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Java example source code file (TestDateTimeFormatterBuilder.java)

This example Java source code file (TestDateTimeFormatterBuilder.java) is included in the alvinalexander.com "Java Source Code Warehouse" project. The intent of this project is to help you "Learn Java by Example" TM.

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Java - Java tags/keywords

datetimeformatter, exception, hh\:mm, hh\:mm\:ss, hhmmss, ldml, localized, mmmm, object, offset, parseposition, string, test, text, util, value

The TestDateTimeFormatterBuilder.java Java example source code

/*
 * Copyright (c) 2012, 2013, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
 * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
 *
 * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
 * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
 * published by the Free Software Foundation.
 *
 * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
 * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
 * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
 * accompanied this code).
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
 * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
 * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
 *
 * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
 * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
 * questions.
 */

/*
 * This file is available under and governed by the GNU General Public
 * License version 2 only, as published by the Free Software Foundation.
 * However, the following notice accompanied the original version of this
 * file:
 *
 * Copyright (c) 2009-2012, Stephen Colebourne & Michael Nascimento Santos
 *
 * All rights reserved.
 *
 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
 *
 *  * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice,
 *    this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 *
 *  * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
 *    this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
 *    and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
 *
 *  * Neither the name of JSR-310 nor the names of its contributors
 *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
 *    without specific prior written permission.
 *
 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
 * "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
 * LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
 * A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR
 * CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL,
 * EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
 * PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR
 * PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF
 * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING
 * NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
 * SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
 */
package test.java.time.format;

import static java.time.temporal.ChronoField.DAY_OF_MONTH;
import static java.time.temporal.ChronoField.DAY_OF_WEEK;
import static java.time.temporal.ChronoField.MINUTE_OF_HOUR;
import static java.time.temporal.ChronoField.MONTH_OF_YEAR;
import static java.time.temporal.ChronoField.YEAR;
import static org.testng.Assert.assertEquals;
import static org.testng.Assert.assertNotNull;

import java.text.ParsePosition;
import java.time.LocalDate;
import java.time.YearMonth;
import java.time.ZoneOffset;
import java.time.chrono.Chronology;
import java.time.chrono.IsoChronology;
import java.time.chrono.JapaneseChronology;
import java.time.chrono.MinguoChronology;
import java.time.format.DateTimeFormatter;
import java.time.format.DateTimeFormatterBuilder;
import java.time.format.FormatStyle;
import java.time.format.SignStyle;
import java.time.format.TextStyle;
import java.time.temporal.Temporal;
import java.time.temporal.TemporalAccessor;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Locale;
import java.util.Map;

import org.testng.annotations.BeforeMethod;
import org.testng.annotations.DataProvider;
import org.testng.annotations.Test;

/**
 * Test DateTimeFormatterBuilder.
 */
@Test
public class TestDateTimeFormatterBuilder {

    private DateTimeFormatterBuilder builder;

    @BeforeMethod
    public void setUp() {
        builder = new DateTimeFormatterBuilder();
    }

    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    @Test
    public void test_toFormatter_empty() throws Exception {
        DateTimeFormatter f = builder.toFormatter();
        assertEquals(f.toString(), "");
    }

    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    @Test
    public void test_parseCaseSensitive() throws Exception {
        builder.parseCaseSensitive();
        DateTimeFormatter f = builder.toFormatter();
        assertEquals(f.toString(), "ParseCaseSensitive(true)");
    }

    @Test
    public void test_parseCaseInsensitive() throws Exception {
        builder.parseCaseInsensitive();
        DateTimeFormatter f = builder.toFormatter();
        assertEquals(f.toString(), "ParseCaseSensitive(false)");
    }

    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    @Test
    public void test_parseStrict() throws Exception {
        builder.parseStrict();
        DateTimeFormatter f = builder.toFormatter();
        assertEquals(f.toString(), "ParseStrict(true)");
    }

    @Test
    public void test_parseLenient() throws Exception {
        builder.parseLenient();
        DateTimeFormatter f = builder.toFormatter();
        assertEquals(f.toString(), "ParseStrict(false)");
    }

    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    @Test
    public void test_appendValue_1arg() throws Exception {
        builder.appendValue(DAY_OF_MONTH);
        DateTimeFormatter f = builder.toFormatter();
        assertEquals(f.toString(), "Value(DayOfMonth)");
    }

    @Test(expectedExceptions=NullPointerException.class)
    public void test_appendValue_1arg_null() throws Exception {
        builder.appendValue(null);
    }

    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    @Test
    public void test_appendValue_2arg() throws Exception {
        builder.appendValue(DAY_OF_MONTH, 3);
        DateTimeFormatter f = builder.toFormatter();
        assertEquals(f.toString(), "Value(DayOfMonth,3)");
    }

    @Test(expectedExceptions=NullPointerException.class)
    public void test_appendValue_2arg_null() throws Exception {
        builder.appendValue(null, 3);
    }

    @Test(expectedExceptions=IllegalArgumentException.class)
    public void test_appendValue_2arg_widthTooSmall() throws Exception {
        builder.appendValue(DAY_OF_MONTH, 0);
    }

    @Test(expectedExceptions=IllegalArgumentException.class)
    public void test_appendValue_2arg_widthTooBig() throws Exception {
        builder.appendValue(DAY_OF_MONTH, 20);
    }

    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    @Test
    public void test_appendValue_3arg() throws Exception {
        builder.appendValue(DAY_OF_MONTH, 2, 3, SignStyle.NORMAL);
        DateTimeFormatter f = builder.toFormatter();
        assertEquals(f.toString(), "Value(DayOfMonth,2,3,NORMAL)");
    }

    @Test(expectedExceptions=NullPointerException.class)
    public void test_appendValue_3arg_nullField() throws Exception {
        builder.appendValue(null, 2, 3, SignStyle.NORMAL);
    }

    @Test(expectedExceptions=IllegalArgumentException.class)
    public void test_appendValue_3arg_minWidthTooSmall() throws Exception {
        builder.appendValue(DAY_OF_MONTH, 0, 2, SignStyle.NORMAL);
    }

    @Test(expectedExceptions=IllegalArgumentException.class)
    public void test_appendValue_3arg_minWidthTooBig() throws Exception {
        builder.appendValue(DAY_OF_MONTH, 20, 2, SignStyle.NORMAL);
    }

    @Test(expectedExceptions=IllegalArgumentException.class)
    public void test_appendValue_3arg_maxWidthTooSmall() throws Exception {
        builder.appendValue(DAY_OF_MONTH, 2, 0, SignStyle.NORMAL);
    }

    @Test(expectedExceptions=IllegalArgumentException.class)
    public void test_appendValue_3arg_maxWidthTooBig() throws Exception {
        builder.appendValue(DAY_OF_MONTH, 2, 20, SignStyle.NORMAL);
    }

    @Test(expectedExceptions=IllegalArgumentException.class)
    public void test_appendValue_3arg_maxWidthMinWidth() throws Exception {
        builder.appendValue(DAY_OF_MONTH, 4, 2, SignStyle.NORMAL);
    }

    @Test(expectedExceptions=NullPointerException.class)
    public void test_appendValue_3arg_nullSignStyle() throws Exception {
        builder.appendValue(DAY_OF_MONTH, 2, 3, null);
    }

    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    @Test
    public void test_appendValue_subsequent2_parse3() throws Exception {
        builder.appendValue(MONTH_OF_YEAR, 1, 2, SignStyle.NORMAL).appendValue(DAY_OF_MONTH, 2);
        DateTimeFormatter f = builder.toFormatter();
        assertEquals(f.toString(), "Value(MonthOfYear,1,2,NORMAL)Value(DayOfMonth,2)");
        TemporalAccessor parsed = f.parseUnresolved("123", new ParsePosition(0));
        assertEquals(parsed.getLong(MONTH_OF_YEAR), 1L);
        assertEquals(parsed.getLong(DAY_OF_MONTH), 23L);
    }

    @Test
    public void test_appendValue_subsequent2_parse4() throws Exception {
        builder.appendValue(MONTH_OF_YEAR, 1, 2, SignStyle.NORMAL).appendValue(DAY_OF_MONTH, 2);
        DateTimeFormatter f = builder.toFormatter();
        assertEquals(f.toString(), "Value(MonthOfYear,1,2,NORMAL)Value(DayOfMonth,2)");
        TemporalAccessor parsed = f.parseUnresolved("0123", new ParsePosition(0));
        assertEquals(parsed.getLong(MONTH_OF_YEAR), 1L);
        assertEquals(parsed.getLong(DAY_OF_MONTH), 23L);
    }

    @Test
    public void test_appendValue_subsequent2_parse5() throws Exception {
        builder.appendValue(MONTH_OF_YEAR, 1, 2, SignStyle.NORMAL).appendValue(DAY_OF_MONTH, 2).appendLiteral('4');
        DateTimeFormatter f = builder.toFormatter();
        assertEquals(f.toString(), "Value(MonthOfYear,1,2,NORMAL)Value(DayOfMonth,2)'4'");
        TemporalAccessor parsed = f.parseUnresolved("01234", new ParsePosition(0));
        assertEquals(parsed.getLong(MONTH_OF_YEAR), 1L);
        assertEquals(parsed.getLong(DAY_OF_MONTH), 23L);
    }

    @Test
    public void test_appendValue_subsequent3_parse6() throws Exception {
        builder
            .appendValue(YEAR, 4, 10, SignStyle.EXCEEDS_PAD)
            .appendValue(MONTH_OF_YEAR, 2)
            .appendValue(DAY_OF_MONTH, 2);
        DateTimeFormatter f = builder.toFormatter();
        assertEquals(f.toString(), "Value(Year,4,10,EXCEEDS_PAD)Value(MonthOfYear,2)Value(DayOfMonth,2)");
        TemporalAccessor parsed = f.parseUnresolved("20090630", new ParsePosition(0));
        assertEquals(parsed.getLong(YEAR), 2009L);
        assertEquals(parsed.getLong(MONTH_OF_YEAR), 6L);
        assertEquals(parsed.getLong(DAY_OF_MONTH), 30L);
    }

    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    @Test(expectedExceptions=NullPointerException.class)
    public void test_appendValueReduced_null() throws Exception {
        builder.appendValueReduced(null, 2, 2, 2000);
    }

    @Test
    public void test_appendValueReduced() throws Exception {
        builder.appendValueReduced(YEAR, 2, 2, 2000);
        DateTimeFormatter f = builder.toFormatter();
        assertEquals(f.toString(), "ReducedValue(Year,2,2,2000)");
        TemporalAccessor parsed = f.parseUnresolved("12", new ParsePosition(0));
        assertEquals(parsed.getLong(YEAR), 2012L);
    }

    @Test
    public void test_appendValueReduced_subsequent_parse() throws Exception {
        builder.appendValue(MONTH_OF_YEAR, 1, 2, SignStyle.NORMAL).appendValueReduced(YEAR, 2, 2, 2000);
        DateTimeFormatter f = builder.toFormatter();
        assertEquals(f.toString(), "Value(MonthOfYear,1,2,NORMAL)ReducedValue(Year,2,2,2000)");
        ParsePosition ppos = new ParsePosition(0);
        TemporalAccessor parsed = f.parseUnresolved("123", ppos);
        assertNotNull(parsed, "Parse failed: " + ppos.toString());
        assertEquals(parsed.getLong(MONTH_OF_YEAR), 1L);
        assertEquals(parsed.getLong(YEAR), 2023L);
    }

    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    @Test
    public void test_appendFraction_4arg() throws Exception {
        builder.appendFraction(MINUTE_OF_HOUR, 1, 9, false);
        DateTimeFormatter f = builder.toFormatter();
        assertEquals(f.toString(), "Fraction(MinuteOfHour,1,9)");
    }

    @Test(expectedExceptions=NullPointerException.class)
    public void test_appendFraction_4arg_nullRule() throws Exception {
        builder.appendFraction(null, 1, 9, false);
    }

    @Test(expectedExceptions=IllegalArgumentException.class)
    public void test_appendFraction_4arg_invalidRuleNotFixedSet() throws Exception {
        builder.appendFraction(DAY_OF_MONTH, 1, 9, false);
    }

    @Test(expectedExceptions=IllegalArgumentException.class)
    public void test_appendFraction_4arg_minTooSmall() throws Exception {
        builder.appendFraction(MINUTE_OF_HOUR, -1, 9, false);
    }

    @Test(expectedExceptions=IllegalArgumentException.class)
    public void test_appendFraction_4arg_minTooBig() throws Exception {
        builder.appendFraction(MINUTE_OF_HOUR, 10, 9, false);
    }

    @Test(expectedExceptions=IllegalArgumentException.class)
    public void test_appendFraction_4arg_maxTooSmall() throws Exception {
        builder.appendFraction(MINUTE_OF_HOUR, 0, -1, false);
    }

    @Test(expectedExceptions=IllegalArgumentException.class)
    public void test_appendFraction_4arg_maxTooBig() throws Exception {
        builder.appendFraction(MINUTE_OF_HOUR, 1, 10, false);
    }

    @Test(expectedExceptions=IllegalArgumentException.class)
    public void test_appendFraction_4arg_maxWidthMinWidth() throws Exception {
        builder.appendFraction(MINUTE_OF_HOUR, 9, 3, false);
    }

    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    @Test
    public void test_appendText_1arg() throws Exception {
        builder.appendText(MONTH_OF_YEAR);
        DateTimeFormatter f = builder.toFormatter();
        assertEquals(f.toString(), "Text(MonthOfYear)");
    }

    @Test(expectedExceptions=NullPointerException.class)
    public void test_appendText_1arg_null() throws Exception {
        builder.appendText(null);
    }

    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    @Test
    public void test_appendText_2arg() throws Exception {
        builder.appendText(MONTH_OF_YEAR, TextStyle.SHORT);
        DateTimeFormatter f = builder.toFormatter();
        assertEquals(f.toString(), "Text(MonthOfYear,SHORT)");
    }

    @Test(expectedExceptions=NullPointerException.class)
    public void test_appendText_2arg_nullRule() throws Exception {
        builder.appendText(null, TextStyle.SHORT);
    }

    @Test(expectedExceptions=NullPointerException.class)
    public void test_appendText_2arg_nullStyle() throws Exception {
        builder.appendText(MONTH_OF_YEAR, (TextStyle) null);
    }

    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    @Test
    public void test_appendTextMap() throws Exception {
        Map<Long, String> map = new HashMap<>();
        map.put(1L, "JNY");
        map.put(2L, "FBY");
        map.put(3L, "MCH");
        map.put(4L, "APL");
        map.put(5L, "MAY");
        map.put(6L, "JUN");
        map.put(7L, "JLY");
        map.put(8L, "AGT");
        map.put(9L, "SPT");
        map.put(10L, "OBR");
        map.put(11L, "NVR");
        map.put(12L, "DBR");
        builder.appendText(MONTH_OF_YEAR, map);
        DateTimeFormatter f = builder.toFormatter();
        assertEquals(f.toString(), "Text(MonthOfYear)");  // TODO: toString should be different?
    }

    @Test(expectedExceptions=NullPointerException.class)
    public void test_appendTextMap_nullRule() throws Exception {
        builder.appendText(null, new HashMap<Long, String>());
    }

    @Test(expectedExceptions=NullPointerException.class)
    public void test_appendTextMap_nullStyle() throws Exception {
        builder.appendText(MONTH_OF_YEAR, (Map<Long, String>) null);
    }

    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    @Test
    public void test_appendOffsetId() throws Exception {
        builder.appendOffsetId();
        DateTimeFormatter f = builder.toFormatter();
        assertEquals(f.toString(), "Offset(+HH:MM:ss,'Z')");
    }

    @DataProvider(name="offsetPatterns")
    Object[][] data_offsetPatterns() {
        return new Object[][] {
                {"+HH", 2, 0, 0, "+02"},
                {"+HH", -2, 0, 0, "-02"},
                {"+HH", 2, 30, 0, "+02"},
                {"+HH", 2, 0, 45, "+02"},
                {"+HH", 2, 30, 45, "+02"},

                {"+HHMM", 2, 0, 0, "+0200"},
                {"+HHMM", -2, 0, 0, "-0200"},
                {"+HHMM", 2, 30, 0, "+0230"},
                {"+HHMM", 2, 0, 45, "+0200"},
                {"+HHMM", 2, 30, 45, "+0230"},

                {"+HH:MM", 2, 0, 0, "+02:00"},
                {"+HH:MM", -2, 0, 0, "-02:00"},
                {"+HH:MM", 2, 30, 0, "+02:30"},
                {"+HH:MM", 2, 0, 45, "+02:00"},
                {"+HH:MM", 2, 30, 45, "+02:30"},

                {"+HHMMss", 2, 0, 0, "+0200"},
                {"+HHMMss", -2, 0, 0, "-0200"},
                {"+HHMMss", 2, 30, 0, "+0230"},
                {"+HHMMss", 2, 0, 45, "+020045"},
                {"+HHMMss", 2, 30, 45, "+023045"},

                {"+HH:MM:ss", 2, 0, 0, "+02:00"},
                {"+HH:MM:ss", -2, 0, 0, "-02:00"},
                {"+HH:MM:ss", 2, 30, 0, "+02:30"},
                {"+HH:MM:ss", 2, 0, 45, "+02:00:45"},
                {"+HH:MM:ss", 2, 30, 45, "+02:30:45"},

                {"+HHMMSS", 2, 0, 0, "+020000"},
                {"+HHMMSS", -2, 0, 0, "-020000"},
                {"+HHMMSS", 2, 30, 0, "+023000"},
                {"+HHMMSS", 2, 0, 45, "+020045"},
                {"+HHMMSS", 2, 30, 45, "+023045"},

                {"+HH:MM:SS", 2, 0, 0, "+02:00:00"},
                {"+HH:MM:SS", -2, 0, 0, "-02:00:00"},
                {"+HH:MM:SS", 2, 30, 0, "+02:30:00"},
                {"+HH:MM:SS", 2, 0, 45, "+02:00:45"},
                {"+HH:MM:SS", 2, 30, 45, "+02:30:45"},
        };
    }

    @Test(dataProvider="offsetPatterns")
    public void test_appendOffset_format(String pattern, int h, int m, int s, String expected) throws Exception {
        builder.appendOffset(pattern, "Z");
        DateTimeFormatter f = builder.toFormatter();
        ZoneOffset offset = ZoneOffset.ofHoursMinutesSeconds(h, m, s);
        assertEquals(f.format(offset), expected);
    }

    @Test(dataProvider="offsetPatterns")
    public void test_appendOffset_parse(String pattern, int h, int m, int s, String expected) throws Exception {
        builder.appendOffset(pattern, "Z");
        DateTimeFormatter f = builder.toFormatter();
        ZoneOffset offset = ZoneOffset.ofHoursMinutesSeconds(h, m, s);
        ZoneOffset parsed = f.parse(expected, ZoneOffset::from);
        assertEquals(f.format(parsed), expected);
    }

    @DataProvider(name="badOffsetPatterns")
    Object[][] data_badOffsetPatterns() {
        return new Object[][] {
            {"HH"},
            {"HHMM"},
            {"HH:MM"},
            {"HHMMss"},
            {"HH:MM:ss"},
            {"HHMMSS"},
            {"HH:MM:SS"},
            {"+H"},
            {"+HMM"},
            {"+HHM"},
            {"+A"},
        };
    }

    @Test(dataProvider="badOffsetPatterns", expectedExceptions=IllegalArgumentException.class)
    public void test_appendOffset_badPattern(String pattern) throws Exception {
        builder.appendOffset(pattern, "Z");
    }

    @Test(expectedExceptions=NullPointerException.class)
    public void test_appendOffset_3arg_nullText() throws Exception {
        builder.appendOffset("+HH:MM", null);
    }

    @Test(expectedExceptions=NullPointerException.class)
    public void test_appendOffset_3arg_nullPattern() throws Exception {
        builder.appendOffset(null, "Z");
    }

    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    @Test
    public void test_appendZoneId() throws Exception {
        builder.appendZoneId();
        DateTimeFormatter f = builder.toFormatter();
        assertEquals(f.toString(), "ZoneId()");
    }

    @Test
    public void test_appendZoneText_1arg() throws Exception {
        builder.appendZoneText(TextStyle.FULL);
        DateTimeFormatter f = builder.toFormatter();
        assertEquals(f.toString(), "ZoneText(FULL)");
    }

    @Test(expectedExceptions=NullPointerException.class)
    public void test_appendZoneText_1arg_nullText() throws Exception {
        builder.appendZoneText(null);
    }

    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    @Test
    public void test_padNext_1arg() {
        builder.appendValue(MONTH_OF_YEAR).appendLiteral(':').padNext(2).appendValue(DAY_OF_MONTH);
        assertEquals(builder.toFormatter().format(LocalDate.of(2013, 2, 1)), "2: 1");
    }

    @Test(expectedExceptions=IllegalArgumentException.class)
    public void test_padNext_1arg_invalidWidth() throws Exception {
        builder.padNext(0);
    }

    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    @Test
    public void test_padNext_2arg_dash() throws Exception {
        builder.appendValue(MONTH_OF_YEAR).appendLiteral(':').padNext(2, '-').appendValue(DAY_OF_MONTH);
        assertEquals(builder.toFormatter().format(LocalDate.of(2013, 2, 1)), "2:-1");
    }

    @Test(expectedExceptions=IllegalArgumentException.class)
    public void test_padNext_2arg_invalidWidth() throws Exception {
        builder.padNext(0, '-');
    }

    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    @Test
    public void test_padOptional() throws Exception {
        builder.appendValue(MONTH_OF_YEAR).appendLiteral(':')
                .padNext(5).optionalStart().appendValue(DAY_OF_MONTH).optionalEnd()
                .appendLiteral(':').appendValue(YEAR);
        assertEquals(builder.toFormatter().format(LocalDate.of(2013, 2, 1)), "2:    1:2013");
        assertEquals(builder.toFormatter().format(YearMonth.of(2013, 2)), "2:     :2013");
    }

    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    @Test
    public void test_optionalStart_noEnd() throws Exception {
        builder.appendValue(MONTH_OF_YEAR).optionalStart().appendValue(DAY_OF_MONTH).appendValue(DAY_OF_WEEK);
        DateTimeFormatter f = builder.toFormatter();
        assertEquals(f.toString(), "Value(MonthOfYear)[Value(DayOfMonth)Value(DayOfWeek)]");
    }

    @Test
    public void test_optionalStart2_noEnd() throws Exception {
        builder.appendValue(MONTH_OF_YEAR).optionalStart().appendValue(DAY_OF_MONTH).optionalStart().appendValue(DAY_OF_WEEK);
        DateTimeFormatter f = builder.toFormatter();
        assertEquals(f.toString(), "Value(MonthOfYear)[Value(DayOfMonth)[Value(DayOfWeek)]]");
    }

    @Test
    public void test_optionalStart_doubleStart() throws Exception {
        builder.appendValue(MONTH_OF_YEAR).optionalStart().optionalStart().appendValue(DAY_OF_MONTH);
        DateTimeFormatter f = builder.toFormatter();
        assertEquals(f.toString(), "Value(MonthOfYear)[[Value(DayOfMonth)]]");
    }

    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    @Test
    public void test_optionalEnd() throws Exception {
        builder.appendValue(MONTH_OF_YEAR).optionalStart().appendValue(DAY_OF_MONTH).optionalEnd().appendValue(DAY_OF_WEEK);
        DateTimeFormatter f = builder.toFormatter();
        assertEquals(f.toString(), "Value(MonthOfYear)[Value(DayOfMonth)]Value(DayOfWeek)");
    }

    @Test
    public void test_optionalEnd2() throws Exception {
        builder.appendValue(MONTH_OF_YEAR).optionalStart().appendValue(DAY_OF_MONTH)
            .optionalStart().appendValue(DAY_OF_WEEK).optionalEnd().appendValue(DAY_OF_MONTH).optionalEnd();
        DateTimeFormatter f = builder.toFormatter();
        assertEquals(f.toString(), "Value(MonthOfYear)[Value(DayOfMonth)[Value(DayOfWeek)]Value(DayOfMonth)]");
    }

    @Test
    public void test_optionalEnd_doubleStartSingleEnd() throws Exception {
        builder.appendValue(MONTH_OF_YEAR).optionalStart().optionalStart().appendValue(DAY_OF_MONTH).optionalEnd();
        DateTimeFormatter f = builder.toFormatter();
        assertEquals(f.toString(), "Value(MonthOfYear)[[Value(DayOfMonth)]]");
    }

    @Test
    public void test_optionalEnd_doubleStartDoubleEnd() throws Exception {
        builder.appendValue(MONTH_OF_YEAR).optionalStart().optionalStart().appendValue(DAY_OF_MONTH).optionalEnd().optionalEnd();
        DateTimeFormatter f = builder.toFormatter();
        assertEquals(f.toString(), "Value(MonthOfYear)[[Value(DayOfMonth)]]");
    }

    @Test
    public void test_optionalStartEnd_immediateStartEnd() throws Exception {
        builder.appendValue(MONTH_OF_YEAR).optionalStart().optionalEnd().appendValue(DAY_OF_MONTH);
        DateTimeFormatter f = builder.toFormatter();
        assertEquals(f.toString(), "Value(MonthOfYear)Value(DayOfMonth)");
    }

    @Test(expectedExceptions=IllegalStateException.class)
    public void test_optionalEnd_noStart() throws Exception {
        builder.optionalEnd();
    }

    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    @DataProvider(name="validPatterns")
    Object[][] dataValid() {
        return new Object[][] {
            {"'a'", "'a'"},
            {"''", "''"},
            {"'!'", "'!'"},
            {"!", "'!'"},

            {"'hello_people,][)('", "'hello_people,][)('"},
            {"'hi'", "'hi'"},
            {"'yyyy'", "'yyyy'"},
            {"''''", "''"},
            {"'o''clock'", "'o''clock'"},

            {"G", "Text(Era,SHORT)"},
            {"GG", "Text(Era,SHORT)"},
            {"GGG", "Text(Era,SHORT)"},
            {"GGGG", "Text(Era)"},
            {"GGGGG", "Text(Era,NARROW)"},

            {"u", "Value(Year)"},
            {"uu", "ReducedValue(Year,2,2,2000-01-01)"},
            {"uuu", "Value(Year,3,19,NORMAL)"},
            {"uuuu", "Value(Year,4,19,EXCEEDS_PAD)"},
            {"uuuuu", "Value(Year,5,19,EXCEEDS_PAD)"},

            {"y", "Value(YearOfEra)"},
            {"yy", "ReducedValue(YearOfEra,2,2,2000-01-01)"},
            {"yyy", "Value(YearOfEra,3,19,NORMAL)"},
            {"yyyy", "Value(YearOfEra,4,19,EXCEEDS_PAD)"},
            {"yyyyy", "Value(YearOfEra,5,19,EXCEEDS_PAD)"},

            {"Y", "Localized(WeekBasedYear)"},
            {"YY", "Localized(ReducedValue(WeekBasedYear,2,2,2000-01-01))"},
            {"YYY", "Localized(WeekBasedYear,3,19,NORMAL)"},
            {"YYYY", "Localized(WeekBasedYear,4,19,EXCEEDS_PAD)"},
            {"YYYYY", "Localized(WeekBasedYear,5,19,EXCEEDS_PAD)"},

            {"M", "Value(MonthOfYear)"},
            {"MM", "Value(MonthOfYear,2)"},
            {"MMM", "Text(MonthOfYear,SHORT)"},
            {"MMMM", "Text(MonthOfYear)"},
            {"MMMMM", "Text(MonthOfYear,NARROW)"},

            {"L", "Value(MonthOfYear)"},
            {"LL", "Value(MonthOfYear,2)"},
            {"LLL", "Text(MonthOfYear,SHORT_STANDALONE)"},
            {"LLLL", "Text(MonthOfYear,FULL_STANDALONE)"},
            {"LLLLL", "Text(MonthOfYear,NARROW_STANDALONE)"},

            {"D", "Value(DayOfYear)"},
            {"DD", "Value(DayOfYear,2)"},
            {"DDD", "Value(DayOfYear,3)"},

            {"d", "Value(DayOfMonth)"},
            {"dd", "Value(DayOfMonth,2)"},

            {"F", "Value(AlignedDayOfWeekInMonth)"},

            {"Q", "Value(QuarterOfYear)"},
            {"QQ", "Value(QuarterOfYear,2)"},
            {"QQQ", "Text(QuarterOfYear,SHORT)"},
            {"QQQQ", "Text(QuarterOfYear)"},
            {"QQQQQ", "Text(QuarterOfYear,NARROW)"},

            {"q", "Value(QuarterOfYear)"},
            {"qq", "Value(QuarterOfYear,2)"},
            {"qqq", "Text(QuarterOfYear,SHORT_STANDALONE)"},
            {"qqqq", "Text(QuarterOfYear,FULL_STANDALONE)"},
            {"qqqqq", "Text(QuarterOfYear,NARROW_STANDALONE)"},

            {"E", "Text(DayOfWeek,SHORT)"},
            {"EE", "Text(DayOfWeek,SHORT)"},
            {"EEE", "Text(DayOfWeek,SHORT)"},
            {"EEEE", "Text(DayOfWeek)"},
            {"EEEEE", "Text(DayOfWeek,NARROW)"},

            {"e", "Localized(DayOfWeek,1)"},
            {"ee", "Localized(DayOfWeek,2)"},
            {"eee", "Text(DayOfWeek,SHORT)"},
            {"eeee", "Text(DayOfWeek)"},
            {"eeeee", "Text(DayOfWeek,NARROW)"},

            {"c", "Localized(DayOfWeek,1)"},
            {"ccc", "Text(DayOfWeek,SHORT_STANDALONE)"},
            {"cccc", "Text(DayOfWeek,FULL_STANDALONE)"},
            {"ccccc", "Text(DayOfWeek,NARROW_STANDALONE)"},

            {"a", "Text(AmPmOfDay,SHORT)"},

            {"H", "Value(HourOfDay)"},
            {"HH", "Value(HourOfDay,2)"},

            {"K", "Value(HourOfAmPm)"},
            {"KK", "Value(HourOfAmPm,2)"},

            {"k", "Value(ClockHourOfDay)"},
            {"kk", "Value(ClockHourOfDay,2)"},

            {"h", "Value(ClockHourOfAmPm)"},
            {"hh", "Value(ClockHourOfAmPm,2)"},

            {"m", "Value(MinuteOfHour)"},
            {"mm", "Value(MinuteOfHour,2)"},

            {"s", "Value(SecondOfMinute)"},
            {"ss", "Value(SecondOfMinute,2)"},

            {"S", "Fraction(NanoOfSecond,1,1)"},
            {"SS", "Fraction(NanoOfSecond,2,2)"},
            {"SSS", "Fraction(NanoOfSecond,3,3)"},
            {"SSSSSSSSS", "Fraction(NanoOfSecond,9,9)"},

            {"A", "Value(MilliOfDay)"},
            {"AA", "Value(MilliOfDay,2)"},
            {"AAA", "Value(MilliOfDay,3)"},

            {"n", "Value(NanoOfSecond)"},
            {"nn", "Value(NanoOfSecond,2)"},
            {"nnn", "Value(NanoOfSecond,3)"},

            {"N", "Value(NanoOfDay)"},
            {"NN", "Value(NanoOfDay,2)"},
            {"NNN", "Value(NanoOfDay,3)"},

            {"z", "ZoneText(SHORT)"},
            {"zz", "ZoneText(SHORT)"},
            {"zzz", "ZoneText(SHORT)"},
            {"zzzz", "ZoneText(FULL)"},

            {"VV", "ZoneId()"},

            {"Z", "Offset(+HHMM,'+0000')"},  // SimpleDateFormat
            {"ZZ", "Offset(+HHMM,'+0000')"},  // SimpleDateFormat
            {"ZZZ", "Offset(+HHMM,'+0000')"},  // SimpleDateFormat

            {"X", "Offset(+HHmm,'Z')"},  // LDML/almost SimpleDateFormat
            {"XX", "Offset(+HHMM,'Z')"},  // LDML/SimpleDateFormat
            {"XXX", "Offset(+HH:MM,'Z')"},  // LDML/SimpleDateFormat
            {"XXXX", "Offset(+HHMMss,'Z')"},  // LDML
            {"XXXXX", "Offset(+HH:MM:ss,'Z')"},  // LDML

            {"x", "Offset(+HHmm,'+00')"},  // LDML
            {"xx", "Offset(+HHMM,'+0000')"},  // LDML
            {"xxx", "Offset(+HH:MM,'+00:00')"},  // LDML
            {"xxxx", "Offset(+HHMMss,'+0000')"},  // LDML
            {"xxxxx", "Offset(+HH:MM:ss,'+00:00')"},  // LDML

            {"ppH", "Pad(Value(HourOfDay),2)"},
            {"pppDD", "Pad(Value(DayOfYear,2),3)"},

            {"yyyy[-MM[-dd", "Value(YearOfEra,4,19,EXCEEDS_PAD)['-'Value(MonthOfYear,2)['-'Value(DayOfMonth,2)]]"},
            {"yyyy[-MM[-dd]]", "Value(YearOfEra,4,19,EXCEEDS_PAD)['-'Value(MonthOfYear,2)['-'Value(DayOfMonth,2)]]"},
            {"yyyy[-MM[]-dd]", "Value(YearOfEra,4,19,EXCEEDS_PAD)['-'Value(MonthOfYear,2)'-'Value(DayOfMonth,2)]"},

            {"yyyy-MM-dd'T'HH:mm:ss.SSS", "Value(YearOfEra,4,19,EXCEEDS_PAD)'-'Value(MonthOfYear,2)'-'Value(DayOfMonth,2)" +
                "'T'Value(HourOfDay,2)':'Value(MinuteOfHour,2)':'Value(SecondOfMinute,2)'.'Fraction(NanoOfSecond,3,3)"},

            {"w", "Localized(WeekOfWeekBasedYear,1)"},
            {"ww", "Localized(WeekOfWeekBasedYear,2)"},
            {"W", "Localized(WeekOfMonth,1)"},
        };
    }

    @Test(dataProvider="validPatterns")
    public void test_appendPattern_valid(String input, String expected) throws Exception {
        builder.appendPattern(input);
        DateTimeFormatter f = builder.toFormatter();
        assertEquals(f.toString(), expected);
    }

    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    @DataProvider(name="invalidPatterns")
    Object[][] dataInvalid() {
        return new Object[][] {
            {"'"},
            {"'hello"},
            {"'hel''lo"},
            {"'hello''"},
            {"{"},
            {"}"},
            {"{}"},
            {"]"},
            {"yyyy]"},
            {"yyyy]MM"},
            {"yyyy[MM]]"},

            {"aa"},
            {"aaa"},
            {"aaaa"},
            {"aaaaa"},
            {"aaaaaa"},
            {"MMMMMM"},
            {"LLLLLL"},
            {"QQQQQQ"},
            {"qqqqqq"},
            {"EEEEEE"},
            {"eeeeee"},
            {"cc"},
            {"cccccc"},
            {"ddd"},
            {"DDDD"},
            {"FF"},
            {"FFF"},
            {"hhh"},
            {"HHH"},
            {"kkk"},
            {"KKK"},
            {"mmm"},
            {"sss"},
            {"OO"},
            {"OOO"},
            {"OOOOO"},
            {"XXXXXX"},
            {"ZZZZZZ"},
            {"zzzzz"},
            {"V"},
            {"VVV"},
            {"VVVV"},
            {"VVVVV"},

            {"RO"},

            {"p"},
            {"pp"},
            {"p:"},

            {"f"},
            {"ff"},
            {"f:"},
            {"fy"},
            {"fa"},
            {"fM"},

            {"www"},
            {"WW"},
        };
    }

    @Test(dataProvider="invalidPatterns", expectedExceptions=IllegalArgumentException.class)
    public void test_appendPattern_invalid(String input) throws Exception {
        try {
            builder.appendPattern(input);
        } catch (IllegalArgumentException ex) {
            throw ex;
        }
    }

    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    @DataProvider(name="patternPrint")
    Object[][] data_patternPrint() {
        return new Object[][] {
            {"Q", date(2012, 2, 10), "1"},
            {"QQ", date(2012, 2, 10), "01"},
            {"QQQ", date(2012, 2, 10), "Q1"},
            {"QQQQ", date(2012, 2, 10), "1st quarter"},
            {"QQQQQ", date(2012, 2, 10), "1"},
        };
    }

    @Test(dataProvider="patternPrint")
    public void test_appendPattern_patternPrint(String input, Temporal temporal, String expected) throws Exception {
        DateTimeFormatter f = builder.appendPattern(input).toFormatter(Locale.UK);
        String test = f.format(temporal);
        assertEquals(test, expected);
    }

    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    @DataProvider(name="localePatterns")
    Object[][] localizedDateTimePatterns() {
        return new Object[][] {
            {FormatStyle.FULL, FormatStyle.FULL, IsoChronology.INSTANCE, Locale.US, "EEEE, MMMM d, yyyy h:mm:ss a z"},
            {FormatStyle.LONG, FormatStyle.LONG, IsoChronology.INSTANCE, Locale.US, "MMMM d, yyyy h:mm:ss a z"},
            {FormatStyle.MEDIUM, FormatStyle.MEDIUM, IsoChronology.INSTANCE, Locale.US, "MMM d, yyyy h:mm:ss a"},
            {FormatStyle.SHORT, FormatStyle.SHORT, IsoChronology.INSTANCE, Locale.US, "M/d/yy h:mm a"},
            {FormatStyle.FULL, null, IsoChronology.INSTANCE, Locale.US, "EEEE, MMMM d, yyyy"},
            {FormatStyle.LONG, null, IsoChronology.INSTANCE, Locale.US, "MMMM d, yyyy"},
            {FormatStyle.MEDIUM, null, IsoChronology.INSTANCE, Locale.US, "MMM d, yyyy"},
            {FormatStyle.SHORT, null, IsoChronology.INSTANCE, Locale.US, "M/d/yy"},
            {null, FormatStyle.FULL, IsoChronology.INSTANCE, Locale.US, "h:mm:ss a z"},
            {null, FormatStyle.LONG, IsoChronology.INSTANCE, Locale.US, "h:mm:ss a z"},
            {null, FormatStyle.MEDIUM, IsoChronology.INSTANCE, Locale.US, "h:mm:ss a"},
            {null, FormatStyle.SHORT, IsoChronology.INSTANCE, Locale.US, "h:mm a"},

            // French Locale and ISO Chronology
            {FormatStyle.FULL, FormatStyle.FULL, IsoChronology.INSTANCE, Locale.FRENCH, "EEEE d MMMM yyyy HH' h 'mm z"},
            {FormatStyle.LONG, FormatStyle.LONG, IsoChronology.INSTANCE, Locale.FRENCH, "d MMMM yyyy HH:mm:ss z"},
            {FormatStyle.MEDIUM, FormatStyle.MEDIUM, IsoChronology.INSTANCE, Locale.FRENCH, "d MMM yyyy HH:mm:ss"},
            {FormatStyle.SHORT, FormatStyle.SHORT, IsoChronology.INSTANCE, Locale.FRENCH, "dd/MM/yy HH:mm"},
            {FormatStyle.FULL, null, IsoChronology.INSTANCE, Locale.FRENCH, "EEEE d MMMM yyyy"},
            {FormatStyle.LONG, null, IsoChronology.INSTANCE, Locale.FRENCH, "d MMMM yyyy"},
            {FormatStyle.MEDIUM, null, IsoChronology.INSTANCE, Locale.FRENCH, "d MMM yyyy"},
            {FormatStyle.SHORT, null, IsoChronology.INSTANCE, Locale.FRENCH, "dd/MM/yy"},
            {null, FormatStyle.FULL, IsoChronology.INSTANCE, Locale.FRENCH, "HH' h 'mm z"},
            {null, FormatStyle.LONG, IsoChronology.INSTANCE, Locale.FRENCH, "HH:mm:ss z"},
            {null, FormatStyle.MEDIUM, IsoChronology.INSTANCE, Locale.FRENCH, "HH:mm:ss"},
            {null, FormatStyle.SHORT, IsoChronology.INSTANCE, Locale.FRENCH, "HH:mm"},

            // Japanese Locale and JapaneseChronology
            {FormatStyle.FULL, FormatStyle.FULL, JapaneseChronology.INSTANCE, Locale.JAPANESE, "Gy'\u5e74'M'\u6708'd'\u65e5' H'\u6642'mm'\u5206'ss'\u79d2' z"},
            {FormatStyle.LONG, FormatStyle.LONG, JapaneseChronology.INSTANCE, Locale.JAPANESE, "GGGGGy.MM.dd H:mm:ss z"},
            {FormatStyle.MEDIUM, FormatStyle.MEDIUM, JapaneseChronology.INSTANCE, Locale.JAPANESE, "GGGGGy.MM.dd H:mm:ss"},
            {FormatStyle.SHORT, FormatStyle.SHORT, JapaneseChronology.INSTANCE, Locale.JAPANESE, "GGGGGy.MM.dd H:mm"},
            {FormatStyle.FULL, null, JapaneseChronology.INSTANCE, Locale.JAPANESE, "Gy'\u5e74'M'\u6708'd'\u65e5'"},
            {FormatStyle.LONG, null, JapaneseChronology.INSTANCE, Locale.JAPANESE, "GGGGGy.MM.dd"},
            {FormatStyle.MEDIUM, null, JapaneseChronology.INSTANCE, Locale.JAPANESE, "GGGGGy.MM.dd"},
            {FormatStyle.SHORT, null, JapaneseChronology.INSTANCE, Locale.JAPANESE, "GGGGGy.MM.dd"},
            {null, FormatStyle.FULL, JapaneseChronology.INSTANCE, Locale.JAPANESE, "H'\u6642'mm'\u5206'ss'\u79d2' z"},
            {null, FormatStyle.LONG, JapaneseChronology.INSTANCE, Locale.JAPANESE, "H:mm:ss z"},
            {null, FormatStyle.MEDIUM, JapaneseChronology.INSTANCE, Locale.JAPANESE, "H:mm:ss"},
            {null, FormatStyle.SHORT, JapaneseChronology.INSTANCE, Locale.JAPANESE, "H:mm"},

            // Chinese Local and Chronology
            {FormatStyle.FULL, FormatStyle.FULL, MinguoChronology.INSTANCE, Locale.CHINESE, "Gy\u5e74M\u6708d\u65e5EEEE ahh'\u65f6'mm'\u5206'ss'\u79d2' z"},
            {FormatStyle.LONG, FormatStyle.LONG, MinguoChronology.INSTANCE, Locale.CHINESE, "Gy\u5e74M\u6708d\u65e5 ahh'\u65f6'mm'\u5206'ss'\u79d2'"},
            {FormatStyle.MEDIUM, FormatStyle.MEDIUM, MinguoChronology.INSTANCE, Locale.CHINESE, "Gy-M-d H:mm:ss"},
            {FormatStyle.SHORT, FormatStyle.SHORT, MinguoChronology.INSTANCE, Locale.CHINESE, "Gy-M-d ah:mm"},
            {FormatStyle.FULL, null, MinguoChronology.INSTANCE, Locale.CHINESE, "Gy\u5e74M\u6708d\u65e5EEEE"},
            {FormatStyle.LONG, null, MinguoChronology.INSTANCE, Locale.CHINESE, "Gy\u5e74M\u6708d\u65e5"},
            {FormatStyle.MEDIUM, null, MinguoChronology.INSTANCE, Locale.CHINESE, "Gy-M-d"},
            {FormatStyle.SHORT, null, MinguoChronology.INSTANCE, Locale.CHINESE, "Gy-M-d"},
            {null, FormatStyle.FULL, MinguoChronology.INSTANCE, Locale.CHINESE, "ahh'\u65f6'mm'\u5206'ss'\u79d2' z"},
            {null, FormatStyle.LONG, MinguoChronology.INSTANCE, Locale.CHINESE, "ahh'\u65f6'mm'\u5206'ss'\u79d2'"},
            {null, FormatStyle.MEDIUM, MinguoChronology.INSTANCE, Locale.CHINESE, "H:mm:ss"},
            {null, FormatStyle.SHORT, MinguoChronology.INSTANCE, Locale.CHINESE, "ah:mm"},
        };
    }

    @Test(dataProvider="localePatterns")
    public void test_getLocalizedDateTimePattern(FormatStyle dateStyle, FormatStyle timeStyle,
            Chronology chrono, Locale locale, String expected) {
        String actual = DateTimeFormatterBuilder.getLocalizedDateTimePattern(dateStyle, timeStyle, chrono, locale);
        assertEquals(actual, expected, "Pattern " + convertNonAscii(actual));
    }

    @Test(expectedExceptions=java.lang.IllegalArgumentException.class)
    public void test_getLocalizedDateTimePatternIAE() {
        DateTimeFormatterBuilder.getLocalizedDateTimePattern(null, null, IsoChronology.INSTANCE, Locale.US);
    }

    @Test(expectedExceptions=java.lang.NullPointerException.class)
    public void test_getLocalizedChronoNPE() {
        DateTimeFormatterBuilder.getLocalizedDateTimePattern(FormatStyle.SHORT, FormatStyle.SHORT, null, Locale.US);
    }

    @Test(expectedExceptions=java.lang.NullPointerException.class)
    public void test_getLocalizedLocaleNPE() {
        DateTimeFormatterBuilder.getLocalizedDateTimePattern(FormatStyle.SHORT, FormatStyle.SHORT, IsoChronology.INSTANCE, null);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a string that includes non-ascii characters after expanding
     * the non-ascii characters to their Java language \\uxxxx form.
     * @param input an input string
     * @return the encoded string.
     */
    private String convertNonAscii(String input) {
        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(input.length() * 6);
        for (int i = 0; i < input.length(); i++) {
            char ch = input.charAt(i);
            if (ch < 255) {
                sb.append(ch);
            } else {
                sb.append("\\u");
                sb.append(Integer.toHexString(ch));
            }
        }
        return sb.toString();
    }

    private static Temporal date(int y, int m, int d) {
        return LocalDate.of(y, m, d);
    }

}

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