUSTED) return; int mods = m.getModifiers(); if (Modifier.isProtected(mods) && refKind == REF_invokeVirtual && m.getDeclaringClass() == Object.class && m.getName().equals("clone") && refc.isArray()) { // The JVM does this hack also. // (See ClassVerifier::verify_invoke_instructions // and LinkResolver::check_method_accessability.) // Because the JVM does not allow separate methods on array types, // there is no separate method for int[].clone. // All arrays simply inherit Object.clone. // But for access checking logic, we make Object.clone // (normally protected) appear to be public. // Later on, when the DirectMethodHandle is created, // its leading argument will be restricted to the // requested array type. // N.B. The return type is not adjusted, because // that is *not* the bytecode behavior. mods ^= Modifier.PROTECTED | Modifier.PUBLIC; } if (Modifier.isFinal(mods) && MethodHandleNatives.refKindIsSetter(refKind)) throw m.makeAccessException("unexpected set of a final field", this); if (Modifier.isPublic(mods) && Modifier.isPublic(refc.getModifiers()) && allowedModes != 0) return; // common case int requestedModes = fixmods(mods); // adjust 0 => PACKAGE if ((requestedModes & allowedModes) != 0) { if (VerifyAccess.isMemberAccessible(refc, m.getDeclaringClass(), mods, lookupClass(), allowedModes)) return; } else { // Protected members can also be checked as if they were package-private. if ((requestedModes & PROTECTED) != 0 && (allowedModes & PACKAGE) != 0 && VerifyAccess.isSamePackage(m.getDeclaringClass(), lookupClass())) return; } throw m.makeAccessException(accessFailedMessage(refc, m), this); } String accessFailedMessage(Class<?> refc, MemberName m) { Class<?> defc = m.getDeclaringClass(); int mods = m.getModifiers(); // check the class first: boolean classOK = (Modifier.isPublic(defc.getModifiers()) && (defc == refc || Modifier.isPublic(refc.getModifiers()))); if (!classOK && (allowedModes & PACKAGE) != 0) { classOK = (VerifyAccess.isClassAccessible(defc, lookupClass(), ALL_MODES) && (defc == refc || VerifyAccess.isClassAccessible(refc, lookupClass(), ALL_MODES))); } if (!classOK) return "class is not public"; if (Modifier.isPublic(mods)) return "access to public member failed"; // (how?) if (Modifier.isPrivate(mods)) return "member is private"; if (Modifier.isProtected(mods)) return "member is protected"; return "member is private to package"; } private static final boolean ALLOW_NESTMATE_ACCESS = false; private void checkSpecialCaller(Class<?> specialCaller) throws IllegalAccessException { int allowedModes = this.allowedModes; if (allowedModes == TRUSTED) return; if (!hasPrivateAccess() || (specialCaller != lookupClass() && !(ALLOW_NESTMATE_ACCESS && VerifyAccess.isSamePackageMember(specialCaller, lookupClass())))) throw new MemberName(specialCaller). makeAccessException("no private access for invokespecial", this); } private boolean restrictProtectedReceiver(MemberName method) { // The accessing class only has the right to use a protected member // on itself or a subclass. Enforce that restriction, from JVMS 5.4.4, etc. if (!method.isProtected() || method.isStatic() || allowedModes == TRUSTED || method.getDeclaringClass() == lookupClass() || VerifyAccess.isSamePackage(method.getDeclaringClass(), lookupClass()) || (ALLOW_NESTMATE_ACCESS && VerifyAccess.isSamePackageMember(method.getDeclaringClass(), lookupClass()))) return false; return true; } private MethodHandle restrictReceiver(MemberName method, MethodHandle mh, Class<?> caller) throws IllegalAccessException { assert(!method.isStatic()); // receiver type of mh is too wide; narrow to caller if (!method.getDeclaringClass().isAssignableFrom(caller)) { throw method.makeAccessException("caller class must be a subclass below the method", caller); } MethodType rawType = mh.type(); if (rawType.parameterType(0) == caller) return mh; MethodType narrowType = rawType.changeParameterType(0, caller); return mh.viewAsType(narrowType); } /** Check access and get the requested method. */ private MethodHandle getDirectMethod(byte refKind, Class<?> refc, MemberName method, Class callerClass) throws IllegalAccessException { final boolean doRestrict = true; final boolean checkSecurity = true; return getDirectMethodCommon(refKind, refc, method, checkSecurity, doRestrict, callerClass); } /** Check access and get the requested method, eliding receiver narrowing rules. */ private MethodHandle getDirectMethodNoRestrict(byte refKind, Class<?> refc, MemberName method, Class callerClass) throws IllegalAccessException { final boolean doRestrict = false; final boolean checkSecurity = true; return getDirectMethodCommon(refKind, refc, method, checkSecurity, doRestrict, callerClass); } /** Check access and get the requested method, eliding security manager checks. */ private MethodHandle getDirectMethodNoSecurityManager(byte refKind, Class<?> refc, MemberName method, Class callerClass) throws IllegalAccessException { final boolean doRestrict = true; final boolean checkSecurity = false; // not needed for reflection or for linking CONSTANT_MH constants return getDirectMethodCommon(refKind, refc, method, checkSecurity, doRestrict, callerClass); } /** Common code for all methods; do not call directly except from immediately above. */ private MethodHandle getDirectMethodCommon(byte refKind, Class<?> refc, MemberName method, boolean checkSecurity, boolean doRestrict, Class<?> callerClass) throws IllegalAccessException { checkMethod(refKind, refc, method); // Optionally check with the security manager; this isn't needed for unreflect* calls. if (checkSecurity) checkSecurityManager(refc, method); assert(!method.isMethodHandleInvoke()); Class<?> refcAsSuper; if (refKind == REF_invokeSpecial && refc != lookupClass() && !refc.isInterface() && refc != (refcAsSuper = lookupClass().getSuperclass()) && refc.isAssignableFrom(lookupClass())) { assert(!method.getName().equals("<init>")); // not this code path // Per JVMS 6.5, desc. of invokespecial instruction: // If the method is in a superclass of the LC, // and if our original search was above LC.super, // repeat the search (symbolic lookup) from LC.super. // FIXME: MemberName.resolve should handle this instead. MemberName m2 = new MemberName(refcAsSuper, method.getName(), method.getMethodType(), REF_invokeSpecial); m2 = IMPL_NAMES.resolveOrNull(refKind, m2, lookupClassOrNull()); if (m2 == null) throw new InternalError(method.toString()); method = m2; refc = refcAsSuper; // redo basic checks checkMethod(refKind, refc, method); } MethodHandle mh = DirectMethodHandle.make(refKind, refc, method); mh = maybeBindCaller(method, mh, callerClass); mh = mh.setVarargs(method); // Optionally narrow the receiver argument to refc using restrictReceiver. if (doRestrict && (refKind == REF_invokeSpecial || (MethodHandleNatives.refKindHasReceiver(refKind) && restrictProtectedReceiver(method)))) mh = restrictReceiver(method, mh, lookupClass()); return mh; } private MethodHandle maybeBindCaller(MemberName method, MethodHandle mh, Class<?> callerClass) throws IllegalAccessException { if (allowedModes == TRUSTED || !MethodHandleNatives.isCallerSensitive(method)) return mh; Class<?> hostClass = lookupClass; if (!hasPrivateAccess()) // caller must have private access hostClass = callerClass; // callerClass came from a security manager style stack walk MethodHandle cbmh = MethodHandleImpl.bindCaller(mh, hostClass); // Note: caller will apply varargs after this step happens. return cbmh; } /** Check access and get the requested field. */ private MethodHandle getDirectField(byte refKind, Class<?> refc, MemberName field) throws IllegalAccessException { final boolean checkSecurity = true; return getDirectFieldCommon(refKind, refc, field, checkSecurity); } /** Check access and get the requested field, eliding security manager checks. */ private MethodHandle getDirectFieldNoSecurityManager(byte refKind, Class<?> refc, MemberName field) throws IllegalAccessException { final boolean checkSecurity = false; // not needed for reflection or for linking CONSTANT_MH constants return getDirectFieldCommon(refKind, refc, field, checkSecurity); } /** Common code for all fields; do not call directly except from immediately above. */ private MethodHandle getDirectFieldCommon(byte refKind, Class<?> refc, MemberName field, boolean checkSecurity) throws IllegalAccessException { checkField(refKind, refc, field); // Optionally check with the security manager; this isn't needed for unreflect* calls. if (checkSecurity) checkSecurityManager(refc, field); MethodHandle mh = DirectMethodHandle.make(refc, field); boolean doRestrict = (MethodHandleNatives.refKindHasReceiver(refKind) && restrictProtectedReceiver(field)); if (doRestrict) mh = restrictReceiver(field, mh, lookupClass()); return mh; } /** Check access and get the requested constructor. */ private MethodHandle getDirectConstructor(Class<?> refc, MemberName ctor) throws IllegalAccessException { final boolean checkSecurity = true; return getDirectConstructorCommon(refc, ctor, checkSecurity); } /** Check access and get the requested constructor, eliding security manager checks. */ private MethodHandle getDirectConstructorNoSecurityManager(Class<?> refc, MemberName ctor) throws IllegalAccessException { final boolean checkSecurity = false; // not needed for reflection or for linking CONSTANT_MH constants return getDirectConstructorCommon(refc, ctor, checkSecurity); } /** Common code for all constructors; do not call directly except from immediately above. */ private MethodHandle getDirectConstructorCommon(Class<?> refc, MemberName ctor, boolean checkSecurity) throws IllegalAccessException { assert(ctor.isConstructor()); checkAccess(REF_newInvokeSpecial, refc, ctor); // Optionally check with the security manager; this isn't needed for unreflect* calls. if (checkSecurity) checkSecurityManager(refc, ctor); assert(!MethodHandleNatives.isCallerSensitive(ctor)); // maybeBindCaller not relevant here return DirectMethodHandle.make(ctor).setVarargs(ctor); } /** Hook called from the JVM (via MethodHandleNatives) to link MH constants: */ /*non-public*/ MethodHandle linkMethodHandleConstant(byte refKind, Class<?> defc, String name, Object type) throws ReflectiveOperationException { if (!(type instanceof Class || type instanceof MethodType)) throw new InternalError("unresolved MemberName"); MemberName member = new MemberName(refKind, defc, name, type); MethodHandle mh = LOOKASIDE_TABLE.get(member); if (mh != null) { checkSymbolicClass(defc); return mh; } // Treat MethodHandle.invoke and invokeExact specially. if (defc == MethodHandle.class && refKind == REF_invokeVirtual) { mh = findVirtualForMH(member.getName(), member.getMethodType()); if (mh != null) { return mh; } } MemberName resolved = resolveOrFail(refKind, member); mh = getDirectMethodForConstant(refKind, defc, resolved); if (mh instanceof DirectMethodHandle && canBeCached(refKind, defc, resolved)) { MemberName key = mh.internalMemberName(); if (key != null) { key = key.asNormalOriginal(); } if (member.equals(key)) { // better safe than sorry LOOKASIDE_TABLE.put(key, (DirectMethodHandle) mh); } } return mh; } private boolean canBeCached(byte refKind, Class<?> defc, MemberName member) { if (refKind == REF_invokeSpecial) { return false; } if (!Modifier.isPublic(defc.getModifiers()) || !Modifier.isPublic(member.getDeclaringClass().getModifiers()) || !member.isPublic() || member.isCallerSensitive()) { return false; } ClassLoader loader = defc.getClassLoader(); if (!sun.misc.VM.isSystemDomainLoader(loader)) { ClassLoader sysl = ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader(); boolean found = false; while (sysl != null) { if (loader == sysl) { found = true; break; } sysl = sysl.getParent(); } if (!found) { return false; } } try { MemberName resolved2 = publicLookup().resolveOrFail(refKind, new MemberName(refKind, defc, member.getName(), member.getType())); checkSecurityManager(defc, resolved2); } catch (ReflectiveOperationException | SecurityException ex) { return false; } return true; } private MethodHandle getDirectMethodForConstant(byte refKind, Class<?> defc, MemberName member) throws ReflectiveOperationException { if (MethodHandleNatives.refKindIsField(refKind)) { return getDirectFieldNoSecurityManager(refKind, defc, member); } else if (MethodHandleNatives.refKindIsMethod(refKind)) { return getDirectMethodNoSecurityManager(refKind, defc, member, lookupClass); } else if (refKind == REF_newInvokeSpecial) { return getDirectConstructorNoSecurityManager(defc, member); } // oops throw newIllegalArgumentException("bad MethodHandle constant #"+member); } static ConcurrentHashMap<MemberName, DirectMethodHandle> LOOKASIDE_TABLE = new ConcurrentHashMap<>(); } /** * Produces a method handle giving read access to elements of an array. * The type of the method handle will have a return type of the array's * element type. Its first argument will be the array type, * and the second will be {@code int}. * @param arrayClass an array type * @return a method handle which can load values from the given array type * @throws NullPointerException if the argument is null * @throws IllegalArgumentException if arrayClass is not an array type */ public static MethodHandle arrayElementGetter(Class<?> arrayClass) throws IllegalArgumentException { return MethodHandleImpl.makeArrayElementAccessor(arrayClass, false); } /** * Produces a method handle giving write access to elements of an array. * The type of the method handle will have a void return type. * Its last argument will be the array's element type. * The first and second arguments will be the array type and int. * @param arrayClass the class of an array * @return a method handle which can store values into the array type * @throws NullPointerException if the argument is null * @throws IllegalArgumentException if arrayClass is not an array type */ public static MethodHandle arrayElementSetter(Class<?> arrayClass) throws IllegalArgumentException { return MethodHandleImpl.makeArrayElementAccessor(arrayClass, true); } /// method handle invocation (reflective style) /** * Produces a method handle which will invoke any method handle of the * given {@code type}, with a given number of trailing arguments replaced by * a single trailing {@code Object[]} array. * The resulting invoker will be a method handle with the following * arguments: * <ul> * <li>a single {@code MethodHandle} target * <li>zero or more leading values (counted by {@code leadingArgCount}) * <li>an {@code Object[]} array containing trailing arguments * </ul> * <p> * The invoker will invoke its target like a call to {@link MethodHandle#invoke invoke} with * the indicated {@code type}. * That is, if the target is exactly of the given {@code type}, it will behave * like {@code invokeExact}; otherwise it behave as if {@link MethodHandle#asType asType} * is used to convert the target to the required {@code type}. * <p> * The type of the returned invoker will not be the given {@code type}, but rather * will have all parameters except the first {@code leadingArgCount} * replaced by a single array of type {@code Object[]}, which will be * the final parameter. * <p> * Before invoking its target, the invoker will spread the final array, apply * reference casts as necessary, and unbox and widen primitive arguments. * If, when the invoker is called, the supplied array argument does * not have the correct number of elements, the invoker will throw * an {@link IllegalArgumentException} instead of invoking the target. * <p> * This method is equivalent to the following code (though it may be more efficient): * <blockquote>{@code MethodHandle invoker = MethodHandles.invoker(type); int spreadArgCount = type.parameterCount() - leadingArgCount; invoker = invoker.asSpreader(Object[].class, spreadArgCount); return invoker; * }</pre> * This method throws no reflective or security exceptions. * @param type the desired target type * @param leadingArgCount number of fixed arguments, to be passed unchanged to the target * @return a method handle suitable for invoking any method handle of the given type * @throws NullPointerException if {@code type} is null * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code leadingArgCount} is not in * the range from 0 to {@code type.parameterCount()} inclusive, * or if the resulting method handle's type would have * <a href="MethodHandle.html#maxarity">too many parameters */ static public MethodHandle spreadInvoker(MethodType type, int leadingArgCount) { if (leadingArgCount < 0 || leadingArgCount > type.parameterCount()) throw new IllegalArgumentException("bad argument count "+leadingArgCount); return type.invokers().spreadInvoker(leadingArgCount); } /** * Produces a special <em>invoker method handle which can be used to * invoke any method handle of the given type, as if by {@link MethodHandle#invokeExact invokeExact}. * The resulting invoker will have a type which is * exactly equal to the desired type, except that it will accept * an additional leading argument of type {@code MethodHandle}. * <p> * This method is equivalent to the following code (though it may be more efficient): * {@code publicLookup().findVirtual(MethodHandle.class, "invokeExact", type)} * * <p style="font-size:smaller;"> * <em>Discussion: * Invoker method handles can be useful when working with variable method handles * of unknown types. * For example, to emulate an {@code invokeExact} call to a variable method * handle {@code M}, extract its type {@code T}, * look up the invoker method {@code X} for {@code T}, * and call the invoker method, as {@code X.invoke(T, A...)}. * (It would not work to call {@code X.invokeExact}, since the type {@code T} * is unknown.) * If spreading, collecting, or other argument transformations are required, * they can be applied once to the invoker {@code X} and reused on many {@code M} * method handle values, as long as they are compatible with the type of {@code X}. * <p style="font-size:smaller;"> * <em>(Note: The invoker method is not available via the Core Reflection API. * An attempt to call {@linkplain java.lang.reflect.Method#invoke java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke} * on the declared {@code invokeExact} or {@code invoke} method will raise an * {@link java.lang.UnsupportedOperationException UnsupportedOperationException}.)</em> * <p> * This method throws no reflective or security exceptions. * @param type the desired target type * @return a method handle suitable for invoking any method handle of the given type * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the resulting method handle's type would have * <a href="MethodHandle.html#maxarity">too many parameters */ static public MethodHandle exactInvoker(MethodType type) { return type.invokers().exactInvoker(); } /** * Produces a special <em>invoker method handle which can be used to * invoke any method handle compatible with the given type, as if by {@link MethodHandle#invoke invoke}. * The resulting invoker will have a type which is * exactly equal to the desired type, except that it will accept * an additional leading argument of type {@code MethodHandle}. * <p> * Before invoking its target, if the target differs from the expected type, * the invoker will apply reference casts as * necessary and box, unbox, or widen primitive values, as if by {@link MethodHandle#asType asType}. * Similarly, the return value will be converted as necessary. * If the target is a {@linkplain MethodHandle#asVarargsCollector variable arity method handle}, * the required arity conversion will be made, again as if by {@link MethodHandle#asType asType}. * <p> * This method is equivalent to the following code (though it may be more efficient): * {@code publicLookup().findVirtual(MethodHandle.class, "invoke", type)} * <p style="font-size:smaller;"> * <em>Discussion: * A {@linkplain MethodType#genericMethodType general method type} is one which * mentions only {@code Object} arguments and return values. * An invoker for such a type is capable of calling any method handle * of the same arity as the general type. * <p style="font-size:smaller;"> * <em>(Note: The invoker method is not available via the Core Reflection API. * An attempt to call {@linkplain java.lang.reflect.Method#invoke java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke} * on the declared {@code invokeExact} or {@code invoke} method will raise an * {@link java.lang.UnsupportedOperationException UnsupportedOperationException}.)</em> * <p> * This method throws no reflective or security exceptions. * @param type the desired target type * @return a method handle suitable for invoking any method handle convertible to the given type * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the resulting method handle's type would have * <a href="MethodHandle.html#maxarity">too many parameters */ static public MethodHandle invoker(MethodType type) { return type.invokers().generalInvoker(); } static /*non-public*/ MethodHandle basicInvoker(MethodType type) { return type.form().basicInvoker(); } /// method handle modification (creation from other method handles) /** * Produces a method handle which adapts the type of the * given method handle to a new type by pairwise argument and return type conversion. * The original type and new type must have the same number of arguments. * The resulting method handle is guaranteed to report a type * which is equal to the desired new type. * <p> * If the original type and new type are equal, returns target. * <p> * The same conversions are allowed as for {@link MethodHandle#asType MethodHandle.asType}, * and some additional conversions are also applied if those conversions fail. * Given types <em>T0, T1, one of the following conversions is applied * if possible, before or instead of any conversions done by {@code asType}: * <ul> * <li>If T0 and T1 are references, and T1 is an interface type, * then the value of type <em>T0 is passed as a T1 without a cast. * (This treatment of interfaces follows the usage of the bytecode verifier.) * <li>If T0 is boolean and T1 is another primitive, * the boolean is converted to a byte value, 1 for true, 0 for false. * (This treatment follows the usage of the bytecode verifier.) * <li>If T1 is boolean and T0 is another primitive, * <em>T0 is converted to byte via Java casting conversion (JLS 5.5), * and the low order bit of the result is tested, as if by {@code (x & 1) != 0}. * <li>If T0 and T1 are primitives other than boolean, * then a Java casting conversion (JLS 5.5) is applied. * (Specifically, <em>T0 will convert to T1 by * widening and/or narrowing.) * <li>If T0 is a reference and T1 a primitive, an unboxing * conversion will be applied at runtime, possibly followed * by a Java casting conversion (JLS 5.5) on the primitive value, * possibly followed by a conversion from byte to boolean by testing * the low-order bit. * <li>If T0 is a reference and T1 a primitive, * and if the reference is null at runtime, a zero value is introduced. * </ul> * @param target the method handle to invoke after arguments are retyped * @param newType the expected type of the new method handle * @return a method handle which delegates to the target after performing * any necessary argument conversions, and arranges for any * necessary return value conversions * @throws NullPointerException if either argument is null * @throws WrongMethodTypeException if the conversion cannot be made * @see MethodHandle#asType */ public static MethodHandle explicitCastArguments(MethodHandle target, MethodType newType) { if (!target.type().isCastableTo(newType)) { throw new WrongMethodTypeException("cannot explicitly cast "+target+" to "+newType); } return MethodHandleImpl.makePairwiseConvert(target, newType, 2); } /** * Produces a method handle which adapts the calling sequence of the * given method handle to a new type, by reordering the arguments. * The resulting method handle is guaranteed to report a type * which is equal to the desired new type. * <p> * The given array controls the reordering. * Call {@code #I} the number of incoming parameters (the value * {@code newType.parameterCount()}, and call {@code #O} the number * of outgoing parameters (the value {@code target.type().parameterCount()}). * Then the length of the reordering array must be {@code #O}, * and each element must be a non-negative number less than {@code #I}. * For every {@code N} less than {@code #O}, the {@code N}-th * outgoing argument will be taken from the {@code I}-th incoming * argument, where {@code I} is {@code reorder[N]}. * <p> * No argument or return value conversions are applied. * The type of each incoming argument, as determined by {@code newType}, * must be identical to the type of the corresponding outgoing parameter * or parameters in the target method handle. * The return type of {@code newType} must be identical to the return * type of the original target. * <p> * The reordering array need not specify an actual permutation. * An incoming argument will be duplicated if its index appears * more than once in the array, and an incoming argument will be dropped * if its index does not appear in the array. * As in the case of {@link #dropArguments(MethodHandle,int,List) dropArguments}, * incoming arguments which are not mentioned in the reordering array * are may be any type, as determined only by {@code newType}. * <blockquote>{@code import static java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles.*; import static java.lang.invoke.MethodType.*; ... MethodType intfn1 = methodType(int.class, int.class); MethodType intfn2 = methodType(int.class, int.class, int.class); MethodHandle sub = ... (int x, int y) -> (x-y) ...; assert(sub.type().equals(intfn2)); MethodHandle sub1 = permuteArguments(sub, intfn2, 0, 1); MethodHandle rsub = permuteArguments(sub, intfn2, 1, 0); assert((int)rsub.invokeExact(1, 100) == 99); MethodHandle add = ... (int x, int y) -> (x+y) ...; assert(add.type().equals(intfn2)); MethodHandle twice = permuteArguments(add, intfn1, 0, 0); assert(twice.type().equals(intfn1)); assert((int)twice.invokeExact(21) == 42); * }</pre> * @param target the method handle to invoke after arguments are reordered * @param newType the expected type of the new method handle * @param reorder an index array which controls the reordering * @return a method handle which delegates to the target after it * drops unused arguments and moves and/or duplicates the other arguments * @throws NullPointerException if any argument is null * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the index array length is not equal to * the arity of the target, or if any index array element * not a valid index for a parameter of {@code newType}, * or if two corresponding parameter types in * {@code target.type()} and {@code newType} are not identical, */ public static MethodHandle permuteArguments(MethodHandle target, MethodType newType, int... reorder) { checkReorder(reorder, newType, target.type()); return target.permuteArguments(newType, reorder); } private static void checkReorder(int[] reorder, MethodType newType, MethodType oldType) { if (newType.returnType() != oldType.returnType()) throw newIllegalArgumentException("return types do not match", oldType, newType); if (reorder.length == oldType.parameterCount()) { int limit = newType.parameterCount(); boolean bad = false; for (int j = 0; j < reorder.length; j++) { int i = reorder[j]; if (i < 0 || i >= limit) { bad = true; break; } Class<?> src = newType.parameterType(i); Class<?> dst = oldType.parameterType(j); if (src != dst) throw newIllegalArgumentException("parameter types do not match after reorder", oldType, newType); } if (!bad) return; } throw newIllegalArgumentException("bad reorder array: "+Arrays.toString(reorder)); } /** * Produces a method handle of the requested return type which returns the given * constant value every time it is invoked. * <p> * Before the method handle is returned, the passed-in value is converted to the requested type. * If the requested type is primitive, widening primitive conversions are attempted, * else reference conversions are attempted. * <p>The returned method handle is equivalent to {@code identity(type).bindTo(value)}. * @param type the return type of the desired method handle * @param value the value to return * @return a method handle of the given return type and no arguments, which always returns the given value * @throws NullPointerException if the {@code type} argument is null * @throws ClassCastException if the value cannot be converted to the required return type * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the given type is {@code void.class} */ public static MethodHandle constant(Class<?> type, Object value) { if (type.isPrimitive()) { if (type == void.class) throw newIllegalArgumentException("void type"); Wrapper w = Wrapper.forPrimitiveType(type); return insertArguments(identity(type), 0, w.convert(value, type)); } else { return identity(type).bindTo(type.cast(value)); } } /** * Produces a method handle which returns its sole argument when invoked. * @param type the type of the sole parameter and return value of the desired method handle * @return a unary method handle which accepts and returns the given type * @throws NullPointerException if the argument is null * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the given type is {@code void.class} */ public static MethodHandle identity(Class<?> type) { if (type == void.class) throw newIllegalArgumentException("void type"); else if (type == Object.class) return ValueConversions.identity(); else if (type.isPrimitive()) return ValueConversions.identity(Wrapper.forPrimitiveType(type)); else return MethodHandleImpl.makeReferenceIdentity(type); } /** * Provides a target method handle with one or more <em>bound arguments * in advance of the method handle's invocation. * The formal parameters to the target corresponding to the bound * arguments are called <em>bound parameters. * Returns a new method handle which saves away the bound arguments. * When it is invoked, it receives arguments for any non-bound parameters, * binds the saved arguments to their corresponding parameters, * and calls the original target. * <p> * The type of the new method handle will drop the types for the bound * parameters from the original target type, since the new method handle * will no longer require those arguments to be supplied by its callers. * <p> * Each given argument object must match the corresponding bound parameter type. * If a bound parameter type is a primitive, the argument object * must be a wrapper, and will be unboxed to produce the primitive value. * <p> * The {@code pos} argument selects which parameters are to be bound. * It may range between zero and <i>N-L (inclusively), * where <i>N is the arity of the target method handle * and <i>L is the length of the values array. * @param target the method handle to invoke after the argument is inserted * @param pos where to insert the argument (zero for the first) * @param values the series of arguments to insert * @return a method handle which inserts an additional argument, * before calling the original method handle * @throws NullPointerException if the target or the {@code values} array is null * @see MethodHandle#bindTo */ public static MethodHandle insertArguments(MethodHandle target, int pos, Object... values) { int insCount = values.length; MethodType oldType = target.type(); int outargs = oldType.parameterCount(); int inargs = outargs - insCount; if (inargs < 0) throw newIllegalArgumentException("too many values to insert"); if (pos < 0 || pos > inargs) throw newIllegalArgumentException("no argument type to append"); MethodHandle result = target; for (int i = 0; i < insCount; i++) { Object value = values[i]; Class<?> ptype = oldType.parameterType(pos+i); if (ptype.isPrimitive()) { char btype = 'I'; Wrapper w = Wrapper.forPrimitiveType(ptype); switch (w) { case LONG: btype = 'J'; break; case FLOAT: btype = 'F'; break; case DOUBLE: btype = 'D'; break; } // perform unboxing and/or primitive conversion value = w.convert(value, ptype); result = result.bindArgument(pos, btype, value); continue; } value = ptype.cast(value); // throw CCE if needed if (pos == 0) { result = result.bindReceiver(value); } else { result = result.bindArgument(pos, 'L', value); } } return result; } /** * Produces a method handle which will discard some dummy arguments * before calling some other specified <i>target method handle. * The type of the new method handle will be the same as the target's type, * except it will also include the dummy argument types, * at some given position. * <p> * The {@code pos} argument may range between zero and <i>N, * where <i>N is the arity of the target. * If {@code pos} is zero, the dummy arguments will precede * the target's real arguments; if {@code pos} is <i>N * they will come after. * <p> * <b>Example: * <blockquote>{@code import static java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles.*; import static java.lang.invoke.MethodType.*; ... MethodHandle cat = lookup().findVirtual(String.class, "concat", methodType(String.class, String.class)); assertEquals("xy", (String) cat.invokeExact("x", "y")); MethodType bigType = cat.type().insertParameterTypes(0, int.class, String.class); MethodHandle d0 = dropArguments(cat, 0, bigType.parameterList().subList(0,2)); assertEquals(bigType, d0.type()); assertEquals("yz", (String) d0.invokeExact(123, "x", "y", "z")); * }</pre> * <p> * This method is also equivalent to the following code: * <blockquote>* {@link #dropArguments(MethodHandle,int,Class...) dropArguments}{@code (target, pos, valueTypes.toArray(new Class[0]))} * </pre> * @param target the method handle to invoke after the arguments are dropped * @param valueTypes the type(s) of the argument(s) to drop * @param pos position of first argument to drop (zero for the leftmost) * @return a method handle which drops arguments of the given types, * before calling the original method handle * @throws NullPointerException if the target is null, * or if the {@code valueTypes} list or any of its elements is null * @throws IllegalArgumentException if any element of {@code valueTypes} is {@code void.class}, * or if {@code pos} is negative or greater than the arity of the target, * or if the new method handle's type would have too many parameters */ public static MethodHandle dropArguments(MethodHandle target, int pos, List<Class valueTypes) { MethodType oldType = target.type(); // get NPE int dropped = valueTypes.size(); MethodType.checkSlotCount(dropped); if (dropped == 0) return target; int outargs = oldType.parameterCount(); int inargs = outargs + dropped; if (pos < 0 || pos >= inargs) throw newIllegalArgumentException("no argument type to remove"); ArrayList<Class ptypes = new ArrayList<>(oldType.parameterList()); ptypes.addAll(pos, valueTypes); MethodType newType = MethodType.methodType(oldType.returnType(), ptypes); return target.dropArguments(newType, pos, dropped); } /** * Produces a method handle which will discard some dummy arguments * before calling some other specified <i>target method handle. * The type of the new method handle will be the same as the target's type, * except it will also include the dummy argument types, * at some given position. * <p> * The {@code pos} argument may range between zero and <i>N, * where <i>N is the arity of the target. * If {@code pos} is zero, the dummy arguments will precede * the target's real arguments; if {@code pos} is <i>N * they will come after. * <p> * <b>Example: * <blockquote>{@code import static java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles.*; import static java.lang.invoke.MethodType.*; ... MethodHandle cat = lookup().findVirtual(String.class, "concat", methodType(String.class, String.class)); assertEquals("xy", (String) cat.invokeExact("x", "y")); MethodHandle d0 = dropArguments(cat, 0, String.class); assertEquals("yz", (String) d0.invokeExact("x", "y", "z")); MethodHandle d1 = dropArguments(cat, 1, String.class); assertEquals("xz", (String) d1.invokeExact("x", "y", "z")); MethodHandle d2 = dropArguments(cat, 2, String.class); assertEquals("xy", (String) d2.invokeExact("x", "y", "z")); MethodHandle d12 = dropArguments(cat, 1, int.class, boolean.class); assertEquals("xz", (String) d12.invokeExact("x", 12, true, "z")); * }</pre> * <p> * This method is also equivalent to the following code: * <blockquote>* {@link #dropArguments(MethodHandle,int,List) dropArguments}{@code (target, pos, Arrays.asList(valueTypes))} * </pre> * @param target the method handle to invoke after the arguments are dropped * @param valueTypes the type(s) of the argument(s) to drop * @param pos position of first argument to drop (zero for the leftmost) * @return a method handle which drops arguments of the given types, * before calling the original method handle * @throws NullPointerException if the target is null, * or if the {@code valueTypes} array or any of its elements is null * @throws IllegalArgumentException if any element of {@code valueTypes} is {@code void.class}, * or if {@code pos} is negative or greater than the arity of the target, * or if the new method handle's type would have * <a href="MethodHandle.html#maxarity">too many parameters */ public static MethodHandle dropArguments(MethodHandle target, int pos, Class<?>... valueTypes) { return dropArguments(target, pos, Arrays.asList(valueTypes)); } /** * Adapts a target method handle by pre-processing * one or more of its arguments, each with its own unary filter function, * and then calling the target with each pre-processed argument * replaced by the result of its corresponding filter function. * <p> * The pre-processing is performed by one or more method handles, * specified in the elements of the {@code filters} array. * The first element of the filter array corresponds to the {@code pos} * argument of the target, and so on in sequence. * <p> * Null arguments in the array are treated as identity functions, * and the corresponding arguments left unchanged. * (If there are no non-null elements in the array, the original target is returned.) * Each filter is applied to the corresponding argument of the adapter. * <p> * If a filter {@code F} applies to the {@code N}th argument of * the target, then {@code F} must be a method handle which * takes exactly one argument. The type of {@code F}'s sole argument * replaces the corresponding argument type of the target * in the resulting adapted method handle. * The return type of {@code F} must be identical to the corresponding * parameter type of the target. * <p> * It is an error if there are elements of {@code filters} * (null or not) * which do not correspond to argument positions in the target. * <p>Example: * <blockquote>{@code import static java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles.*; import static java.lang.invoke.MethodType.*; ... MethodHandle cat = lookup().findVirtual(String.class, "concat", methodType(String.class, String.class)); MethodHandle upcase = lookup().findVirtual(String.class, "toUpperCase", methodType(String.class)); assertEquals("xy", (String) cat.invokeExact("x", "y")); MethodHandle f0 = filterArguments(cat, 0, upcase); assertEquals("Xy", (String) f0.invokeExact("x", "y")); // Xy MethodHandle f1 = filterArguments(cat, 1, upcase); assertEquals("xY", (String) f1.invokeExact("x", "y")); // xY MethodHandle f2 = filterArguments(cat, 0, upcase, upcase); assertEquals("XY", (String) f2.invokeExact("x", "y")); // XY * }</pre> * <p> Here is pseudocode for the resulting adapter: * <blockquote>{@code * V target(P... p, A[i]... a[i], B... b); * A[i] filter[i](V[i]); * T adapter(P... p, V[i]... v[i], B... b) { * return target(p..., f[i](v[i])..., b...); * } * }</pre> * * @param target the method handle to invoke after arguments are filtered * @param pos the position of the first argument to filter * @param filters method handles to call initially on filtered arguments * @return method handle which incorporates the specified argument filtering logic * @throws NullPointerException if the target is null * or if the {@code filters} array is null * @throws IllegalArgumentException if a non-null element of {@code filters} * does not match a corresponding argument type of target as described above, * or if the {@code pos+filters.length} is greater than {@code target.type().parameterCount()}, * or if the resulting method handle's type would have * <a href="MethodHandle.html#maxarity">too many parameters */ public static MethodHandle filterArguments(MethodHandle target, int pos, MethodHandle... filters) { MethodType targetType = target.type(); MethodHandle adapter = target; MethodType adapterType = null; assert((adapterType = targetType) != null); int maxPos = targetType.parameterCount(); if (pos + filters.length > maxPos) throw newIllegalArgumentException("too many filters"); int curPos = pos-1; // pre-incremented for (MethodHandle filter : filters) { curPos += 1; if (filter == null) continue; // ignore null elements of filters adapter = filterArgument(adapter, curPos, filter); assert((adapterType = adapterType.changeParameterType(curPos, filter.type().parameterType(0))) != null); } assert(adapterType.equals(adapter.type())); return adapter; } /*non-public*/ static MethodHandle filterArgument(MethodHandle target, int pos, MethodHandle filter) { MethodType targetType = target.type(); MethodType filterType = filter.type(); if (filterType.parameterCount() != 1 || filterType.returnType() != targetType.parameterType(pos)) throw newIllegalArgumentException("target and filter types do not match", targetType, filterType); return MethodHandleImpl.makeCollectArguments(target, filter, pos, false); } /** * Adapts a target method handle by pre-processing * a sub-sequence of its arguments with a filter (another method handle). * The pre-processed arguments are replaced by the result (if any) of the * filter function. * The target is then called on the modified (usually shortened) argument list. * <p> * If the filter returns a value, the target must accept that value as * its argument in position {@code pos}, preceded and/or followed by * any arguments not passed to the filter. * If the filter returns void, the target must accept all arguments * not passed to the filter. * No arguments are reordered, and a result returned from the filter * replaces (in order) the whole subsequence of arguments originally * passed to the adapter. * <p> * The argument types (if any) of the filter * replace zero or one argument types of the target, at position {@code pos}, * in the resulting adapted method handle. * The return type of the filter (if any) must be identical to the * argument type of the target at position {@code pos}, and that target argument * is supplied by the return value of the filter. * <p> * In all cases, {@code pos} must be greater than or equal to zero, and * {@code pos} must also be less than or equal to the target's arity. * <p>Example: * <blockquote>{@code import static java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles.*; import static java.lang.invoke.MethodType.*; ... MethodHandle deepToString = publicLookup() .findStatic(Arrays.class, "deepToString", methodType(String.class, Object[].class)); MethodHandle ts1 = deepToString.asCollector(String[].class, 1); assertEquals("[strange]", (String) ts1.invokeExact("strange")); MethodHandle ts2 = deepToString.asCollector(String[].class, 2); assertEquals("[up, down]", (String) ts2.invokeExact("up", "down")); MethodHandle ts3 = deepToString.asCollector(String[].class, 3); MethodHandle ts3_ts2 = collectArguments(ts3, 1, ts2); assertEquals("[top, [up, down], strange]", (String) ts3_ts2.invokeExact("top", "up", "down", "strange")); MethodHandle ts3_ts2_ts1 = collectArguments(ts3_ts2, 3, ts1); assertEquals("[top, [up, down], [strange]]", (String) ts3_ts2_ts1.invokeExact("top", "up", "down", "strange")); MethodHandle ts3_ts2_ts3 = collectArguments(ts3_ts2, 1, ts3); assertEquals("[top, [[up, down, strange], charm], bottom]", (String) ts3_ts2_ts3.invokeExact("top", "up", "down", "strange", "charm", "bottom")); * }</pre> * <p> Here is pseudocode for the resulting adapter: * <blockquote>{@code * T target(A...,V,C...); * V filter(B...); * T adapter(A... a,B... b,C... c) { * V v = filter(b...); * return target(a...,v,c...); * } * // and if the filter has no arguments: * T target2(A...,V,C...); * V filter2(); * T adapter2(A... a,C... c) { * V v = filter2(); * return target2(a...,v,c...); * } * // and if the filter has a void return: * T target3(A...,C...); * void filter3(B...); * void adapter3(A... a,B... b,C... c) { * filter3(b...); * return target3(a...,c...); * } * }</pre> * <p> * A collection adapter {@code collectArguments(mh, 0, coll)} is equivalent to * one which first "folds" the affected arguments, and then drops them, in separate * steps as follows: * <blockquote>{@code * mh = MethodHandles.dropArguments(mh, 1, coll.type().parameterList()); //step 2 * mh = MethodHandles.foldArguments(mh, coll); //step 1 * }</pre> * If the target method handle consumes no arguments besides than the result * (if any) of the filter {@code coll}, then {@code collectArguments(mh, 0, coll)} * is equivalent to {@code filterReturnValue(coll, mh)}. * If the filter method handle {@code coll} consumes one argument and produces * a non-void result, then {@code collectArguments(mh, N, coll)} * is equivalent to {@code filterArguments(mh, N, coll)}. * Other equivalences are possible but would require argument permutation. * * @param target the method handle to invoke after filtering the subsequence of arguments * @param pos the position of the first adapter argument to pass to the filter, * and/or the target argument which receives the result of the filter * @param filter method handle to call on the subsequence of arguments * @return method handle which incorporates the specified argument subsequence filtering logic * @throws NullPointerException if either argument is null * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the return type of {@code filter} * is non-void and is not the same as the {@code pos} argument of the target, * or if {@code pos} is not between 0 and the target's arity, inclusive, * or if the resulting method handle's type would have * <a href="MethodHandle.html#maxarity">too many parameters * @see MethodHandles#foldArguments * @see MethodHandles#filterArguments * @see MethodHandles#filterReturnValue */ public static MethodHandle collectArguments(MethodHandle target, int pos, MethodHandle filter) { MethodType targetType = target.type(); MethodType filterType = filter.type(); if (filterType.returnType() != void.class && filterType.returnType() != targetType.parameterType(pos)) throw newIllegalArgumentException("target and filter types do not match", targetType, filterType); return MethodHandleImpl.makeCollectArguments(target, filter, pos, false); } /** * Adapts a target method handle by post-processing * its return value (if any) with a filter (another method handle). * The result of the filter is returned from the adapter. * <p> * If the target returns a value, the filter must accept that value as * its only argument. * If the target returns void, the filter must accept no arguments. * <p> * The return type of the filter * replaces the return type of the target * in the resulting adapted method handle. * The argument type of the filter (if any) must be identical to the * return type of the target. * <p>Example: * <blockquote>{@code import static java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles.*; import static java.lang.invoke.MethodType.*; ... MethodHandle cat = lookup().findVirtual(String.class, "concat", methodType(String.class, String.class)); MethodHandle length = lookup().findVirtual(String.class, "length", methodType(int.class)); System.out.println((String) cat.invokeExact("x", "y")); // xy MethodHandle f0 = filterReturnValue(cat, length); System.out.println((int) f0.invokeExact("x", "y")); // 2 * }</pre> * <p> Here is pseudocode for the resulting adapter: * <blockquote>{@code * V target(A...); * T filter(V); * T adapter(A... a) { * V v = target(a...); * return filter(v); * } * // and if the target has a void return: * void target2(A...); * T filter2(); * T adapter2(A... a) { * target2(a...); * return filter2(); * } * // and if the filter has a void return: * V target3(A...); * void filter3(V); * void adapter3(A... a) { * V v = target3(a...); * filter3(v); * } * }</pre> * @param target the method handle to invoke before filtering the return value * @param filter method handle to call on the return value * @return method handle which incorporates the specified return value filtering logic * @throws NullPointerException if either argument is null * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the argument list of {@code filter} * does not match the return type of target as described above */ public static MethodHandle filterReturnValue(MethodHandle target, MethodHandle filter) { MethodType targetType = target.type(); MethodType filterType = filter.type(); Class<?> rtype = targetType.returnType(); int filterValues = filterType.parameterCount(); if (filterValues == 0 ? (rtype != void.class) : (rtype != filterType.parameterType(0))) throw newIllegalArgumentException("target and filter types do not match", target, filter); // result = fold( lambda(retval, arg...) { filter(retval) }, // lambda( arg...) { target(arg...) } ) return MethodHandleImpl.makeCollectArguments(filter, target, 0, false); } /** * Adapts a target method handle by pre-processing * some of its arguments, and then calling the target with * the result of the pre-processing, inserted into the original * sequence of arguments. * <p> * The pre-processing is performed by {@code combiner}, a second method handle. * Of the arguments passed to the adapter, the first {@code N} arguments * are copied to the combiner, which is then called. * (Here, {@code N} is defined as the parameter count of the combiner.) * After this, control passes to the target, with any result * from the combiner inserted before the original {@code N} incoming * arguments. * <p> * If the combiner returns a value, the first parameter type of the target * must be identical with the return type of the combiner, and the next * {@code N} parameter types of the target must exactly match the parameters * of the combiner. * <p> * If the combiner has a void return, no result will be inserted, * and the first {@code N} parameter types of the target * must exactly match the parameters of the combiner. * <p> * The resulting adapter is the same type as the target, except that the * first parameter type is dropped, * if it corresponds to the result of the combiner. * <p> * (Note that {@link #dropArguments(MethodHandle,int,List) dropArguments} can be used to remove any arguments * that either the combiner or the target does not wish to receive. * If some of the incoming arguments are destined only for the combiner, * consider using {@link MethodHandle#asCollector asCollector} instead, since those * arguments will not need to be live on the stack on entry to the * target.) * <p>Example: * <blockquote>{@code import static java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles.*; import static java.lang.invoke.MethodType.*; ... MethodHandle trace = publicLookup().findVirtual(java.io.PrintStream.class, "println", methodType(void.class, String.class)) .bindTo(System.out); MethodHandle cat = lookup().findVirtual(String.class, "concat", methodType(String.class, String.class)); assertEquals("boojum", (String) cat.invokeExact("boo", "jum")); MethodHandle catTrace = foldArguments(cat, trace); // also prints "boo": assertEquals("boojum", (String) catTrace.invokeExact("boo", "jum")); * }</pre> * <p> Here is pseudocode for the resulting adapter: * <blockquote>{@code * // there are N arguments in A... * T target(V, A[N]..., B...); * V combiner(A...); * T adapter(A... a, B... b) { * V v = combiner(a...); * return target(v, a..., b...); * } * // and if the combiner has a void return: * T target2(A[N]..., B...); * void combiner2(A...); * T adapter2(A... a, B... b) { * combiner2(a...); * return target2(a..., b...); * } * }</pre> * @param target the method handle to invoke after arguments are combined * @param combiner method handle to call initially on the incoming arguments * @return method handle which incorporates the specified argument folding logic * @throws NullPointerException if either argument is null * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code combiner}'s return type * is non-void and not the same as the first argument type of * the target, or if the initial {@code N} argument types * of the target * (skipping one matching the {@code combiner}'s return type) * are not identical with the argument types of {@code combiner} */ public static MethodHandle foldArguments(MethodHandle target, MethodHandle combiner) { int pos = 0; MethodType targetType = target.type(); MethodType combinerType = combiner.type(); int foldPos = pos; int foldArgs = combinerType.parameterCount(); int foldVals = combinerType.returnType() == void.class ? 0 : 1; int afterInsertPos = foldPos + foldVals; boolean ok = (targetType.parameterCount() >= afterInsertPos + foldArgs); if (ok && !(combinerType.parameterList() .equals(targetType.parameterList().subList(afterInsertPos, afterInsertPos + foldArgs)))) ok = false; if (ok && foldVals != 0 && !combinerType.returnType().equals(targetType.parameterType(0))) ok = false; if (!ok) throw misMatchedTypes("target and combiner types", targetType, combinerType); MethodType newType = targetType.dropParameterTypes(foldPos, afterInsertPos); return MethodHandleImpl.makeCollectArguments(target, combiner, foldPos, true); } /** * Makes a method handle which adapts a target method handle, * by guarding it with a test, a boolean-valued method handle. * If the guard fails, a fallback handle is called instead. * All three method handles must have the same corresponding * argument and return types, except that the return type * of the test must be boolean, and the test is allowed * to have fewer arguments than the other two method handles. * <p> Here is pseudocode for the resulting adapter: * <blockquote>{@code * boolean test(A...); * T target(A...,B...); * T fallback(A...,B...); * T adapter(A... a,B... b) { * if (test(a...)) * return target(a..., b...); * else * return fallback(a..., b...); * } * }</pre> * Note that the test arguments ({@code a...} in the pseudocode) cannot * be modified by execution of the test, and so are passed unchanged * from the caller to the target or fallback as appropriate. * @param test method handle used for test, must return boolean * @param target method handle to call if test passes * @param fallback method handle to call if test fails * @return method handle which incorporates the specified if/then/else logic * @throws NullPointerException if any argument is null * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code test} does not return boolean, * or if all three method types do not match (with the return * type of {@code test} changed to match that of the target). */ public static MethodHandle guardWithTest(MethodHandle test, MethodHandle target, MethodHandle fallback) { MethodType gtype = test.type(); MethodType ttype = target.type(); MethodType ftype = fallback.type(); if (!ttype.equals(ftype)) throw misMatchedTypes("target and fallback types", ttype, ftype); if (gtype.returnType() != boolean.class) throw newIllegalArgumentException("guard type is not a predicate "+gtype); List<Class targs = ttype.parameterList(); List<Class gargs = gtype.parameterList(); if (!targs.equals(gargs)) { int gpc = gargs.size(), tpc = targs.size(); if (gpc >= tpc || !targs.subList(0, gpc).equals(gargs)) throw misMatchedTypes("target and test types", ttype, gtype); test = dropArguments(test, gpc, targs.subList(gpc, tpc)); gtype = test.type(); } return MethodHandleImpl.makeGuardWithTest(test, target, fallback); } static RuntimeException misMatchedTypes(String what, MethodType t1, MethodType t2) { return newIllegalArgumentException(what + " must match: " + t1 + " != " + t2); } /** * Makes a method handle which adapts a target method handle, * by running it inside an exception handler. * If the target returns normally, the adapter returns that value. * If an exception matching the specified type is thrown, the fallback * handle is called instead on the exception, plus the original arguments. * <p> * The target and handler must have the same corresponding * argument and return types, except that handler may omit trailing arguments * (similarly to the predicate in {@link #guardWithTest guardWithTest}). * Also, the handler must have an extra leading parameter of {@code exType} or a supertype. * <p> Here is pseudocode for the resulting adapter: * <blockquote>{@code * T target(A..., B...); * T handler(ExType, A...); * T adapter(A... a, B... b) { * try { * return target(a..., b...); * } catch (ExType ex) { * return handler(ex, a...); * } * } * }</pre> * Note that the saved arguments ({@code a...} in the pseudocode) cannot * be modified by execution of the target, and so are passed unchanged * from the caller to the handler, if the handler is invoked. * <p> * The target and handler must return the same type, even if the handler * always throws. (This might happen, for instance, because the handler * is simulating a {@code finally} clause). * To create such a throwing handler, compose the handler creation logic * with {@link #throwException throwException}, * in order to create a method handle of the correct return type. * @param target method handle to call * @param exType the type of exception which the handler will catch * @param handler method handle to call if a matching exception is thrown * @return method handle which incorporates the specified try/catch logic * @throws NullPointerException if any argument is null * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code handler} does not accept * the given exception type, or if the method handle types do * not match in their return types and their * corresponding parameters */ public static MethodHandle catchException(MethodHandle target, Class<? extends Throwable> exType, MethodHandle handler) { MethodType ttype = target.type(); MethodType htype = handler.type(); if (htype.parameterCount() < 1 || !htype.parameterType(0).isAssignableFrom(exType)) throw newIllegalArgumentException("handler does not accept exception type "+exType); if (htype.returnType() != ttype.returnType()) throw misMatchedTypes("target and handler return types", ttype, htype); List<Class targs = ttype.parameterList(); List<Class hargs = htype.parameterList(); hargs = hargs.subList(1, hargs.size()); // omit leading parameter from handler if (!targs.equals(hargs)) { int hpc = hargs.size(), tpc = targs.size(); if (hpc >= tpc || !targs.subList(0, hpc).equals(hargs)) throw misMatchedTypes("target and handler types", ttype, htype); handler = dropArguments(handler, 1+hpc, targs.subList(hpc, tpc)); htype = handler.type(); } return MethodHandleImpl.makeGuardWithCatch(target, exType, handler); } /** * Produces a method handle which will throw exceptions of the given {@code exType}. * The method handle will accept a single argument of {@code exType}, * and immediately throw it as an exception. * The method type will nominally specify a return of {@code returnType}. * The return type may be anything convenient: It doesn't matter to the * method handle's behavior, since it will never return normally. * @param returnType the return type of the desired method handle * @param exType the parameter type of the desired method handle * @return method handle which can throw the given exceptions * @throws NullPointerException if either argument is null */ public static MethodHandle throwException(Class<?> returnType, Class exType) { if (!Throwable.class.isAssignableFrom(exType)) throw new ClassCastException(exType.getName()); return MethodHandleImpl.throwException(MethodType.methodType(returnType, exType)); } }Other Java examples (source code examples)
Here is a short list of links related to this Java MethodHandles.java source code file:
Java example source code file (MethodHandles.java)
The MethodHandles.java Java example source code/* * Copyright (c) 2008, 2013, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER. * * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as * published by the Free Software Foundation. Oracle designates this * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code. * * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that * accompanied this code). * * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA. * * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any * questions. */ package java.lang.invoke; import java.lang.reflect.*; import java.util.List; import java.util.ArrayList; import java.util.Arrays; import sun.invoke.util.ValueConversions; import sun.invoke.util.VerifyAccess; import sun.invoke.util.Wrapper; import sun.reflect.CallerSensitive; import sun.reflect.Reflection; import sun.reflect.misc.ReflectUtil; import sun.security.util.SecurityConstants; import static java.lang.invoke.MethodHandleStatics.*; import static java.lang.invoke.MethodHandleNatives.Constants.*; import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap; import sun.security.util.SecurityConstants; /** * This class consists exclusively of static methods that operate on or return * method handles. They fall into several categories: * <ul> * <li>Lookup methods which help create method handles for methods and fields. * <li>Combinator methods, which combine or transform pre-existing method handles into new ones. * <li>Other factory methods to create method handles that emulate other common JVM operations or control flow patterns. * </ul> * <p> * @author John Rose, JSR 292 EG * @since 1.7 */ public class MethodHandles { private MethodHandles() { } // do not instantiate private static final MemberName.Factory IMPL_NAMES = MemberName.getFactory(); static { MethodHandleImpl.initStatics(); } // See IMPL_LOOKUP below. //// Method handle creation from ordinary methods. /** * Returns a {@link Lookup lookup object} with * full capabilities to emulate all supported bytecode behaviors of the caller. * These capabilities include <a href="MethodHandles.Lookup.html#privacc">private access to the caller. * Factory methods on the lookup object can create * <a href="MethodHandleInfo.html#directmh">direct method handles * for any member that the caller has access to via bytecodes, * including protected and private fields and methods. * This lookup object is a <em>capability which may be delegated to trusted agents. * Do not store it in place where untrusted code can access it. * <p> * This method is caller sensitive, which means that it may return different * values to different callers. * <p> * For any given caller class {@code C}, the lookup object returned by this call * has equivalent capabilities to any lookup object * supplied by the JVM to the bootstrap method of an * <a href="package-summary.html#indyinsn">invokedynamic instruction * executing in the same caller class {@code C}. * @return a lookup object for the caller of this method, with private access */ @CallerSensitive public static Lookup lookup() { return new Lookup(Reflection.getCallerClass()); } /** * Returns a {@link Lookup lookup object} which is trusted minimally. * It can only be used to create method handles to * publicly accessible fields and methods. * <p> * As a matter of pure convention, the {@linkplain Lookup#lookupClass lookup class} * of this lookup object will be {@link java.lang.Object}. * * <p style="font-size:smaller;"> * <em>Discussion: * The lookup class can be changed to any other class {@code C} using an expression of the form * {@link Lookup#in publicLookup().in(C.class)}. * Since all classes have equal access to public names, * such a change would confer no new access rights. * A public lookup object is always subject to * <a href="MethodHandles.Lookup.html#secmgr">security manager checks. * Also, it cannot access * <a href="MethodHandles.Lookup.html#callsens">caller sensitive methods. * @return a lookup object which is trusted minimally */ public static Lookup publicLookup() { return Lookup.PUBLIC_LOOKUP; } /** * Performs an unchecked "crack" of a * <a href="MethodHandleInfo.html#directmh">direct method handle. * The result is as if the user had obtained a lookup object capable enough * to crack the target method handle, called * {@link java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles.Lookup#revealDirect Lookup.revealDirect} * on the target to obtain its symbolic reference, and then called * {@link java.lang.invoke.MethodHandleInfo#reflectAs MethodHandleInfo.reflectAs} * to resolve the symbolic reference to a member. * <p> * If there is a security manager, its {@code checkPermission} method * is called with a {@code ReflectPermission("suppressAccessChecks")} permission. * @param <T> the desired type of the result, either {@link Member} or a subtype * @param target a direct method handle to crack into symbolic reference components * @param expected a class object representing the desired result type {@code T} * @return a reference to the method, constructor, or field object * @exception SecurityException if the caller is not privileged to call {@code setAccessible} * @exception NullPointerException if either argument is {@code null} * @exception IllegalArgumentException if the target is not a direct method handle * @exception ClassCastException if the member is not of the expected type * @since 1.8 */ public static <T extends Member> T reflectAs(Class<T> expected, MethodHandle target) { SecurityManager smgr = System.getSecurityManager(); if (smgr != null) smgr.checkPermission(ACCESS_PERMISSION); Lookup lookup = Lookup.IMPL_LOOKUP; // use maximally privileged lookup return lookup.revealDirect(target).reflectAs(expected, lookup); } // Copied from AccessibleObject, as used by Method.setAccessible, etc.: static final private java.security.Permission ACCESS_PERMISSION = new ReflectPermission("suppressAccessChecks"); /** * A <em>lookup object is a factory for creating method handles, * when the creation requires access checking. * Method handles do not perform * access checks when they are called, but rather when they are created. * Therefore, method handle access * restrictions must be enforced when a method handle is created. * The caller class against which those restrictions are enforced * is known as the {@linkplain #lookupClass lookup class}. * <p> * A lookup class which needs to create method handles will call * {@link MethodHandles#lookup MethodHandles.lookup} to create a factory for itself. * When the {@code Lookup} factory object is created, the identity of the lookup class is * determined, and securely stored in the {@code Lookup} object. * The lookup class (or its delegates) may then use factory methods * on the {@code Lookup} object to create method handles for access-checked members. * This includes all methods, constructors, and fields which are allowed to the lookup class, * even private ones. * * <h1>Lookup Factory Methods * The factory methods on a {@code Lookup} object correspond to all major * use cases for methods, constructors, and fields. * Each method handle created by a factory method is the functional * equivalent of a particular <em>bytecode behavior. * (Bytecode behaviors are described in section 5.4.3.5 of the Java Virtual Machine Specification.) * Here is a summary of the correspondence between these factory methods and * the behavior the resulting method handles: * <table border=1 cellpadding=5 summary="lookup method behaviors"> * <tr> * <th>lookup expression * <th>member * <th>bytecode behavior * </tr> * <tr> * <td>{@link java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles.Lookup#findGetter lookup.findGetter(C.class,"f",FT.class)} | {@code (T) this.f;} | {@code (T) C.f;} | {@code this.f = x;} | {@code C.f = arg;} | {@code (T) this.m(arg*);} | {@code (T) C.m(arg*);} | {@code (T) super.m(arg*);} | {@code new C(arg*);} | {@code (FT) aField.get(thisOrNull);} | {@code aField.set(thisOrNull, arg);} | {@code (T) aMethod.invoke(thisOrNull, arg*);} | {@code (C) aConstructor.newInstance(arg*);} | {@code (T) aMethod.invoke(thisOrNull, arg*);} |
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