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Java example source code file (Lexer.java)

This example Java source code file (Lexer.java) is included in the alvinalexander.com "Java Source Code Warehouse" project. The intent of this project is to help you "Learn Java by Example" TM.

Learn more about this Java project at its project page.

Java - Java tags/keywords

editstringlexer, eol, lexer, lexertoken, lfcr, lineinforeceiver, regextoken, source, spacetab, state, string, stringbuilder, tokentype, xml_literals

The Lexer.java Java example source code

/*
 * Copyright (c) 2010, 2013, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
 * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
 *
 * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
 * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
 * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
 * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
 * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
 *
 * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
 * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
 * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
 * accompanied this code).
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
 * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
 * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
 *
 * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
 * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
 * questions.
 */

package jdk.nashorn.internal.parser;

import static jdk.nashorn.internal.parser.TokenType.ADD;
import static jdk.nashorn.internal.parser.TokenType.COMMENT;
import static jdk.nashorn.internal.parser.TokenType.DECIMAL;
import static jdk.nashorn.internal.parser.TokenType.EOF;
import static jdk.nashorn.internal.parser.TokenType.EOL;
import static jdk.nashorn.internal.parser.TokenType.ERROR;
import static jdk.nashorn.internal.parser.TokenType.ESCSTRING;
import static jdk.nashorn.internal.parser.TokenType.EXECSTRING;
import static jdk.nashorn.internal.parser.TokenType.FLOATING;
import static jdk.nashorn.internal.parser.TokenType.HEXADECIMAL;
import static jdk.nashorn.internal.parser.TokenType.LBRACE;
import static jdk.nashorn.internal.parser.TokenType.LPAREN;
import static jdk.nashorn.internal.parser.TokenType.OCTAL;
import static jdk.nashorn.internal.parser.TokenType.RBRACE;
import static jdk.nashorn.internal.parser.TokenType.REGEX;
import static jdk.nashorn.internal.parser.TokenType.RPAREN;
import static jdk.nashorn.internal.parser.TokenType.STRING;
import static jdk.nashorn.internal.parser.TokenType.XML;

import jdk.nashorn.internal.runtime.ECMAErrors;
import jdk.nashorn.internal.runtime.ErrorManager;
import jdk.nashorn.internal.runtime.JSErrorType;
import jdk.nashorn.internal.runtime.ParserException;
import jdk.nashorn.internal.runtime.Source;
import jdk.nashorn.internal.runtime.options.Options;

/**
 * Responsible for converting source content into a stream of tokens.
 *
 */
@SuppressWarnings("fallthrough")
public class Lexer extends Scanner {
    private static final long MIN_INT_L = Integer.MIN_VALUE;
    private static final long MAX_INT_L = Integer.MAX_VALUE;

    private static final boolean XML_LITERALS = Options.getBooleanProperty("nashorn.lexer.xmlliterals");

    /** Content source. */
    private final Source source;

    /** Buffered stream for tokens. */
    private final TokenStream stream;

    /** True if here and edit strings are supported. */
    private final boolean scripting;

    /** True if a nested scan. (scan to completion, no EOF.) */
    private final boolean nested;

    /** Pending new line number and position. */
    private int pendingLine;

    /** Position of last EOL + 1. */
    private int linePosition;

    /** Type of last token added. */
    private TokenType last;

    private static final String SPACETAB = " \t";  // ASCII space and tab
    private static final String LFCR     = "\n\r"; // line feed and carriage return (ctrl-m)

    private static final String JSON_WHITESPACE_EOL = LFCR;
    private static final String JSON_WHITESPACE     = SPACETAB + LFCR;

    private static final String JAVASCRIPT_WHITESPACE_EOL =
        LFCR +
        "\u2028" + // line separator
        "\u2029"   // paragraph separator
        ;
    private static final String JAVASCRIPT_WHITESPACE =
        SPACETAB +
        JAVASCRIPT_WHITESPACE_EOL +
        "\u000b" + // tabulation line
        "\u000c" + // ff (ctrl-l)
        "\u00a0" + // Latin-1 space
        "\u1680" + // Ogham space mark
        "\u180e" + // separator, Mongolian vowel
        "\u2000" + // en quad
        "\u2001" + // em quad
        "\u2002" + // en space
        "\u2003" + // em space
        "\u2004" + // three-per-em space
        "\u2005" + // four-per-em space
        "\u2006" + // six-per-em space
        "\u2007" + // figure space
        "\u2008" + // punctuation space
        "\u2009" + // thin space
        "\u200a" + // hair space
        "\u202f" + // narrow no-break space
        "\u205f" + // medium mathematical space
        "\u3000" + // ideographic space
        "\ufeff"   // byte order mark
        ;

    private static final String JAVASCRIPT_WHITESPACE_IN_REGEXP =
        "\\u000a" + // line feed
        "\\u000d" + // carriage return (ctrl-m)
        "\\u2028" + // line separator
        "\\u2029" + // paragraph separator
        "\\u0009" + // tab
        "\\u0020" + // ASCII space
        "\\u000b" + // tabulation line
        "\\u000c" + // ff (ctrl-l)
        "\\u00a0" + // Latin-1 space
        "\\u1680" + // Ogham space mark
        "\\u180e" + // separator, Mongolian vowel
        "\\u2000" + // en quad
        "\\u2001" + // em quad
        "\\u2002" + // en space
        "\\u2003" + // em space
        "\\u2004" + // three-per-em space
        "\\u2005" + // four-per-em space
        "\\u2006" + // six-per-em space
        "\\u2007" + // figure space
        "\\u2008" + // punctuation space
        "\\u2009" + // thin space
        "\\u200a" + // hair space
        "\\u202f" + // narrow no-break space
        "\\u205f" + // medium mathematical space
        "\\u3000" + // ideographic space
        "\\ufeff"   // byte order mark
        ;

    static String unicodeEscape(final char ch) {
        final StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();

        sb.append("\\u");

        final String hex = Integer.toHexString(ch);
        for (int i = hex.length(); i < 4; i++) {
            sb.append('0');
        }
        sb.append(hex);

        return sb.toString();
    }

    /**
     * Constructor
     *
     * @param source    the source
     * @param stream    the token stream to lex
     */
    public Lexer(final Source source, final TokenStream stream) {
        this(source, stream, false);
    }

    /**
     * Constructor
     *
     * @param source    the source
     * @param stream    the token stream to lex
     * @param scripting are we in scripting mode
     */
    public Lexer(final Source source, final TokenStream stream, final boolean scripting) {
        super(source.getContent(), 1, 0, source.getLength());

        this.source      = source;
        this.stream      = stream;
        this.scripting   = scripting;
        this.nested      = false;
        this.pendingLine = 1;
        this.last        = EOL;
    }

    private Lexer(final Lexer lexer, final State state) {
        super(lexer, state);

        source = lexer.source;
        stream = lexer.stream;
        scripting = lexer.scripting;
        nested = true;

        pendingLine = state.pendingLine;
        linePosition = state.linePosition;
        last = EOL;
    }

    static class State extends Scanner.State {
        /** Pending new line number and position. */
        public final int pendingLine;

        /** Position of last EOL + 1. */
        public final int linePosition;

        /** Type of last token added. */
        public final TokenType last;

        /*
         * Constructor.
         */

        State(final int position, final int limit, final int line, final int pendingLine, final int linePosition, final TokenType last) {
            super(position, limit, line);

            this.pendingLine = pendingLine;
            this.linePosition = linePosition;
            this.last = last;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Save the state of the scan.
     *
     * @return Captured state.
     */
    @Override
    State saveState() {
        return new State(position, limit, line, pendingLine, linePosition, last);
    }

    /**
     * Restore the state of the scan.
     *
     * @param state
     *            Captured state.
     */
    void restoreState(final State state) {
        super.restoreState(state);

        pendingLine = state.pendingLine;
        linePosition = state.linePosition;
        last = state.last;
    }

    /**
     * Add a new token to the stream.
     *
     * @param type
     *            Token type.
     * @param start
     *            Start position.
     * @param end
     *            End position.
     */
    protected void add(final TokenType type, final int start, final int end) {
        // Record last token.
        last = type;

        // Only emit the last EOL in a cluster.
        if (type == EOL) {
            pendingLine = end;
            linePosition = start;
        } else {
            // Write any pending EOL to stream.
            if (pendingLine != -1) {
                stream.put(Token.toDesc(EOL, linePosition, pendingLine));
                pendingLine = -1;
            }

            // Write token to stream.
            stream.put(Token.toDesc(type, start, end - start));
        }
    }

    /**
     * Add a new token to the stream.
     *
     * @param type
     *            Token type.
     * @param start
     *            Start position.
     */
    protected void add(final TokenType type, final int start) {
        add(type, start, position);
    }

    /**
     * Return the String of valid whitespace characters for regular
     * expressions in JavaScript
     * @return regexp whitespace string
     */
    public static String getWhitespaceRegExp() {
        return JAVASCRIPT_WHITESPACE_IN_REGEXP;
    }

    /**
     * Skip end of line.
     *
     * @param addEOL true if EOL token should be recorded.
     */
    private void skipEOL(final boolean addEOL) {

        if (ch0 == '\r') { // detect \r\n pattern
            skip(1);
            if (ch0 == '\n') {
                skip(1);
            }
        } else { // all other space, ch0 is guaranteed to be EOL or \0
            skip(1);
        }

        // bump up line count
        line++;

        if (addEOL) {
            // Add an EOL token.
            add(EOL, position, line);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Skip over rest of line including end of line.
     *
     * @param addEOL true if EOL token should be recorded.
     */
    private void skipLine(final boolean addEOL) {
        // Ignore characters.
        while (!isEOL(ch0) && !atEOF()) {
            skip(1);
        }
        // Skip over end of line.
        skipEOL(addEOL);
    }

    /**
     * Test whether a char is valid JavaScript whitespace
     * @param ch a char
     * @return true if valid JavaScript whitespace
     */
    public static boolean isJSWhitespace(final char ch) {
        return JAVASCRIPT_WHITESPACE.indexOf(ch) != -1;
    }

    /**
     * Test whether a char is valid JavaScript end of line
     * @param ch a char
     * @return true if valid JavaScript end of line
     */
    public static boolean isJSEOL(final char ch) {
        return JAVASCRIPT_WHITESPACE_EOL.indexOf(ch) != -1;
    }

    /**
     * Test whether a char is valid JSON whitespace
     * @param ch a char
     * @return true if valid JSON whitespace
     */
    public static boolean isJsonWhitespace(final char ch) {
        return JSON_WHITESPACE.indexOf(ch) != -1;
    }

    /**
     * Test whether a char is valid JSON end of line
     * @param ch a char
     * @return true if valid JSON end of line
     */
    public static boolean isJsonEOL(final char ch) {
        return JSON_WHITESPACE_EOL.indexOf(ch) != -1;
    }

    /**
     * Test if char is a string delimiter, e.g. '\' or '"'.  Also scans exec
     * strings ('`') in scripting mode.
     * @param ch a char
     * @return true if string delimiter
     */
    protected boolean isStringDelimiter(final char ch) {
        return ch == '\'' || ch == '"' || (scripting && ch == '`');
    }

    /**
     * Test whether a char is valid JavaScript whitespace
     * @param ch a char
     * @return true if valid JavaScript whitespace
     */
    protected boolean isWhitespace(final char ch) {
        return Lexer.isJSWhitespace(ch);
    }

    /**
     * Test whether a char is valid JavaScript end of line
     * @param ch a char
     * @return true if valid JavaScript end of line
     */
    protected boolean isEOL(final char ch) {
        return Lexer.isJSEOL(ch);
    }

    /**
     * Skip over whitespace and detect end of line, adding EOL tokens if
     * encountered.
     *
     * @param addEOL true if EOL tokens should be recorded.
     */
    private void skipWhitespace(final boolean addEOL) {
        while (isWhitespace(ch0)) {
            if (isEOL(ch0)) {
                skipEOL(addEOL);
            } else {
                skip(1);
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Skip over comments.
     *
     * @return True if a comment.
     */
    protected boolean skipComments() {
        // Save the current position.
        final int start = position;

        if (ch0 == '/') {
            // Is it a // comment.
            if (ch1 == '/') {
                // Skip over //.
                skip(2);
                // Scan for EOL.
                while (!atEOF() && !isEOL(ch0)) {
                    skip(1);
                }
                // Did detect a comment.
                add(COMMENT, start);
                return true;
            } else if (ch1 == '*') {
                // Skip over /*.
                skip(2);
                // Scan for */.
                while (!atEOF() && !(ch0 == '*' && ch1 == '/')) {
                    // If end of line handle else skip character.
                    if (isEOL(ch0)) {
                        skipEOL(true);
                    } else {
                        skip(1);
                    }
                }

                if (atEOF()) {
                    // TODO - Report closing */ missing in parser.
                    add(ERROR, start);
                } else {
                    // Skip */.
                    skip(2);
                }

                // Did detect a comment.
                add(COMMENT, start);
                return true;
            }
        } else if (ch0 == '#') {
            assert scripting;
            // shell style comment
            // Skip over #.
            skip(1);
            // Scan for EOL.
            while (!atEOF() && !isEOL(ch0)) {
                skip(1);
            }
            // Did detect a comment.
            add(COMMENT, start);
            return true;
        }

        // Not a comment.
        return false;
    }

    /**
     * Convert a regex token to a token object.
     *
     * @param start  Position in source content.
     * @param length Length of regex token.
     * @return Regex token object.
     */
    public RegexToken valueOfPattern(final int start, final int length) {
        // Save the current position.
        final int savePosition = position;
        // Reset to beginning of content.
        reset(start);
        // Buffer for recording characters.
        final StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(length);

        // Skip /.
        skip(1);
        boolean inBrackets = false;
        // Scan for closing /, stopping at end of line.
        while (!atEOF() && ch0 != '/' && !isEOL(ch0) || inBrackets) {
            // Skip over escaped character.
            if (ch0 == '\\') {
                sb.append(ch0);
                sb.append(ch1);
                skip(2);
            } else {
                if (ch0 == '[') {
                    inBrackets = true;
                } else if (ch0 == ']') {
                    inBrackets = false;
                }

                // Skip literal character.
                sb.append(ch0);
                skip(1);
            }
        }

        // Get pattern as string.
        final String regex = sb.toString();

        // Skip /.
        skip(1);

        // Options as string.
        final String options = source.getString(position, scanIdentifier());

        reset(savePosition);

        // Compile the pattern.
        return new RegexToken(regex, options);
    }

    /**
     * Return true if the given token can be the beginning of a literal.
     *
     * @param token a token
     * @return true if token can start a literal.
     */
    public boolean canStartLiteral(final TokenType token) {
        return token.startsWith('/') || ((scripting || XML_LITERALS) && token.startsWith('<'));
    }

    /**
     * interface to receive line information for multi-line literals.
     */
    protected interface LineInfoReceiver {
        /**
         * Receives line information
         * @param line last line number
         * @param linePosition position of last line
         */
        public void lineInfo(int line, int linePosition);
    }

    /**
     * Check whether the given token represents the beginning of a literal. If so scan
     * the literal and return <tt>true, otherwise return false.
     *
     * @param token the token.
     * @param startTokenType the token type.
     * @param lir LineInfoReceiver that receives line info for multi-line string literals.
     * @return True if a literal beginning with startToken was found and scanned.
     */
    protected boolean scanLiteral(final long token, final TokenType startTokenType, final LineInfoReceiver lir) {
        // Check if it can be a literal.
        if (!canStartLiteral(startTokenType)) {
            return false;
        }
        // We break on ambiguous tokens so if we already moved on it can't be a literal.
        if (stream.get(stream.last()) != token) {
            return false;
        }
        // Rewind to token start position
        reset(Token.descPosition(token));

        if (ch0 == '/') {
            return scanRegEx();
        } else if (ch0 == '<') {
            if (ch1 == '<') {
                return scanHereString(lir);
            } else if (Character.isJavaIdentifierStart(ch1)) {
                return scanXMLLiteral();
            }
        }

        return false;
    }

    /**
     * Scan over regex literal.
     *
     * @return True if a regex literal.
     */
    private boolean scanRegEx() {
        assert ch0 == '/';
        // Make sure it's not a comment.
        if (ch1 != '/' && ch1 != '*') {
            // Record beginning of literal.
            final int start = position;
            // Skip /.
            skip(1);
            boolean inBrackets = false;

            // Scan for closing /, stopping at end of line.
            while (!atEOF() && (ch0 != '/' || inBrackets) && !isEOL(ch0)) {
                // Skip over escaped character.
                if (ch0 == '\\') {
                    skip(1);
                    if (isEOL(ch0)) {
                        reset(start);
                        return false;
                    }
                    skip(1);
                } else {
                    if (ch0 == '[') {
                        inBrackets = true;
                    } else if (ch0 == ']') {
                        inBrackets = false;
                    }

                    // Skip literal character.
                    skip(1);
                }
            }

            // If regex literal.
            if (ch0 == '/') {
                // Skip /.
                skip(1);

                // Skip over options.
                while (!atEOF() && Character.isJavaIdentifierPart(ch0) || ch0 == '\\' && ch1 == 'u') {
                    skip(1);
                }

                // Add regex token.
                add(REGEX, start);
                // Regex literal detected.
                return true;
            }

            // False start try again.
            reset(start);
        }

        // Regex literal not detected.
        return false;
    }

    /**
     * Convert a digit to a integer.  Can't use Character.digit since we are
     * restricted to ASCII by the spec.
     *
     * @param ch   Character to convert.
     * @param base Numeric base.
     *
     * @return The converted digit or -1 if invalid.
     */
    protected static int convertDigit(final char ch, final int base) {
        int digit;

        if ('0' <= ch && ch <= '9') {
            digit = ch - '0';
        } else if ('A' <= ch && ch <= 'Z') {
            digit = ch - 'A' + 10;
        } else if ('a' <= ch && ch <= 'z') {
            digit = ch - 'a' + 10;
        } else {
            return -1;
        }

        return digit < base ? digit : -1;
    }


    /**
     * Get the value of a hexadecimal numeric sequence.
     *
     * @param length Number of digits.
     * @param type   Type of token to report against.
     * @return Value of sequence or < 0 if no digits.
     */
    private int hexSequence(final int length, final TokenType type) {
        int value = 0;

        for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
            final int digit = convertDigit(ch0, 16);

            if (digit == -1) {
                error(Lexer.message("invalid.hex"), type, position, limit);
                return i == 0 ? -1 : value;
            }

            value = digit | value << 4;
            skip(1);
        }

        return value;
    }

    /**
     * Get the value of an octal numeric sequence. This parses up to 3 digits with a maximum value of 255.
     *
     * @return Value of sequence.
     */
    private int octalSequence() {
        int value = 0;

        for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
            final int digit = convertDigit(ch0, 8);

            if (digit == -1) {
                break;
            }
            value = digit | value << 3;
            skip(1);

            if (i == 1 && value >= 32) {
                break;
            }
        }
        return value;
    }

    /**
     * Convert a string to a JavaScript identifier.
     *
     * @param start  Position in source content.
     * @param length Length of token.
     * @return Ident string or null if an error.
     */
    private String valueOfIdent(final int start, final int length) throws RuntimeException {
        // Save the current position.
        final int savePosition = position;
        // End of scan.
        final int end = start + length;
        // Reset to beginning of content.
        reset(start);
        // Buffer for recording characters.
        final StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(length);

        // Scan until end of line or end of file.
        while (!atEOF() && position < end && !isEOL(ch0)) {
            // If escape character.
            if (ch0 == '\\' && ch1 == 'u') {
                skip(2);
                final int ch = hexSequence(4, TokenType.IDENT);
                if (isWhitespace((char)ch)) {
                    return null;
                }
                if (ch < 0) {
                    sb.append('\\');
                    sb.append('u');
                } else {
                    sb.append((char)ch);
                }
            } else {
                // Add regular character.
                sb.append(ch0);
                skip(1);
            }
        }

        // Restore position.
        reset(savePosition);

        return sb.toString();
    }

    /**
     * Scan over and identifier or keyword. Handles identifiers containing
     * encoded Unicode chars.
     *
     * Example:
     *
     * var \u0042 = 44;
     */
    private void scanIdentifierOrKeyword() {
        // Record beginning of identifier.
        final int start = position;
        // Scan identifier.
        final int length = scanIdentifier();
        // Check to see if it is a keyword.
        final TokenType type = TokenLookup.lookupKeyword(content, start, length);
        // Add keyword or identifier token.
        add(type, start);
    }

    /**
     * Convert a string to a JavaScript string object.
     *
     * @param start  Position in source content.
     * @param length Length of token.
     * @return JavaScript string object.
     */
    private String valueOfString(final int start, final int length, final boolean strict) throws RuntimeException {
        // Save the current position.
        final int savePosition = position;
        // Calculate the end position.
        final int end = start + length;
        // Reset to beginning of string.
        reset(start);

        // Buffer for recording characters.
        final StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(length);

        // Scan until end of string.
        while (position < end) {
            // If escape character.
            if (ch0 == '\\') {
                skip(1);

                final char next = ch0;
                final int afterSlash = position;

                skip(1);

                // Special characters.
                switch (next) {
                case '0':
                case '1':
                case '2':
                case '3':
                case '4':
                case '5':
                case '6':
                case '7': {
                    if (strict) {
                        // "\0" itself is allowed in strict mode. Only other 'real'
                        // octal escape sequences are not allowed (eg. "\02", "\31").
                        // See section 7.8.4 String literals production EscapeSequence
                        if (next != '0' || (ch0 >= '0' && ch0 <= '9')) {
                            error(Lexer.message("strict.no.octal"), STRING, position, limit);
                        }
                    }
                    reset(afterSlash);
                    // Octal sequence.
                    final int ch = octalSequence();

                    if (ch < 0) {
                        sb.append('\\');
                        sb.append('x');
                    } else {
                        sb.append((char)ch);
                    }
                    break;
                }
                case 'n':
                    sb.append('\n');
                    break;
                case 't':
                    sb.append('\t');
                    break;
                case 'b':
                    sb.append('\b');
                    break;
                case 'f':
                    sb.append('\f');
                    break;
                case 'r':
                    sb.append('\r');
                    break;
                case '\'':
                    sb.append('\'');
                    break;
                case '\"':
                    sb.append('\"');
                    break;
                case '\\':
                    sb.append('\\');
                    break;
                case '\r': // CR | CRLF
                    if (ch0 == '\n') {
                        skip(1);
                    }
                    // fall through
                case '\n': // LF
                case '\u2028': // LS
                case '\u2029': // PS
                    // continue on the next line, slash-return continues string
                    // literal
                    break;
                case 'x': {
                    // Hex sequence.
                    final int ch = hexSequence(2, STRING);

                    if (ch < 0) {
                        sb.append('\\');
                        sb.append('x');
                    } else {
                        sb.append((char)ch);
                    }
                }
                    break;
                case 'u': {
                    // Unicode sequence.
                    final int ch = hexSequence(4, STRING);

                    if (ch < 0) {
                        sb.append('\\');
                        sb.append('u');
                    } else {
                        sb.append((char)ch);
                    }
                }
                    break;
                case 'v':
                    sb.append('\u000B');
                    break;
                // All other characters.
                default:
                    sb.append(next);
                    break;
                }
            } else {
                // Add regular character.
                sb.append(ch0);
                skip(1);
            }
        }

        // Restore position.
        reset(savePosition);

        return sb.toString();
    }

    /**
     * Scan over a string literal.
     * @param add true if we nare not just scanning but should actually modify the token stream
     */
    protected void scanString(final boolean add) {
        // Type of string.
        TokenType type = STRING;
        // Record starting quote.
        final char quote = ch0;
        // Skip over quote.
        skip(1);

        // Record beginning of string content.
        final State stringState = saveState();

        // Scan until close quote or end of line.
        while (!atEOF() && ch0 != quote && !isEOL(ch0)) {
            // Skip over escaped character.
            if (ch0 == '\\') {
                type = ESCSTRING;
                skip(1);
                if (! isEscapeCharacter(ch0)) {
                    error(Lexer.message("invalid.escape.char"), STRING, position, limit);
                }
                if (isEOL(ch0)) {
                    // Multiline string literal
                    skipEOL(false);
                    continue;
                }
            }
            // Skip literal character.
            skip(1);
        }

        // If close quote.
        if (ch0 == quote) {
            // Skip close quote.
            skip(1);
        } else {
            error(Lexer.message("missing.close.quote"), STRING, position, limit);
        }

        // If not just scanning.
        if (add) {
            // Record end of string.
            stringState.setLimit(position - 1);

            if (scripting && !stringState.isEmpty()) {
                switch (quote) {
                case '`':
                    // Mark the beginning of an exec string.
                    add(EXECSTRING, stringState.position, stringState.limit);
                    // Frame edit string with left brace.
                    add(LBRACE, stringState.position, stringState.position);
                    // Process edit string.
                    editString(type, stringState);
                    // Frame edit string with right brace.
                    add(RBRACE, stringState.limit, stringState.limit);
                    break;
                case '"':
                    // Only edit double quoted strings.
                    editString(type, stringState);
                    break;
                case '\'':
                    // Add string token without editing.
                    add(type, stringState.position, stringState.limit);
                    break;
                default:
                    break;
                }
            } else {
                /// Add string token without editing.
                add(type, stringState.position, stringState.limit);
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Is the given character a valid escape char after "\" ?
     *
     * @param ch character to be checked
     * @return if the given character is valid after "\"
     */
    protected boolean isEscapeCharacter(final char ch) {
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Convert string to number.
     *
     * @param valueString  String to convert.
     * @param radix        Numeric base.
     * @return Converted number.
     */
    private static Number valueOf(final String valueString, final int radix) throws NumberFormatException {
        try {
            final long value = Long.parseLong(valueString, radix);
            if(value >= MIN_INT_L && value <= MAX_INT_L) {
                return Integer.valueOf((int)value);
            }
            return Long.valueOf(value);
        } catch (final NumberFormatException e) {
            if (radix == 10) {
                return Double.valueOf(valueString);
            }

            double value = 0.0;

            for (int i = 0; i < valueString.length(); i++) {
                final char ch = valueString.charAt(i);
                // Preverified, should always be a valid digit.
                final int digit = convertDigit(ch, radix);
                value *= radix;
                value += digit;
            }

            return value;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Scan a number.
     */
    protected void scanNumber() {
        // Record beginning of number.
        final int start = position;
        // Assume value is a decimal.
        TokenType type = DECIMAL;

        // First digit of number.
        int digit = convertDigit(ch0, 10);

        // If number begins with 0x.
        if (digit == 0 && (ch1 == 'x' || ch1 == 'X') && convertDigit(ch2, 16) != -1) {
            // Skip over 0xN.
            skip(3);
            // Skip over remaining digits.
            while (convertDigit(ch0, 16) != -1) {
                skip(1);
            }

            type = HEXADECIMAL;
        } else {
            // Check for possible octal constant.
            boolean octal = digit == 0;
            // Skip first digit if not leading '.'.
            if (digit != -1) {
                skip(1);
            }

            // Skip remaining digits.
            while ((digit = convertDigit(ch0, 10)) != -1) {
                // Check octal only digits.
                octal = octal && digit < 8;
                // Skip digit.
                skip(1);
            }

            if (octal && position - start > 1) {
                type = OCTAL;
            } else if (ch0 == '.' || ch0 == 'E' || ch0 == 'e') {
                // Must be a double.
                if (ch0 == '.') {
                    // Skip period.
                    skip(1);
                    // Skip mantissa.
                    while (convertDigit(ch0, 10) != -1) {
                        skip(1);
                    }
                }

                // Detect exponent.
                if (ch0 == 'E' || ch0 == 'e') {
                    // Skip E.
                    skip(1);
                    // Detect and skip exponent sign.
                    if (ch0 == '+' || ch0 == '-') {
                        skip(1);
                    }
                    // Skip exponent.
                    while (convertDigit(ch0, 10) != -1) {
                        skip(1);
                    }
                }

                type = FLOATING;
            }
        }

        if (Character.isJavaIdentifierStart(ch0)) {
            error(Lexer.message("missing.space.after.number"), type, position, 1);
        }

        // Add number token.
        add(type, start);
    }

    /**
     * Convert a regex token to a token object.
     *
     * @param start  Position in source content.
     * @param length Length of regex token.
     * @return Regex token object.
     */
    XMLToken valueOfXML(final int start, final int length) {
        return new XMLToken(source.getString(start, length));
    }

    /**
     * Scan over a XML token.
     *
     * @return TRUE if is an XML literal.
     */
    private boolean scanXMLLiteral() {
        assert ch0 == '<' && Character.isJavaIdentifierStart(ch1);
        if (XML_LITERALS) {
            // Record beginning of xml expression.
            final int start = position;

            int openCount = 0;

            do {
                if (ch0 == '<') {
                    if (ch1 == '/' && Character.isJavaIdentifierStart(ch2)) {
                        skip(3);
                        openCount--;
                    } else if (Character.isJavaIdentifierStart(ch1)) {
                        skip(2);
                        openCount++;
                    } else if (ch1 == '?') {
                        skip(2);
                    } else if (ch1 == '!' && ch2 == '-' && ch3 == '-') {
                        skip(4);
                    } else {
                        reset(start);
                        return false;
                    }

                    while (!atEOF() && ch0 != '>') {
                        if (ch0 == '/' && ch1 == '>') {
                            openCount--;
                            skip(1);
                            break;
                        } else if (ch0 == '\"' || ch0 == '\'') {
                            scanString(false);
                        } else {
                            skip(1);
                        }
                    }

                    if (ch0 != '>') {
                        reset(start);
                        return false;
                    }

                    skip(1);
                } else if (atEOF()) {
                    reset(start);
                    return false;
                } else {
                    skip(1);
                }
            } while (openCount > 0);

            add(XML, start);
            return true;
        }

        return false;
    }

    /**
     * Scan over identifier characters.
     *
     * @return Length of identifier or zero if none found.
     */
    private int scanIdentifier() {
        final int start = position;

        // Make sure first character is valid start character.
        if (ch0 == '\\' && ch1 == 'u') {
            skip(2);
            final int ch = hexSequence(4, TokenType.IDENT);

            if (!Character.isJavaIdentifierStart(ch)) {
                error(Lexer.message("illegal.identifier.character"), TokenType.IDENT, start, position);
            }
        } else if (!Character.isJavaIdentifierStart(ch0)) {
            // Not an identifier.
            return 0;
        }

        // Make sure remaining characters are valid part characters.
        while (!atEOF()) {
            if (ch0 == '\\' && ch1 == 'u') {
                skip(2);
                final int ch = hexSequence(4, TokenType.IDENT);

                if (!Character.isJavaIdentifierPart(ch)) {
                    error(Lexer.message("illegal.identifier.character"), TokenType.IDENT, start, position);
                }
            } else if (Character.isJavaIdentifierPart(ch0)) {
                skip(1);
            } else {
                break;
            }
        }

        // Length of identifier sequence.
        return position - start;
    }

    /**
     * Compare two identifiers (in content) for equality.
     *
     * @param aStart  Start of first identifier.
     * @param aLength Length of first identifier.
     * @param bStart  Start of second identifier.
     * @param bLength Length of second identifier.
     * @return True if equal.
     */
    private boolean identifierEqual(final int aStart, final int aLength, final int bStart, final int bLength) {
        if (aLength == bLength) {
            for (int i = 0; i < aLength; i++) {
                if (content[aStart + i] != content[bStart + i]) {
                    return false;
                }
            }

            return true;
        }

        return false;
    }

    /**
     * Detect if a line starts with a marker identifier.
     *
     * @param identStart  Start of identifier.
     * @param identLength Length of identifier.
     * @return True if detected.
     */
    private boolean hasHereMarker(final int identStart, final int identLength) {
        // Skip any whitespace.
        skipWhitespace(false);

        return identifierEqual(identStart, identLength, position, scanIdentifier());
    }

    /**
     * Lexer to service edit strings.
     */
    private static class EditStringLexer extends Lexer {
        /** Type of string literals to emit. */
        final TokenType stringType;

        /*
         * Constructor.
         */

        EditStringLexer(final Lexer lexer, final TokenType stringType, final State stringState) {
            super(lexer, stringState);

            this.stringType = stringType;
        }

        /**
         * Lexify the contents of the string.
         */
        @Override
        public void lexify() {
            // Record start of string position.
            int stringStart = position;
            // Indicate that the priming first string has not been emitted.
            boolean primed = false;

            while (true) {
                // Detect end of content.
                if (atEOF()) {
                    break;
                }

                // Honour escapes (should be well formed.)
                if (ch0 == '\\' && stringType == ESCSTRING) {
                    skip(2);

                    continue;
                }

                // If start of expression.
                if (ch0 == '$' && ch1 == '{') {
                    if (!primed || stringStart != position) {
                        if (primed) {
                            add(ADD, stringStart, stringStart + 1);
                        }

                        add(stringType, stringStart, position);
                        primed = true;
                    }

                    // Skip ${
                    skip(2);

                    // Save expression state.
                    final State expressionState = saveState();

                    // Start with one open brace.
                    int braceCount = 1;

                    // Scan for the rest of the string.
                    while (!atEOF()) {
                        // If closing brace.
                        if (ch0 == '}') {
                            // Break only only if matching brace.
                            if (--braceCount == 0) {
                                break;
                            }
                        } else if (ch0 == '{') {
                            // Bump up the brace count.
                            braceCount++;
                        }

                        // Skip to next character.
                        skip(1);
                    }

                    // If braces don't match then report an error.
                    if (braceCount != 0) {
                        error(Lexer.message("edit.string.missing.brace"), LBRACE, expressionState.position - 1, 1);
                    }

                    // Mark end of expression.
                    expressionState.setLimit(position);
                    // Skip closing brace.
                    skip(1);

                    // Start next string.
                    stringStart = position;

                    // Concatenate expression.
                    add(ADD, expressionState.position, expressionState.position + 1);
                    add(LPAREN, expressionState.position, expressionState.position + 1);

                    // Scan expression.
                    final Lexer lexer = new Lexer(this, expressionState);
                    lexer.lexify();

                    // Close out expression parenthesis.
                    add(RPAREN, position - 1, position);

                    continue;
                }

                // Next character in string.
                skip(1);
            }

            // If there is any unemitted string portion.
            if (stringStart != limit) {
                // Concatenate remaining string.
                if (primed) {
                    add(ADD, stringStart, 1);
                }

                add(stringType, stringStart, limit);
            }
        }

    }

    /**
     * Edit string for nested expressions.
     *
     * @param stringType  Type of string literals to emit.
     * @param stringState State of lexer at start of string.
     */
    private void editString(final TokenType stringType, final State stringState) {
        // Use special lexer to scan string.
        final EditStringLexer lexer = new EditStringLexer(this, stringType, stringState);
        lexer.lexify();

        // Need to keep lexer informed.
        last = stringType;
    }

    /**
     * Scan over a here string.
     *
     * @return TRUE if is a here string.
     */
    private boolean scanHereString(final LineInfoReceiver lir) {
        assert ch0 == '<' && ch1 == '<';
        if (scripting) {
            // Record beginning of here string.
            final State saved = saveState();

            // << or <<<
            final boolean excludeLastEOL = ch2 != '<';

            if (excludeLastEOL) {
                skip(2);
            } else {
                skip(3);
            }

            // Scan identifier.
            final int identStart = position;
            final int identLength = scanIdentifier();

            // Check for identifier.
            if (identLength == 0) {
                // Treat as shift.
                restoreState(saved);

                return false;
            }

            // Record rest of line.
            final State restState = saveState();
            // keep line number updated
            int lastLine = line;

            skipLine(false);
            lastLine++;
            int lastLinePosition = position;
            restState.setLimit(position);

            // Record beginning of string.
            final State stringState = saveState();
            int stringEnd = position;

            // Hunt down marker.
            while (!atEOF()) {
                // Skip any whitespace.
                skipWhitespace(false);

                if (hasHereMarker(identStart, identLength)) {
                    break;
                }

                skipLine(false);
                lastLine++;
                lastLinePosition = position;
                stringEnd = position;
            }

            // notify last line information
            lir.lineInfo(lastLine, lastLinePosition);

            // Record end of string.
            stringState.setLimit(stringEnd);

            // If marker is missing.
            if (stringState.isEmpty() || atEOF()) {
                error(Lexer.message("here.missing.end.marker", source.getString(identStart, identLength)), last, position, position);
                restoreState(saved);

                return false;
            }

            // Remove last end of line if specified.
            if (excludeLastEOL) {
                // Handles \n.
                if (content[stringEnd - 1] == '\n') {
                    stringEnd--;
                }

                // Handles \r and \r\n.
                if (content[stringEnd - 1] == '\r') {
                    stringEnd--;
                }

                // Update end of string.
                stringState.setLimit(stringEnd);
            }

            // Edit string if appropriate.
            if (scripting && !stringState.isEmpty()) {
                editString(STRING, stringState);
            } else {
                // Add here string.
                add(STRING, stringState.position, stringState.limit);
            }

            // Scan rest of original line.
            final Lexer restLexer = new Lexer(this, restState);

            restLexer.lexify();

            return true;
        }

        return false;
    }

    /**
     * Breaks source content down into lex units, adding tokens to the token
     * stream. The routine scans until the stream buffer is full. Can be called
     * repeatedly until EOF is detected.
     */
    public void lexify() {
        while (!stream.isFull() || nested) {
            // Skip over whitespace.
            skipWhitespace(true);

            // Detect end of file.
            if (atEOF()) {
                if (!nested) {
                    // Add an EOF token at the end.
                    add(EOF, position);
                }

                break;
            }

            // Check for comments. Note that we don't scan for regexp and other literals here as
            // we may not have enough context to distinguish them from similar looking operators.
            // Instead we break on ambiguous operators below and let the parser decide.
            if (ch0 == '/' && skipComments()) {
                continue;
            }

            if (scripting && ch0 == '#' && skipComments()) {
                continue;
            }

            // TokenType for lookup of delimiter or operator.
            TokenType type;

            if (ch0 == '.' && convertDigit(ch1, 10) != -1) {
                // '.' followed by digit.
                // Scan and add a number.
                scanNumber();
            } else if ((type = TokenLookup.lookupOperator(ch0, ch1, ch2, ch3)) != null) {
                // Get the number of characters in the token.
                final int typeLength = type.getLength();
                // Skip that many characters.
                skip(typeLength);
                // Add operator token.
                add(type, position - typeLength);
                // Some operator tokens also mark the beginning of regexp, XML, or here string literals.
                // We break to let the parser decide what it is.
                if (canStartLiteral(type)) {
                    break;
                }
            } else if (Character.isJavaIdentifierStart(ch0) || ch0 == '\\' && ch1 == 'u') {
                // Scan and add identifier or keyword.
                scanIdentifierOrKeyword();
            } else if (isStringDelimiter(ch0)) {
                // Scan and add a string.
                scanString(true);
            } else if (Character.isDigit(ch0)) {
                // Scan and add a number.
                scanNumber();
            } else {
                // Don't recognize this character.
                skip(1);
                add(ERROR, position - 1);
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Return value of token given its token descriptor.
     *
     * @param token  Token descriptor.
     * @return JavaScript value.
     */
    Object getValueOf(final long token, final boolean strict) {
        final int start = Token.descPosition(token);
        final int len = Token.descLength(token);

        switch (Token.descType(token)) {
        case DECIMAL:
            return Lexer.valueOf(source.getString(start, len), 10); // number
        case OCTAL:
            return Lexer.valueOf(source.getString(start, len), 8); // number
        case HEXADECIMAL:
            return Lexer.valueOf(source.getString(start + 2, len - 2), 16); // number
        case FLOATING:
            return Double.valueOf(source.getString(start, len)); // number
        case STRING:
            return source.getString(start, len); // String
        case ESCSTRING:
            return valueOfString(start, len, strict); // String
        case IDENT:
            return valueOfIdent(start, len); // String
        case REGEX:
            return valueOfPattern(start, len); // RegexToken::LexerToken
        case XML:
            return valueOfXML(start, len); // XMLToken::LexerToken
        default:
            break;
        }

        return null;
    }

    /**
     * Get the correctly localized error message for a given message id format arguments
     * @param msgId message id
     * @param args  format arguments
     * @return message
     */
    protected static String message(final String msgId, final String... args) {
        return ECMAErrors.getMessage("lexer.error." + msgId, args);
    }

    /**
     * Generate a runtime exception
     *
     * @param message       error message
     * @param type          token type
     * @param start         start position of lexed error
     * @param length        length of lexed error
     * @throws ParserException  unconditionally
     */
    protected void error(final String message, final TokenType type, final int start, final int length) throws ParserException {
        final long token     = Token.toDesc(type, start, length);
        final int  pos       = Token.descPosition(token);
        final int  lineNum   = source.getLine(pos);
        final int  columnNum = source.getColumn(pos);
        final String formatted = ErrorManager.format(message, source, lineNum, columnNum, token);
        throw new ParserException(JSErrorType.SYNTAX_ERROR, formatted, source, lineNum, columnNum, token);
    }

    /**
     * Helper class for Lexer tokens, e.g XML or RegExp tokens.
     * This is the abstract superclass
     */
    public static abstract class LexerToken {
        private final String expression;

        /**
         * Constructor
         * @param expression token expression
         */
        protected LexerToken(final String expression) {
            this.expression = expression;
        }

        /**
         * Get the expression
         * @return expression
         */
        public String getExpression() {
            return expression;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Temporary container for regular expressions.
     */
    public static class RegexToken extends LexerToken {
        /** Options. */
        private final String options;

        /**
         * Constructor.
         *
         * @param expression  regexp expression
         * @param options     regexp options
         */
        public RegexToken(final String expression, final String options) {
            super(expression);
            this.options = options;
        }

        /**
         * Get regexp options
         * @return options
         */
        public String getOptions() {
            return options;
        }

        @Override
        public String toString() {
            return '/' + getExpression() + '/' + options;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Temporary container for XML expression.
     */
    public static class XMLToken extends LexerToken {

        /**
         * Constructor.
         *
         * @param expression  XML expression
         */
        public XMLToken(final String expression) {
            super(expression);
        }
    }
}

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