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Java example source code file (Main.java)

This example Java source code file (Main.java) is included in the alvinalexander.com "Java Source Code Warehouse" project. The intent of this project is to help you "Learn Java by Example" TM.

Learn more about this Java project at its project page.

Java - Java tags/keywords

certificate, crypto, exception, jar, keystore, messageformat, net, network, object, printstream, providerarg, providerclass, providername, providerpath, security, storepass, string, util, x509certificate

The Main.java Java example source code

/*
 * Copyright (c) 1997, 2013, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
 * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
 *
 * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
 * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
 * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
 * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
 * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
 *
 * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
 * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
 * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
 * accompanied this code).
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
 * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
 * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
 *
 * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
 * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
 * questions.
 */

package sun.security.tools.keytool;

import java.io.*;
import java.security.CodeSigner;
import java.security.KeyStore;
import java.security.KeyStoreException;
import java.security.MessageDigest;
import java.security.Key;
import java.security.PublicKey;
import java.security.PrivateKey;
import java.security.Security;
import java.security.Signature;
import java.security.Timestamp;
import java.security.UnrecoverableEntryException;
import java.security.UnrecoverableKeyException;
import java.security.NoSuchAlgorithmException;
import java.security.Principal;
import java.security.Provider;
import java.security.cert.Certificate;
import java.security.cert.CertificateFactory;
import java.security.cert.CertStoreException;
import java.security.cert.CRL;
import java.security.cert.X509Certificate;
import java.security.cert.CertificateException;
import java.text.Collator;
import java.text.MessageFormat;
import java.util.*;
import java.util.jar.JarEntry;
import java.util.jar.JarFile;
import java.lang.reflect.Constructor;
import java.math.BigInteger;
import java.net.URI;
import java.net.URL;
import java.net.URLClassLoader;
import java.security.cert.CertStore;

import java.security.cert.X509CRL;
import java.security.cert.X509CRLEntry;
import java.security.cert.X509CRLSelector;
import javax.security.auth.x500.X500Principal;
import java.util.Base64;
import sun.security.util.ObjectIdentifier;
import sun.security.pkcs10.PKCS10;
import sun.security.pkcs10.PKCS10Attribute;
import sun.security.provider.X509Factory;
import sun.security.provider.certpath.CertStoreHelper;
import sun.security.util.Password;
import javax.crypto.KeyGenerator;
import javax.crypto.SecretKey;
import javax.crypto.SecretKeyFactory;
import javax.crypto.spec.PBEKeySpec;

import sun.security.pkcs.PKCS9Attribute;
import sun.security.tools.KeyStoreUtil;
import sun.security.tools.PathList;
import sun.security.util.DerValue;
import sun.security.x509.*;

import static java.security.KeyStore.*;
import static sun.security.tools.keytool.Main.Command.*;
import static sun.security.tools.keytool.Main.Option.*;

/**
 * This tool manages keystores.
 *
 * @author Jan Luehe
 *
 *
 * @see java.security.KeyStore
 * @see sun.security.provider.KeyProtector
 * @see sun.security.provider.JavaKeyStore
 *
 * @since 1.2
 */
public final class Main {

    private boolean debug = false;
    private Command command = null;
    private String sigAlgName = null;
    private String keyAlgName = null;
    private boolean verbose = false;
    private int keysize = -1;
    private boolean rfc = false;
    private long validity = (long)90;
    private String alias = null;
    private String dname = null;
    private String dest = null;
    private String filename = null;
    private String infilename = null;
    private String outfilename = null;
    private String srcksfname = null;

    // User-specified providers are added before any command is called.
    // However, they are not removed before the end of the main() method.
    // If you're calling KeyTool.main() directly in your own Java program,
    // please programtically add any providers you need and do not specify
    // them through the command line.

    private Set<Pair  providers = null;
    private String storetype = null;
    private String srcProviderName = null;
    private String providerName = null;
    private String pathlist = null;
    private char[] storePass = null;
    private char[] storePassNew = null;
    private char[] keyPass = null;
    private char[] keyPassNew = null;
    private char[] newPass = null;
    private char[] destKeyPass = null;
    private char[] srckeyPass = null;
    private String ksfname = null;
    private File ksfile = null;
    private InputStream ksStream = null; // keystore stream
    private String sslserver = null;
    private String jarfile = null;
    private KeyStore keyStore = null;
    private boolean token = false;
    private boolean nullStream = false;
    private boolean kssave = false;
    private boolean noprompt = false;
    private boolean trustcacerts = false;
    private boolean protectedPath = false;
    private boolean srcprotectedPath = false;
    private CertificateFactory cf = null;
    private KeyStore caks = null; // "cacerts" keystore
    private char[] srcstorePass = null;
    private String srcstoretype = null;
    private Set<char[]> passwords = new HashSet<>();
    private String startDate = null;

    private List<String> ids = new ArrayList<>();   // used in GENCRL
    private List<String> v3ext = new ArrayList<>();

    enum Command {
        CERTREQ("Generates.a.certificate.request",
            ALIAS, SIGALG, FILEOUT, KEYPASS, KEYSTORE, DNAME,
            STOREPASS, STORETYPE, PROVIDERNAME, PROVIDERCLASS,
            PROVIDERARG, PROVIDERPATH, V, PROTECTED),
        CHANGEALIAS("Changes.an.entry.s.alias",
            ALIAS, DESTALIAS, KEYPASS, KEYSTORE, STOREPASS,
            STORETYPE, PROVIDERNAME, PROVIDERCLASS, PROVIDERARG,
            PROVIDERPATH, V, PROTECTED),
        DELETE("Deletes.an.entry",
            ALIAS, KEYSTORE, STOREPASS, STORETYPE,
            PROVIDERNAME, PROVIDERCLASS, PROVIDERARG,
            PROVIDERPATH, V, PROTECTED),
        EXPORTCERT("Exports.certificate",
            RFC, ALIAS, FILEOUT, KEYSTORE, STOREPASS,
            STORETYPE, PROVIDERNAME, PROVIDERCLASS, PROVIDERARG,
            PROVIDERPATH, V, PROTECTED),
        GENKEYPAIR("Generates.a.key.pair",
            ALIAS, KEYALG, KEYSIZE, SIGALG, DESTALIAS, DNAME,
            STARTDATE, EXT, VALIDITY, KEYPASS, KEYSTORE,
            STOREPASS, STORETYPE, PROVIDERNAME, PROVIDERCLASS,
            PROVIDERARG, PROVIDERPATH, V, PROTECTED),
        GENSECKEY("Generates.a.secret.key",
            ALIAS, KEYPASS, KEYALG, KEYSIZE, KEYSTORE,
            STOREPASS, STORETYPE, PROVIDERNAME, PROVIDERCLASS,
            PROVIDERARG, PROVIDERPATH, V, PROTECTED),
        GENCERT("Generates.certificate.from.a.certificate.request",
            RFC, INFILE, OUTFILE, ALIAS, SIGALG, DNAME,
            STARTDATE, EXT, VALIDITY, KEYPASS, KEYSTORE,
            STOREPASS, STORETYPE, PROVIDERNAME, PROVIDERCLASS,
            PROVIDERARG, PROVIDERPATH, V, PROTECTED),
        IMPORTCERT("Imports.a.certificate.or.a.certificate.chain",
            NOPROMPT, TRUSTCACERTS, PROTECTED, ALIAS, FILEIN,
            KEYPASS, KEYSTORE, STOREPASS, STORETYPE,
            PROVIDERNAME, PROVIDERCLASS, PROVIDERARG,
            PROVIDERPATH, V),
        IMPORTPASS("Imports.a.password",
            ALIAS, KEYPASS, KEYALG, KEYSIZE, KEYSTORE,
            STOREPASS, STORETYPE, PROVIDERNAME, PROVIDERCLASS,
            PROVIDERARG, PROVIDERPATH, V, PROTECTED),
        IMPORTKEYSTORE("Imports.one.or.all.entries.from.another.keystore",
            SRCKEYSTORE, DESTKEYSTORE, SRCSTORETYPE,
            DESTSTORETYPE, SRCSTOREPASS, DESTSTOREPASS,
            SRCPROTECTED, SRCPROVIDERNAME, DESTPROVIDERNAME,
            SRCALIAS, DESTALIAS, SRCKEYPASS, DESTKEYPASS,
            NOPROMPT, PROVIDERCLASS, PROVIDERARG, PROVIDERPATH,
            V),
        KEYPASSWD("Changes.the.key.password.of.an.entry",
            ALIAS, KEYPASS, NEW, KEYSTORE, STOREPASS,
            STORETYPE, PROVIDERNAME, PROVIDERCLASS, PROVIDERARG,
            PROVIDERPATH, V),
        LIST("Lists.entries.in.a.keystore",
            RFC, ALIAS, KEYSTORE, STOREPASS, STORETYPE,
            PROVIDERNAME, PROVIDERCLASS, PROVIDERARG,
            PROVIDERPATH, V, PROTECTED),
        PRINTCERT("Prints.the.content.of.a.certificate",
            RFC, FILEIN, SSLSERVER, JARFILE, V),
        PRINTCERTREQ("Prints.the.content.of.a.certificate.request",
            FILEIN, V),
        PRINTCRL("Prints.the.content.of.a.CRL.file",
            FILEIN, V),
        STOREPASSWD("Changes.the.store.password.of.a.keystore",
            NEW, KEYSTORE, STOREPASS, STORETYPE, PROVIDERNAME,
            PROVIDERCLASS, PROVIDERARG, PROVIDERPATH, V),

        // Undocumented start here, KEYCLONE is used a marker in -help;

        KEYCLONE("Clones.a.key.entry",
            ALIAS, DESTALIAS, KEYPASS, NEW, STORETYPE,
            KEYSTORE, STOREPASS, PROVIDERNAME, PROVIDERCLASS,
            PROVIDERARG, PROVIDERPATH, V),
        SELFCERT("Generates.a.self.signed.certificate",
            ALIAS, SIGALG, DNAME, STARTDATE, VALIDITY, KEYPASS,
            STORETYPE, KEYSTORE, STOREPASS, PROVIDERNAME,
            PROVIDERCLASS, PROVIDERARG, PROVIDERPATH, V),
        GENCRL("Generates.CRL",
            RFC, FILEOUT, ID,
            ALIAS, SIGALG, EXT, KEYPASS, KEYSTORE,
            STOREPASS, STORETYPE, PROVIDERNAME, PROVIDERCLASS,
            PROVIDERARG, PROVIDERPATH, V, PROTECTED),
        IDENTITYDB("Imports.entries.from.a.JDK.1.1.x.style.identity.database",
            FILEIN, STORETYPE, KEYSTORE, STOREPASS, PROVIDERNAME,
            PROVIDERCLASS, PROVIDERARG, PROVIDERPATH, V);

        final String description;
        final Option[] options;
        Command(String d, Option... o) {
            description = d;
            options = o;
        }
        @Override
        public String toString() {
            return "-" + name().toLowerCase(Locale.ENGLISH);
        }
    };

    enum Option {
        ALIAS("alias", "<alias>", "alias.name.of.the.entry.to.process"),
        DESTALIAS("destalias", "<destalias>", "destination.alias"),
        DESTKEYPASS("destkeypass", "<arg>", "destination.key.password"),
        DESTKEYSTORE("destkeystore", "<destkeystore>", "destination.keystore.name"),
        DESTPROTECTED("destprotected", null, "destination.keystore.password.protected"),
        DESTPROVIDERNAME("destprovidername", "<destprovidername>", "destination.keystore.provider.name"),
        DESTSTOREPASS("deststorepass", "<arg>", "destination.keystore.password"),
        DESTSTORETYPE("deststoretype", "<deststoretype>", "destination.keystore.type"),
        DNAME("dname", "<dname>", "distinguished.name"),
        EXT("ext", "<value>", "X.509.extension"),
        FILEOUT("file", "<filename>", "output.file.name"),
        FILEIN("file", "<filename>", "input.file.name"),
        ID("id", "<id:reason>", "Serial.ID.of.cert.to.revoke"),
        INFILE("infile", "<filename>", "input.file.name"),
        KEYALG("keyalg", "<keyalg>", "key.algorithm.name"),
        KEYPASS("keypass", "<arg>", "key.password"),
        KEYSIZE("keysize", "<keysize>", "key.bit.size"),
        KEYSTORE("keystore", "<keystore>", "keystore.name"),
        NEW("new", "<arg>", "new.password"),
        NOPROMPT("noprompt", null, "do.not.prompt"),
        OUTFILE("outfile", "<filename>", "output.file.name"),
        PROTECTED("protected", null, "password.through.protected.mechanism"),
        PROVIDERARG("providerarg", "<arg>", "provider.argument"),
        PROVIDERCLASS("providerclass", "<providerclass>", "provider.class.name"),
        PROVIDERNAME("providername", "<providername>", "provider.name"),
        PROVIDERPATH("providerpath", "<pathlist>", "provider.classpath"),
        RFC("rfc", null, "output.in.RFC.style"),
        SIGALG("sigalg", "<sigalg>", "signature.algorithm.name"),
        SRCALIAS("srcalias", "<srcalias>", "source.alias"),
        SRCKEYPASS("srckeypass", "<arg>", "source.key.password"),
        SRCKEYSTORE("srckeystore", "<srckeystore>", "source.keystore.name"),
        SRCPROTECTED("srcprotected", null, "source.keystore.password.protected"),
        SRCPROVIDERNAME("srcprovidername", "<srcprovidername>", "source.keystore.provider.name"),
        SRCSTOREPASS("srcstorepass", "<arg>", "source.keystore.password"),
        SRCSTORETYPE("srcstoretype", "<srcstoretype>", "source.keystore.type"),
        SSLSERVER("sslserver", "<server[:port]>", "SSL.server.host.and.port"),
        JARFILE("jarfile", "<filename>", "signed.jar.file"),
        STARTDATE("startdate", "<startdate>", "certificate.validity.start.date.time"),
        STOREPASS("storepass", "<arg>", "keystore.password"),
        STORETYPE("storetype", "<storetype>", "keystore.type"),
        TRUSTCACERTS("trustcacerts", null, "trust.certificates.from.cacerts"),
        V("v", null, "verbose.output"),
        VALIDITY("validity", "<valDays>", "validity.number.of.days");

        final String name, arg, description;
        Option(String name, String arg, String description) {
            this.name = name;
            this.arg = arg;
            this.description = description;
        }
        @Override
        public String toString() {
            return "-" + name;
        }
    };

    private static final Class<?>[] PARAM_STRING = { String.class };

    private static final String NONE = "NONE";
    private static final String P11KEYSTORE = "PKCS11";
    private static final String P12KEYSTORE = "PKCS12";
    private final String keyAlias = "mykey";

    // for i18n
    private static final java.util.ResourceBundle rb =
        java.util.ResourceBundle.getBundle(
            "sun.security.tools.keytool.Resources");
    private static final Collator collator = Collator.getInstance();
    static {
        // this is for case insensitive string comparisons
        collator.setStrength(Collator.PRIMARY);
    };

    private Main() { }

    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        Main kt = new Main();
        kt.run(args, System.out);
    }

    private void run(String[] args, PrintStream out) throws Exception {
        try {
            parseArgs(args);
            if (command != null) {
                doCommands(out);
            }
        } catch (Exception e) {
            System.out.println(rb.getString("keytool.error.") + e);
            if (verbose) {
                e.printStackTrace(System.out);
            }
            if (!debug) {
                System.exit(1);
            } else {
                throw e;
            }
        } finally {
            for (char[] pass : passwords) {
                if (pass != null) {
                    Arrays.fill(pass, ' ');
                    pass = null;
                }
            }

            if (ksStream != null) {
                ksStream.close();
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Parse command line arguments.
     */
    void parseArgs(String[] args) {

        int i=0;
        boolean help = args.length == 0;

        for (i=0; (i < args.length) && args[i].startsWith("-"); i++) {

            String flags = args[i];

            // Check if the last option needs an arg
            if (i == args.length - 1) {
                for (Option option: Option.values()) {
                    // Only options with an arg need to be checked
                    if (collator.compare(flags, option.toString()) == 0) {
                        if (option.arg != null) errorNeedArgument(flags);
                        break;
                    }
                }
            }

            /*
             * Check modifiers
             */
            String modifier = null;
            int pos = flags.indexOf(':');
            if (pos > 0) {
                modifier = flags.substring(pos+1);
                flags = flags.substring(0, pos);
            }
            /*
             * command modes
             */
            boolean isCommand = false;
            for (Command c: Command.values()) {
                if (collator.compare(flags, c.toString()) == 0) {
                    command = c;
                    isCommand = true;
                    break;
                }
            }

            if (isCommand) {
                // already recognized as a command
            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-export") == 0) {
                command = EXPORTCERT;
            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-genkey") == 0) {
                command = GENKEYPAIR;
            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-import") == 0) {
                command = IMPORTCERT;
            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-importpassword") == 0) {
                command = IMPORTPASS;
            }
            /*
             * Help
             */
            else if (collator.compare(flags, "-help") == 0) {
                help = true;
            }

            /*
             * specifiers
             */
            else if (collator.compare(flags, "-keystore") == 0 ||
                    collator.compare(flags, "-destkeystore") == 0) {
                ksfname = args[++i];
            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-storepass") == 0 ||
                    collator.compare(flags, "-deststorepass") == 0) {
                storePass = getPass(modifier, args[++i]);
                passwords.add(storePass);
            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-storetype") == 0 ||
                    collator.compare(flags, "-deststoretype") == 0) {
                storetype = args[++i];
            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-srcstorepass") == 0) {
                srcstorePass = getPass(modifier, args[++i]);
                passwords.add(srcstorePass);
            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-srcstoretype") == 0) {
                srcstoretype = args[++i];
            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-srckeypass") == 0) {
                srckeyPass = getPass(modifier, args[++i]);
                passwords.add(srckeyPass);
            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-srcprovidername") == 0) {
                srcProviderName = args[++i];
            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-providername") == 0 ||
                    collator.compare(flags, "-destprovidername") == 0) {
                providerName = args[++i];
            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-providerpath") == 0) {
                pathlist = args[++i];
            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-keypass") == 0) {
                keyPass = getPass(modifier, args[++i]);
                passwords.add(keyPass);
            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-new") == 0) {
                newPass = getPass(modifier, args[++i]);
                passwords.add(newPass);
            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-destkeypass") == 0) {
                destKeyPass = getPass(modifier, args[++i]);
                passwords.add(destKeyPass);
            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-alias") == 0 ||
                    collator.compare(flags, "-srcalias") == 0) {
                alias = args[++i];
            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-dest") == 0 ||
                    collator.compare(flags, "-destalias") == 0) {
                dest = args[++i];
            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-dname") == 0) {
                dname = args[++i];
            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-keysize") == 0) {
                keysize = Integer.parseInt(args[++i]);
            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-keyalg") == 0) {
                keyAlgName = args[++i];
            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-sigalg") == 0) {
                sigAlgName = args[++i];
            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-startdate") == 0) {
                startDate = args[++i];
            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-validity") == 0) {
                validity = Long.parseLong(args[++i]);
            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-ext") == 0) {
                v3ext.add(args[++i]);
            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-id") == 0) {
                ids.add(args[++i]);
            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-file") == 0) {
                filename = args[++i];
            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-infile") == 0) {
                infilename = args[++i];
            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-outfile") == 0) {
                outfilename = args[++i];
            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-sslserver") == 0) {
                sslserver = args[++i];
            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-jarfile") == 0) {
                jarfile = args[++i];
            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-srckeystore") == 0) {
                srcksfname = args[++i];
            } else if ((collator.compare(flags, "-provider") == 0) ||
                        (collator.compare(flags, "-providerclass") == 0)) {
                if (providers == null) {
                    providers = new HashSet<Pair  (3);
                }
                String providerClass = args[++i];
                String providerArg = null;

                if (args.length > (i+1)) {
                    flags = args[i+1];
                    if (collator.compare(flags, "-providerarg") == 0) {
                        if (args.length == (i+2)) errorNeedArgument(flags);
                        providerArg = args[i+2];
                        i += 2;
                    }
                }
                providers.add(
                        Pair.of(providerClass, providerArg));
            }

            /*
             * options
             */
            else if (collator.compare(flags, "-v") == 0) {
                verbose = true;
            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-debug") == 0) {
                debug = true;
            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-rfc") == 0) {
                rfc = true;
            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-noprompt") == 0) {
                noprompt = true;
            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-trustcacerts") == 0) {
                trustcacerts = true;
            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-protected") == 0 ||
                    collator.compare(flags, "-destprotected") == 0) {
                protectedPath = true;
            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-srcprotected") == 0) {
                srcprotectedPath = true;
            } else  {
                System.err.println(rb.getString("Illegal.option.") + flags);
                tinyHelp();
            }
        }

        if (i<args.length) {
            System.err.println(rb.getString("Illegal.option.") + args[i]);
            tinyHelp();
        }

        if (command == null) {
            if (help) {
                usage();
            } else {
                System.err.println(rb.getString("Usage.error.no.command.provided"));
                tinyHelp();
            }
        } else if (help) {
            usage();
            command = null;
        }
    }

    boolean isKeyStoreRelated(Command cmd) {
        return cmd != PRINTCERT && cmd != PRINTCERTREQ;
    }


    /**
     * Execute the commands.
     */
    void doCommands(PrintStream out) throws Exception {
        if (storetype == null) {
            storetype = KeyStore.getDefaultType();
        }
        storetype = KeyStoreUtil.niceStoreTypeName(storetype);

        if (srcstoretype == null) {
            srcstoretype = KeyStore.getDefaultType();
        }
        srcstoretype = KeyStoreUtil.niceStoreTypeName(srcstoretype);

        if (P11KEYSTORE.equalsIgnoreCase(storetype) ||
                KeyStoreUtil.isWindowsKeyStore(storetype)) {
            token = true;
            if (ksfname == null) {
                ksfname = NONE;
            }
        }
        if (NONE.equals(ksfname)) {
            nullStream = true;
        }

        if (token && !nullStream) {
            System.err.println(MessageFormat.format(rb.getString
                (".keystore.must.be.NONE.if.storetype.is.{0}"), storetype));
            System.err.println();
            tinyHelp();
        }

        if (token &&
            (command == KEYPASSWD || command == STOREPASSWD)) {
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException(MessageFormat.format(rb.getString
                        (".storepasswd.and.keypasswd.commands.not.supported.if.storetype.is.{0}"), storetype));
        }

        if (P12KEYSTORE.equalsIgnoreCase(storetype) && command == KEYPASSWD) {
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException(rb.getString
                        (".keypasswd.commands.not.supported.if.storetype.is.PKCS12"));
        }

        if (token && (keyPass != null || newPass != null || destKeyPass != null)) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException(MessageFormat.format(rb.getString
                (".keypass.and.new.can.not.be.specified.if.storetype.is.{0}"), storetype));
        }

        if (protectedPath) {
            if (storePass != null || keyPass != null ||
                    newPass != null || destKeyPass != null) {
                throw new IllegalArgumentException(rb.getString
                        ("if.protected.is.specified.then.storepass.keypass.and.new.must.not.be.specified"));
            }
        }

        if (srcprotectedPath) {
            if (srcstorePass != null || srckeyPass != null) {
                throw new IllegalArgumentException(rb.getString
                        ("if.srcprotected.is.specified.then.srcstorepass.and.srckeypass.must.not.be.specified"));
            }
        }

        if (KeyStoreUtil.isWindowsKeyStore(storetype)) {
            if (storePass != null || keyPass != null ||
                    newPass != null || destKeyPass != null) {
                throw new IllegalArgumentException(rb.getString
                        ("if.keystore.is.not.password.protected.then.storepass.keypass.and.new.must.not.be.specified"));
            }
        }

        if (KeyStoreUtil.isWindowsKeyStore(srcstoretype)) {
            if (srcstorePass != null || srckeyPass != null) {
                throw new IllegalArgumentException(rb.getString
                        ("if.source.keystore.is.not.password.protected.then.srcstorepass.and.srckeypass.must.not.be.specified"));
            }
        }

        if (validity <= (long)0) {
            throw new Exception
                (rb.getString("Validity.must.be.greater.than.zero"));
        }

        // Try to load and install specified provider
        if (providers != null) {
            ClassLoader cl = null;
            if (pathlist != null) {
                String path = null;
                path = PathList.appendPath(
                        path, System.getProperty("java.class.path"));
                path = PathList.appendPath(
                        path, System.getProperty("env.class.path"));
                path = PathList.appendPath(path, pathlist);

                URL[] urls = PathList.pathToURLs(path);
                cl = new URLClassLoader(urls);
            } else {
                cl = ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader();
            }

            for (Pair <String, String> provider: providers) {
                String provName = provider.fst;
                Class<?> provClass;
                if (cl != null) {
                    provClass = cl.loadClass(provName);
                } else {
                    provClass = Class.forName(provName);
                }

                String provArg = provider.snd;
                Object obj;
                if (provArg == null) {
                    obj = provClass.newInstance();
                } else {
                    Constructor<?> c = provClass.getConstructor(PARAM_STRING);
                    obj = c.newInstance(provArg);
                }
                if (!(obj instanceof Provider)) {
                    MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat
                        (rb.getString("provName.not.a.provider"));
                    Object[] source = {provName};
                    throw new Exception(form.format(source));
                }
                Security.addProvider((Provider)obj);
            }
        }

        if (command == LIST && verbose && rfc) {
            System.err.println(rb.getString
                ("Must.not.specify.both.v.and.rfc.with.list.command"));
            tinyHelp();
        }

        // Make sure provided passwords are at least 6 characters long
        if (command == GENKEYPAIR && keyPass!=null && keyPass.length < 6) {
            throw new Exception(rb.getString
                ("Key.password.must.be.at.least.6.characters"));
        }
        if (newPass != null && newPass.length < 6) {
            throw new Exception(rb.getString
                ("New.password.must.be.at.least.6.characters"));
        }
        if (destKeyPass != null && destKeyPass.length < 6) {
            throw new Exception(rb.getString
                ("New.password.must.be.at.least.6.characters"));
        }

        // Check if keystore exists.
        // If no keystore has been specified at the command line, try to use
        // the default, which is located in $HOME/.keystore.
        // If the command is "genkey", "identitydb", "import", or "printcert",
        // it is OK not to have a keystore.
        if (isKeyStoreRelated(command)) {
            if (ksfname == null) {
                ksfname = System.getProperty("user.home") + File.separator
                    + ".keystore";
            }

            if (!nullStream) {
                try {
                    ksfile = new File(ksfname);
                    // Check if keystore file is empty
                    if (ksfile.exists() && ksfile.length() == 0) {
                        throw new Exception(rb.getString
                        ("Keystore.file.exists.but.is.empty.") + ksfname);
                    }
                    ksStream = new FileInputStream(ksfile);
                } catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
                    if (command != GENKEYPAIR &&
                        command != GENSECKEY &&
                        command != IDENTITYDB &&
                        command != IMPORTCERT &&
                        command != IMPORTPASS &&
                        command != IMPORTKEYSTORE &&
                        command != PRINTCRL) {
                        throw new Exception(rb.getString
                                ("Keystore.file.does.not.exist.") + ksfname);
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        if ((command == KEYCLONE || command == CHANGEALIAS)
                && dest == null) {
            dest = getAlias("destination");
            if ("".equals(dest)) {
                throw new Exception(rb.getString
                        ("Must.specify.destination.alias"));
            }
        }

        if (command == DELETE && alias == null) {
            alias = getAlias(null);
            if ("".equals(alias)) {
                throw new Exception(rb.getString("Must.specify.alias"));
            }
        }

        // Create new keystore
        if (providerName == null) {
            keyStore = KeyStore.getInstance(storetype);
        } else {
            keyStore = KeyStore.getInstance(storetype, providerName);
        }

        /*
         * Load the keystore data.
         *
         * At this point, it's OK if no keystore password has been provided.
         * We want to make sure that we can load the keystore data, i.e.,
         * the keystore data has the right format. If we cannot load the
         * keystore, why bother asking the user for his or her password?
         * Only if we were able to load the keystore, and no keystore
         * password has been provided, will we prompt the user for the
         * keystore password to verify the keystore integrity.
         * This means that the keystore is loaded twice: first load operation
         * checks the keystore format, second load operation verifies the
         * keystore integrity.
         *
         * If the keystore password has already been provided (at the
         * command line), however, the keystore is loaded only once, and the
         * keystore format and integrity are checked "at the same time".
         *
         * Null stream keystores are loaded later.
         */
        if (!nullStream) {
            keyStore.load(ksStream, storePass);
            if (ksStream != null) {
                ksStream.close();
            }
        }

        // All commands that create or modify the keystore require a keystore
        // password.

        if (nullStream && storePass != null) {
            keyStore.load(null, storePass);
        } else if (!nullStream && storePass != null) {
            // If we are creating a new non nullStream-based keystore,
            // insist that the password be at least 6 characters
            if (ksStream == null && storePass.length < 6) {
                throw new Exception(rb.getString
                        ("Keystore.password.must.be.at.least.6.characters"));
            }
        } else if (storePass == null) {

            // only prompt if (protectedPath == false)

            if (!protectedPath && !KeyStoreUtil.isWindowsKeyStore(storetype) &&
                (command == CERTREQ ||
                        command == DELETE ||
                        command == GENKEYPAIR ||
                        command == GENSECKEY ||
                        command == IMPORTCERT ||
                        command == IMPORTPASS ||
                        command == IMPORTKEYSTORE ||
                        command == KEYCLONE ||
                        command == CHANGEALIAS ||
                        command == SELFCERT ||
                        command == STOREPASSWD ||
                        command == KEYPASSWD ||
                        command == IDENTITYDB)) {
                int count = 0;
                do {
                    if (command == IMPORTKEYSTORE) {
                        System.err.print
                                (rb.getString("Enter.destination.keystore.password."));
                    } else {
                        System.err.print
                                (rb.getString("Enter.keystore.password."));
                    }
                    System.err.flush();
                    storePass = Password.readPassword(System.in);
                    passwords.add(storePass);

                    // If we are creating a new non nullStream-based keystore,
                    // insist that the password be at least 6 characters
                    if (!nullStream && (storePass == null || storePass.length < 6)) {
                        System.err.println(rb.getString
                                ("Keystore.password.is.too.short.must.be.at.least.6.characters"));
                        storePass = null;
                    }

                    // If the keystore file does not exist and needs to be
                    // created, the storepass should be prompted twice.
                    if (storePass != null && !nullStream && ksStream == null) {
                        System.err.print(rb.getString("Re.enter.new.password."));
                        char[] storePassAgain = Password.readPassword(System.in);
                        passwords.add(storePassAgain);
                        if (!Arrays.equals(storePass, storePassAgain)) {
                            System.err.println
                                (rb.getString("They.don.t.match.Try.again"));
                            storePass = null;
                        }
                    }

                    count++;
                } while ((storePass == null) && count < 3);


                if (storePass == null) {
                    System.err.println
                        (rb.getString("Too.many.failures.try.later"));
                    return;
                }
            } else if (!protectedPath
                    && !KeyStoreUtil.isWindowsKeyStore(storetype)
                    && isKeyStoreRelated(command)) {
                // here we have EXPORTCERT and LIST (info valid until STOREPASSWD)
                if (command != PRINTCRL) {
                    System.err.print(rb.getString("Enter.keystore.password."));
                    System.err.flush();
                    storePass = Password.readPassword(System.in);
                    passwords.add(storePass);
                }
            }

            // Now load a nullStream-based keystore,
            // or verify the integrity of an input stream-based keystore
            if (nullStream) {
                keyStore.load(null, storePass);
            } else if (ksStream != null) {
                ksStream = new FileInputStream(ksfile);
                keyStore.load(ksStream, storePass);
                ksStream.close();
            }
        }

        if (storePass != null && P12KEYSTORE.equalsIgnoreCase(storetype)) {
            MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat(rb.getString(
                "Warning.Different.store.and.key.passwords.not.supported.for.PKCS12.KeyStores.Ignoring.user.specified.command.value."));
            if (keyPass != null && !Arrays.equals(storePass, keyPass)) {
                Object[] source = {"-keypass"};
                System.err.println(form.format(source));
                keyPass = storePass;
            }
            if (newPass != null && !Arrays.equals(storePass, newPass)) {
                Object[] source = {"-new"};
                System.err.println(form.format(source));
                newPass = storePass;
            }
            if (destKeyPass != null && !Arrays.equals(storePass, destKeyPass)) {
                Object[] source = {"-destkeypass"};
                System.err.println(form.format(source));
                destKeyPass = storePass;
            }
        }

        // Create a certificate factory
        if (command == PRINTCERT || command == IMPORTCERT
                || command == IDENTITYDB || command == PRINTCRL) {
            cf = CertificateFactory.getInstance("X509");
        }

        if (trustcacerts) {
            caks = KeyStoreUtil.getCacertsKeyStore();
        }

        // Perform the specified command
        if (command == CERTREQ) {
            if (filename != null) {
                try (PrintStream ps = new PrintStream(new FileOutputStream
                                                      (filename))) {
                    doCertReq(alias, sigAlgName, ps);
                }
            } else {
                doCertReq(alias, sigAlgName, out);
            }
            if (verbose && filename != null) {
                MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat(rb.getString
                        ("Certification.request.stored.in.file.filename."));
                Object[] source = {filename};
                System.err.println(form.format(source));
                System.err.println(rb.getString("Submit.this.to.your.CA"));
            }
        } else if (command == DELETE) {
            doDeleteEntry(alias);
            kssave = true;
        } else if (command == EXPORTCERT) {
            if (filename != null) {
                try (PrintStream ps = new PrintStream(new FileOutputStream
                                                   (filename))) {
                    doExportCert(alias, ps);
                }
            } else {
                doExportCert(alias, out);
            }
            if (filename != null) {
                MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat(rb.getString
                        ("Certificate.stored.in.file.filename."));
                Object[] source = {filename};
                System.err.println(form.format(source));
            }
        } else if (command == GENKEYPAIR) {
            if (keyAlgName == null) {
                keyAlgName = "DSA";
            }
            doGenKeyPair(alias, dname, keyAlgName, keysize, sigAlgName);
            kssave = true;
        } else if (command == GENSECKEY) {
            if (keyAlgName == null) {
                keyAlgName = "DES";
            }
            doGenSecretKey(alias, keyAlgName, keysize);
            kssave = true;
        } else if (command == IMPORTPASS) {
            if (keyAlgName == null) {
                keyAlgName = "PBE";
            }
            // password is stored as a secret key
            doGenSecretKey(alias, keyAlgName, keysize);
            kssave = true;
        } else if (command == IDENTITYDB) {
            if (filename != null) {
                try (InputStream inStream = new FileInputStream(filename)) {
                    doImportIdentityDatabase(inStream);
                }
            } else {
                doImportIdentityDatabase(System.in);
            }
        } else if (command == IMPORTCERT) {
            InputStream inStream = System.in;
            if (filename != null) {
                inStream = new FileInputStream(filename);
            }
            String importAlias = (alias!=null)?alias:keyAlias;
            try {
                if (keyStore.entryInstanceOf(
                        importAlias, KeyStore.PrivateKeyEntry.class)) {
                    kssave = installReply(importAlias, inStream);
                    if (kssave) {
                        System.err.println(rb.getString
                            ("Certificate.reply.was.installed.in.keystore"));
                    } else {
                        System.err.println(rb.getString
                            ("Certificate.reply.was.not.installed.in.keystore"));
                    }
                } else if (!keyStore.containsAlias(importAlias) ||
                        keyStore.entryInstanceOf(importAlias,
                            KeyStore.TrustedCertificateEntry.class)) {
                    kssave = addTrustedCert(importAlias, inStream);
                    if (kssave) {
                        System.err.println(rb.getString
                            ("Certificate.was.added.to.keystore"));
                    } else {
                        System.err.println(rb.getString
                            ("Certificate.was.not.added.to.keystore"));
                    }
                }
            } finally {
                if (inStream != System.in) {
                    inStream.close();
                }
            }
        } else if (command == IMPORTKEYSTORE) {
            doImportKeyStore();
            kssave = true;
        } else if (command == KEYCLONE) {
            keyPassNew = newPass;

            // added to make sure only key can go thru
            if (alias == null) {
                alias = keyAlias;
            }
            if (keyStore.containsAlias(alias) == false) {
                MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat
                    (rb.getString("Alias.alias.does.not.exist"));
                Object[] source = {alias};
                throw new Exception(form.format(source));
            }
            if (!keyStore.entryInstanceOf(alias, KeyStore.PrivateKeyEntry.class)) {
                MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat(rb.getString(
                        "Alias.alias.references.an.entry.type.that.is.not.a.private.key.entry.The.keyclone.command.only.supports.cloning.of.private.key"));
                Object[] source = {alias};
                throw new Exception(form.format(source));
            }

            doCloneEntry(alias, dest, true);  // Now everything can be cloned
            kssave = true;
        } else if (command == CHANGEALIAS) {
            if (alias == null) {
                alias = keyAlias;
            }
            doCloneEntry(alias, dest, false);
            // in PKCS11, clone a PrivateKeyEntry will delete the old one
            if (keyStore.containsAlias(alias)) {
                doDeleteEntry(alias);
            }
            kssave = true;
        } else if (command == KEYPASSWD) {
            keyPassNew = newPass;
            doChangeKeyPasswd(alias);
            kssave = true;
        } else if (command == LIST) {
            if (alias != null) {
                doPrintEntry(alias, out, true);
            } else {
                doPrintEntries(out);
            }
        } else if (command == PRINTCERT) {
            doPrintCert(out);
        } else if (command == SELFCERT) {
            doSelfCert(alias, dname, sigAlgName);
            kssave = true;
        } else if (command == STOREPASSWD) {
            storePassNew = newPass;
            if (storePassNew == null) {
                storePassNew = getNewPasswd("keystore password", storePass);
            }
            kssave = true;
        } else if (command == GENCERT) {
            if (alias == null) {
                alias = keyAlias;
            }
            InputStream inStream = System.in;
            if (infilename != null) {
                inStream = new FileInputStream(infilename);
            }
            PrintStream ps = null;
            if (outfilename != null) {
                ps = new PrintStream(new FileOutputStream(outfilename));
                out = ps;
            }
            try {
                doGenCert(alias, sigAlgName, inStream, out);
            } finally {
                if (inStream != System.in) {
                    inStream.close();
                }
                if (ps != null) {
                    ps.close();
                }
            }
        } else if (command == GENCRL) {
            if (alias == null) {
                alias = keyAlias;
            }
            if (filename != null) {
                try (PrintStream ps =
                         new PrintStream(new FileOutputStream(filename))) {
                    doGenCRL(ps);
                }
            } else {
                doGenCRL(out);
            }
        } else if (command == PRINTCERTREQ) {
            if (filename != null) {
                try (InputStream inStream = new FileInputStream(filename)) {
                    doPrintCertReq(inStream, out);
                }
            } else {
                doPrintCertReq(System.in, out);
            }
        } else if (command == PRINTCRL) {
            doPrintCRL(filename, out);
        }

        // If we need to save the keystore, do so.
        if (kssave) {
            if (verbose) {
                MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat
                        (rb.getString(".Storing.ksfname."));
                Object[] source = {nullStream ? "keystore" : ksfname};
                System.err.println(form.format(source));
            }

            if (token) {
                keyStore.store(null, null);
            } else {
                char[] pass = (storePassNew!=null) ? storePassNew : storePass;
                if (nullStream) {
                    keyStore.store(null, pass);
                } else {
                    ByteArrayOutputStream bout = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
                    keyStore.store(bout, pass);
                    try (FileOutputStream fout = new FileOutputStream(ksfname)) {
                        fout.write(bout.toByteArray());
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Generate a certificate: Read PKCS10 request from in, and print
     * certificate to out. Use alias as CA, sigAlgName as the signature
     * type.
     */
    private void doGenCert(String alias, String sigAlgName, InputStream in, PrintStream out)
            throws Exception {


        Certificate signerCert = keyStore.getCertificate(alias);
        byte[] encoded = signerCert.getEncoded();
        X509CertImpl signerCertImpl = new X509CertImpl(encoded);
        X509CertInfo signerCertInfo = (X509CertInfo)signerCertImpl.get(
                X509CertImpl.NAME + "." + X509CertImpl.INFO);
        X500Name issuer = (X500Name)signerCertInfo.get(X509CertInfo.SUBJECT + "." +
                                           X509CertInfo.DN_NAME);

        Date firstDate = getStartDate(startDate);
        Date lastDate = new Date();
        lastDate.setTime(firstDate.getTime() + validity*1000L*24L*60L*60L);
        CertificateValidity interval = new CertificateValidity(firstDate,
                                                               lastDate);

        PrivateKey privateKey =
                (PrivateKey)recoverKey(alias, storePass, keyPass).fst;
        if (sigAlgName == null) {
            sigAlgName = getCompatibleSigAlgName(privateKey.getAlgorithm());
        }
        Signature signature = Signature.getInstance(sigAlgName);
        signature.initSign(privateKey);

        X509CertInfo info = new X509CertInfo();
        info.set(X509CertInfo.VALIDITY, interval);
        info.set(X509CertInfo.SERIAL_NUMBER, new CertificateSerialNumber(
                    new java.util.Random().nextInt() & 0x7fffffff));
        info.set(X509CertInfo.VERSION,
                    new CertificateVersion(CertificateVersion.V3));
        info.set(X509CertInfo.ALGORITHM_ID,
                    new CertificateAlgorithmId(
                        AlgorithmId.get(sigAlgName)));
        info.set(X509CertInfo.ISSUER, issuer);

        BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(in));
        boolean canRead = false;
        StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();
        while (true) {
            String s = reader.readLine();
            if (s == null) break;
            // OpenSSL does not use NEW
            //if (s.startsWith("-----BEGIN NEW CERTIFICATE REQUEST-----")) {
            if (s.startsWith("-----BEGIN") && s.indexOf("REQUEST") >= 0) {
                canRead = true;
            //} else if (s.startsWith("-----END NEW CERTIFICATE REQUEST-----")) {
            } else if (s.startsWith("-----END") && s.indexOf("REQUEST") >= 0) {
                break;
            } else if (canRead) {
                sb.append(s);
            }
        }
        byte[] rawReq = Base64.getMimeDecoder().decode(new String(sb));
        PKCS10 req = new PKCS10(rawReq);

        info.set(X509CertInfo.KEY, new CertificateX509Key(req.getSubjectPublicKeyInfo()));
        info.set(X509CertInfo.SUBJECT,
                    dname==null?req.getSubjectName():new X500Name(dname));
        CertificateExtensions reqex = null;
        Iterator<PKCS10Attribute> attrs = req.getAttributes().getAttributes().iterator();
        while (attrs.hasNext()) {
            PKCS10Attribute attr = attrs.next();
            if (attr.getAttributeId().equals((Object)PKCS9Attribute.EXTENSION_REQUEST_OID)) {
                reqex = (CertificateExtensions)attr.getAttributeValue();
            }
        }
        CertificateExtensions ext = createV3Extensions(
                reqex,
                null,
                v3ext,
                req.getSubjectPublicKeyInfo(),
                signerCert.getPublicKey());
        info.set(X509CertInfo.EXTENSIONS, ext);
        X509CertImpl cert = new X509CertImpl(info);
        cert.sign(privateKey, sigAlgName);
        dumpCert(cert, out);
        for (Certificate ca: keyStore.getCertificateChain(alias)) {
            if (ca instanceof X509Certificate) {
                X509Certificate xca = (X509Certificate)ca;
                if (!isSelfSigned(xca)) {
                    dumpCert(xca, out);
                }
            }
        }
    }

    private void doGenCRL(PrintStream out)
            throws Exception {
        if (ids == null) {
            throw new Exception("Must provide -id when -gencrl");
        }
        Certificate signerCert = keyStore.getCertificate(alias);
        byte[] encoded = signerCert.getEncoded();
        X509CertImpl signerCertImpl = new X509CertImpl(encoded);
        X509CertInfo signerCertInfo = (X509CertInfo)signerCertImpl.get(
                X509CertImpl.NAME + "." + X509CertImpl.INFO);
        X500Name owner = (X500Name)signerCertInfo.get(X509CertInfo.SUBJECT + "." +
                                                      X509CertInfo.DN_NAME);

        Date firstDate = getStartDate(startDate);
        Date lastDate = (Date) firstDate.clone();
        lastDate.setTime(lastDate.getTime() + validity*1000*24*60*60);
        CertificateValidity interval = new CertificateValidity(firstDate,
                                                               lastDate);


        PrivateKey privateKey =
                (PrivateKey)recoverKey(alias, storePass, keyPass).fst;
        if (sigAlgName == null) {
            sigAlgName = getCompatibleSigAlgName(privateKey.getAlgorithm());
        }

        X509CRLEntry[] badCerts = new X509CRLEntry[ids.size()];
        for (int i=0; i<ids.size(); i++) {
            String id = ids.get(i);
            int d = id.indexOf(':');
            if (d >= 0) {
                CRLExtensions ext = new CRLExtensions();
                ext.set("Reason", new CRLReasonCodeExtension(Integer.parseInt(id.substring(d+1))));
                badCerts[i] = new X509CRLEntryImpl(new BigInteger(id.substring(0, d)),
                        firstDate, ext);
            } else {
                badCerts[i] = new X509CRLEntryImpl(new BigInteger(ids.get(i)), firstDate);
            }
        }
        X509CRLImpl crl = new X509CRLImpl(owner, firstDate, lastDate, badCerts);
        crl.sign(privateKey, sigAlgName);
        if (rfc) {
            out.println("-----BEGIN X509 CRL-----");
            out.println(Base64.getMimeEncoder().encodeToString(crl.getEncodedInternal()));
            out.println("-----END X509 CRL-----");
        } else {
            out.write(crl.getEncodedInternal());
        }
    }

    /**
     * Creates a PKCS#10 cert signing request, corresponding to the
     * keys (and name) associated with a given alias.
     */
    private void doCertReq(String alias, String sigAlgName, PrintStream out)
        throws Exception
    {
        if (alias == null) {
            alias = keyAlias;
        }

        Pair<Key,char[]> objs = recoverKey(alias, storePass, keyPass);
        PrivateKey privKey = (PrivateKey)objs.fst;
        if (keyPass == null) {
            keyPass = objs.snd;
        }

        Certificate cert = keyStore.getCertificate(alias);
        if (cert == null) {
            MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat
                (rb.getString("alias.has.no.public.key.certificate."));
            Object[] source = {alias};
            throw new Exception(form.format(source));
        }
        PKCS10 request = new PKCS10(cert.getPublicKey());
        CertificateExtensions ext = createV3Extensions(null, null, v3ext, cert.getPublicKey(), null);
        // Attribute name is not significant
        request.getAttributes().setAttribute(X509CertInfo.EXTENSIONS,
                new PKCS10Attribute(PKCS9Attribute.EXTENSION_REQUEST_OID, ext));

        // Construct a Signature object, so that we can sign the request
        if (sigAlgName == null) {
            sigAlgName = getCompatibleSigAlgName(privKey.getAlgorithm());
        }

        Signature signature = Signature.getInstance(sigAlgName);
        signature.initSign(privKey);
        X500Name subject = dname == null?
                new X500Name(((X509Certificate)cert).getSubjectDN().toString()):
                new X500Name(dname);

        // Sign the request and base-64 encode it
        request.encodeAndSign(subject, signature);
        request.print(out);
    }

    /**
     * Deletes an entry from the keystore.
     */
    private void doDeleteEntry(String alias) throws Exception {
        if (keyStore.containsAlias(alias) == false) {
            MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat
                (rb.getString("Alias.alias.does.not.exist"));
            Object[] source = {alias};
            throw new Exception(form.format(source));
        }
        keyStore.deleteEntry(alias);
    }

    /**
     * Exports a certificate from the keystore.
     */
    private void doExportCert(String alias, PrintStream out)
        throws Exception
    {
        if (storePass == null
                && !KeyStoreUtil.isWindowsKeyStore(storetype)) {
            printWarning();
        }
        if (alias == null) {
            alias = keyAlias;
        }
        if (keyStore.containsAlias(alias) == false) {
            MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat
                (rb.getString("Alias.alias.does.not.exist"));
            Object[] source = {alias};
            throw new Exception(form.format(source));
        }

        X509Certificate cert = (X509Certificate)keyStore.getCertificate(alias);
        if (cert == null) {
            MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat
                (rb.getString("Alias.alias.has.no.certificate"));
            Object[] source = {alias};
            throw new Exception(form.format(source));
        }
        dumpCert(cert, out);
    }

    /**
     * Prompt the user for a keypass when generating a key entry.
     * @param alias the entry we will set password for
     * @param orig the original entry of doing a dup, null if generate new
     * @param origPass the password to copy from if user press ENTER
     */
    private char[] promptForKeyPass(String alias, String orig, char[] origPass) throws Exception{
        if (P12KEYSTORE.equalsIgnoreCase(storetype)) {
            return origPass;
        } else if (!token && !protectedPath) {
            // Prompt for key password
            int count;
            for (count = 0; count < 3; count++) {
                MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat(rb.getString
                        ("Enter.key.password.for.alias."));
                Object[] source = {alias};
                System.err.println(form.format(source));
                if (orig == null) {
                    System.err.print(rb.getString
                            (".RETURN.if.same.as.keystore.password."));
                } else {
                    form = new MessageFormat(rb.getString
                            (".RETURN.if.same.as.for.otherAlias."));
                    Object[] src = {orig};
                    System.err.print(form.format(src));
                }
                System.err.flush();
                char[] entered = Password.readPassword(System.in);
                passwords.add(entered);
                if (entered == null) {
                    return origPass;
                } else if (entered.length >= 6) {
                    System.err.print(rb.getString("Re.enter.new.password."));
                    char[] passAgain = Password.readPassword(System.in);
                    passwords.add(passAgain);
                    if (!Arrays.equals(entered, passAgain)) {
                        System.err.println
                            (rb.getString("They.don.t.match.Try.again"));
                        continue;
                    }
                    return entered;
                } else {
                    System.err.println(rb.getString
                        ("Key.password.is.too.short.must.be.at.least.6.characters"));
                }
            }
            if (count == 3) {
                if (command == KEYCLONE) {
                    throw new Exception(rb.getString
                        ("Too.many.failures.Key.entry.not.cloned"));
                } else {
                    throw new Exception(rb.getString
                            ("Too.many.failures.key.not.added.to.keystore"));
                }
            }
        }
        return null;    // PKCS11, MSCAPI, or -protected
    }

    /*
     * Prompt the user for the password credential to be stored.
     */
    private char[] promptForCredential() throws Exception {
        // Handle password supplied via stdin
        if (System.console() == null) {
            char[] importPass = Password.readPassword(System.in);
            passwords.add(importPass);
            return importPass;
        }

        int count;
        for (count = 0; count < 3; count++) {
            System.err.print(
                rb.getString("Enter.the.password.to.be.stored."));
            System.err.flush();
            char[] entered = Password.readPassword(System.in);
            passwords.add(entered);
            System.err.print(rb.getString("Re.enter.password."));
            char[] passAgain = Password.readPassword(System.in);
            passwords.add(passAgain);
            if (!Arrays.equals(entered, passAgain)) {
                System.err.println(rb.getString("They.don.t.match.Try.again"));
                continue;
            }
            return entered;
        }

        if (count == 3) {
            throw new Exception(rb.getString
                ("Too.many.failures.key.not.added.to.keystore"));
        }

        return null;
    }

    /**
     * Creates a new secret key.
     */
    private void doGenSecretKey(String alias, String keyAlgName,
                              int keysize)
        throws Exception
    {
        if (alias == null) {
            alias = keyAlias;
        }
        if (keyStore.containsAlias(alias)) {
            MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat(rb.getString
                ("Secret.key.not.generated.alias.alias.already.exists"));
            Object[] source = {alias};
            throw new Exception(form.format(source));
        }

        // Use the keystore's default PBE algorithm for entry protection
        boolean useDefaultPBEAlgorithm = true;
        SecretKey secKey = null;

        if (keyAlgName.toUpperCase().startsWith("PBE")) {
            SecretKeyFactory factory = SecretKeyFactory.getInstance("PBE");

            // User is prompted for PBE credential
            secKey =
                factory.generateSecret(new PBEKeySpec(promptForCredential()));

            // Check whether a specific PBE algorithm was specified
            if (!"PBE".equalsIgnoreCase(keyAlgName)) {
                useDefaultPBEAlgorithm = false;
            }

            if (verbose) {
                MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat(rb.getString(
                    "Generated.keyAlgName.secret.key"));
                Object[] source =
                    {useDefaultPBEAlgorithm ? "PBE" : secKey.getAlgorithm()};
                System.err.println(form.format(source));
            }
        } else {
            KeyGenerator keygen = KeyGenerator.getInstance(keyAlgName);
            if (keysize == -1) {
                if ("DES".equalsIgnoreCase(keyAlgName)) {
                    keysize = 56;
                } else if ("DESede".equalsIgnoreCase(keyAlgName)) {
                    keysize = 168;
                } else {
                    throw new Exception(rb.getString
                        ("Please.provide.keysize.for.secret.key.generation"));
                }
            }
            keygen.init(keysize);
            secKey = keygen.generateKey();

            if (verbose) {
                MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat(rb.getString
                    ("Generated.keysize.bit.keyAlgName.secret.key"));
                Object[] source = {new Integer(keysize),
                                    secKey.getAlgorithm()};
                System.err.println(form.format(source));
            }
        }

        if (keyPass == null) {
            keyPass = promptForKeyPass(alias, null, storePass);
        }

        if (useDefaultPBEAlgorithm) {
            keyStore.setKeyEntry(alias, secKey, keyPass, null);
        } else {
            keyStore.setEntry(alias, new KeyStore.SecretKeyEntry(secKey),
                new KeyStore.PasswordProtection(keyPass, keyAlgName, null));
        }
    }

    /**
     * If no signature algorithm was specified at the command line,
     * we choose one that is compatible with the selected private key
     */
    private static String getCompatibleSigAlgName(String keyAlgName)
            throws Exception {
        if ("DSA".equalsIgnoreCase(keyAlgName)) {
            return "SHA1WithDSA";
        } else if ("RSA".equalsIgnoreCase(keyAlgName)) {
            return "SHA256WithRSA";
        } else if ("EC".equalsIgnoreCase(keyAlgName)) {
            return "SHA256withECDSA";
        } else {
            throw new Exception(rb.getString
                    ("Cannot.derive.signature.algorithm"));
        }
    }
    /**
     * Creates a new key pair and self-signed certificate.
     */
    private void doGenKeyPair(String alias, String dname, String keyAlgName,
                              int keysize, String sigAlgName)
        throws Exception
    {
        if (keysize == -1) {
            if ("EC".equalsIgnoreCase(keyAlgName)) {
                keysize = 256;
            } else if ("RSA".equalsIgnoreCase(keyAlgName)) {
                keysize = 2048;
            } else {
                keysize = 1024;
            }
        }

        if (alias == null) {
            alias = keyAlias;
        }

        if (keyStore.containsAlias(alias)) {
            MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat(rb.getString
                ("Key.pair.not.generated.alias.alias.already.exists"));
            Object[] source = {alias};
            throw new Exception(form.format(source));
        }

        if (sigAlgName == null) {
            sigAlgName = getCompatibleSigAlgName(keyAlgName);
        }
        CertAndKeyGen keypair =
                new CertAndKeyGen(keyAlgName, sigAlgName, providerName);


        // If DN is provided, parse it. Otherwise, prompt the user for it.
        X500Name x500Name;
        if (dname == null) {
            x500Name = getX500Name();
        } else {
            x500Name = new X500Name(dname);
        }

        keypair.generate(keysize);
        PrivateKey privKey = keypair.getPrivateKey();

        CertificateExtensions ext = createV3Extensions(
                null,
                null,
                v3ext,
                keypair.getPublicKeyAnyway(),
                null);

        X509Certificate[] chain = new X509Certificate[1];
        chain[0] = keypair.getSelfCertificate(
                x500Name, getStartDate(startDate), validity*24L*60L*60L, ext);

        if (verbose) {
            MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat(rb.getString
                ("Generating.keysize.bit.keyAlgName.key.pair.and.self.signed.certificate.sigAlgName.with.a.validity.of.validality.days.for"));
            Object[] source = {new Integer(keysize),
                                privKey.getAlgorithm(),
                                chain[0].getSigAlgName(),
                                new Long(validity),
                                x500Name};
            System.err.println(form.format(source));
        }

        if (keyPass == null) {
            keyPass = promptForKeyPass(alias, null, storePass);
        }
        keyStore.setKeyEntry(alias, privKey, keyPass, chain);
    }

    /**
     * Clones an entry
     * @param orig original alias
     * @param dest destination alias
     * @changePassword if the password can be changed
     */
    private void doCloneEntry(String orig, String dest, boolean changePassword)
        throws Exception
    {
        if (orig == null) {
            orig = keyAlias;
        }

        if (keyStore.containsAlias(dest)) {
            MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat
                (rb.getString("Destination.alias.dest.already.exists"));
            Object[] source = {dest};
            throw new Exception(form.format(source));
        }

        Pair<Entry,char[]> objs = recoverEntry(keyStore, orig, storePass, keyPass);
        Entry entry = objs.fst;
        keyPass = objs.snd;

        PasswordProtection pp = null;

        if (keyPass != null) {  // protected
            if (!changePassword || P12KEYSTORE.equalsIgnoreCase(storetype)) {
                keyPassNew = keyPass;
            } else {
                if (keyPassNew == null) {
                    keyPassNew = promptForKeyPass(dest, orig, keyPass);
                }
            }
            pp = new PasswordProtection(keyPassNew);
        }
        keyStore.setEntry(dest, entry, pp);
    }

    /**
     * Changes a key password.
     */
    private void doChangeKeyPasswd(String alias) throws Exception
    {

        if (alias == null) {
            alias = keyAlias;
        }
        Pair<Key,char[]> objs = recoverKey(alias, storePass, keyPass);
        Key privKey = objs.fst;
        if (keyPass == null) {
            keyPass = objs.snd;
        }

        if (keyPassNew == null) {
            MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat
                (rb.getString("key.password.for.alias."));
            Object[] source = {alias};
            keyPassNew = getNewPasswd(form.format(source), keyPass);
        }
        keyStore.setKeyEntry(alias, privKey, keyPassNew,
                             keyStore.getCertificateChain(alias));
    }

    /**
     * Imports a JDK 1.1-style identity database. We can only store one
     * certificate per identity, because we use the identity's name as the
     * alias (which references a keystore entry), and aliases must be unique.
     */
    private void doImportIdentityDatabase(InputStream in)
        throws Exception
    {
        System.err.println(rb.getString
            ("No.entries.from.identity.database.added"));
    }

    /**
     * Prints a single keystore entry.
     */
    private void doPrintEntry(String alias, PrintStream out,
                              boolean printWarning)
        throws Exception
    {
        if (storePass == null && printWarning
                && !KeyStoreUtil.isWindowsKeyStore(storetype)) {
            printWarning();
        }

        if (keyStore.containsAlias(alias) == false) {
            MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat
                (rb.getString("Alias.alias.does.not.exist"));
            Object[] source = {alias};
            throw new Exception(form.format(source));
        }

        if (verbose || rfc || debug) {
            MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat
                (rb.getString("Alias.name.alias"));
            Object[] source = {alias};
            out.println(form.format(source));

            if (!token) {
                form = new MessageFormat(rb.getString
                    ("Creation.date.keyStore.getCreationDate.alias."));
                Object[] src = {keyStore.getCreationDate(alias)};
                out.println(form.format(src));
            }
        } else {
            if (!token) {
                MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat
                    (rb.getString("alias.keyStore.getCreationDate.alias."));
                Object[] source = {alias, keyStore.getCreationDate(alias)};
                out.print(form.format(source));
            } else {
                MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat
                    (rb.getString("alias."));
                Object[] source = {alias};
                out.print(form.format(source));
            }
        }

        if (keyStore.entryInstanceOf(alias, KeyStore.SecretKeyEntry.class)) {
            if (verbose || rfc || debug) {
                Object[] source = {"SecretKeyEntry"};
                out.println(new MessageFormat(
                        rb.getString("Entry.type.type.")).format(source));
            } else {
                out.println("SecretKeyEntry, ");
            }
        } else if (keyStore.entryInstanceOf(alias, KeyStore.PrivateKeyEntry.class)) {
            if (verbose || rfc || debug) {
                Object[] source = {"PrivateKeyEntry"};
                out.println(new MessageFormat(
                        rb.getString("Entry.type.type.")).format(source));
            } else {
                out.println("PrivateKeyEntry, ");
            }

            // Get the chain
            Certificate[] chain = keyStore.getCertificateChain(alias);
            if (chain != null) {
                if (verbose || rfc || debug) {
                    out.println(rb.getString
                        ("Certificate.chain.length.") + chain.length);
                    for (int i = 0; i < chain.length; i ++) {
                        MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat
                                (rb.getString("Certificate.i.1."));
                        Object[] source = {new Integer((i + 1))};
                        out.println(form.format(source));
                        if (verbose && (chain[i] instanceof X509Certificate)) {
                            printX509Cert((X509Certificate)(chain[i]), out);
                        } else if (debug) {
                            out.println(chain[i].toString());
                        } else {
                            dumpCert(chain[i], out);
                        }
                    }
                } else {
                    // Print the digest of the user cert only
                    out.println
                        (rb.getString("Certificate.fingerprint.SHA1.") +
                        getCertFingerPrint("SHA1", chain[0]));
                }
            }
        } else if (keyStore.entryInstanceOf(alias,
                KeyStore.TrustedCertificateEntry.class)) {
            // We have a trusted certificate entry
            Certificate cert = keyStore.getCertificate(alias);
            Object[] source = {"trustedCertEntry"};
            String mf = new MessageFormat(
                    rb.getString("Entry.type.type.")).format(source) + "\n";
            if (verbose && (cert instanceof X509Certificate)) {
                out.println(mf);
                printX509Cert((X509Certificate)cert, out);
            } else if (rfc) {
                out.println(mf);
                dumpCert(cert, out);
            } else if (debug) {
                out.println(cert.toString());
            } else {
                out.println("trustedCertEntry, ");
                out.println(rb.getString("Certificate.fingerprint.SHA1.")
                            + getCertFingerPrint("SHA1", cert));
            }
        } else {
            out.println(rb.getString("Unknown.Entry.Type"));
        }
    }

    /**
     * Load the srckeystore from a stream, used in -importkeystore
     * @returns the src KeyStore
     */
    KeyStore loadSourceKeyStore() throws Exception {
        boolean isPkcs11 = false;

        InputStream is = null;

        if (P11KEYSTORE.equalsIgnoreCase(srcstoretype) ||
                KeyStoreUtil.isWindowsKeyStore(srcstoretype)) {
            if (!NONE.equals(srcksfname)) {
                System.err.println(MessageFormat.format(rb.getString
                    (".keystore.must.be.NONE.if.storetype.is.{0}"), srcstoretype));
                System.err.println();
                tinyHelp();
            }
            isPkcs11 = true;
        } else {
            if (srcksfname != null) {
                File srcksfile = new File(srcksfname);
                    if (srcksfile.exists() && srcksfile.length() == 0) {
                        throw new Exception(rb.getString
                                ("Source.keystore.file.exists.but.is.empty.") +
                                srcksfname);
                }
                is = new FileInputStream(srcksfile);
            } else {
                throw new Exception(rb.getString
                        ("Please.specify.srckeystore"));
            }
        }

        KeyStore store;
        try {
            if (srcProviderName == null) {
                store = KeyStore.getInstance(srcstoretype);
            } else {
                store = KeyStore.getInstance(srcstoretype, srcProviderName);
            }

            if (srcstorePass == null
                    && !srcprotectedPath
                    && !KeyStoreUtil.isWindowsKeyStore(srcstoretype)) {
                System.err.print(rb.getString("Enter.source.keystore.password."));
                System.err.flush();
                srcstorePass = Password.readPassword(System.in);
                passwords.add(srcstorePass);
            }

            // always let keypass be storepass when using pkcs12
            if (P12KEYSTORE.equalsIgnoreCase(srcstoretype)) {
                if (srckeyPass != null && srcstorePass != null &&
                        !Arrays.equals(srcstorePass, srckeyPass)) {
                    MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat(rb.getString(
                        "Warning.Different.store.and.key.passwords.not.supported.for.PKCS12.KeyStores.Ignoring.user.specified.command.value."));
                    Object[] source = {"-srckeypass"};
                    System.err.println(form.format(source));
                    srckeyPass = srcstorePass;
                }
            }

            store.load(is, srcstorePass);   // "is" already null in PKCS11
        } finally {
            if (is != null) {
                is.close();
            }
        }

        if (srcstorePass == null
                && !KeyStoreUtil.isWindowsKeyStore(srcstoretype)) {
            // anti refactoring, copied from printWarning(),
            // but change 2 lines
            System.err.println();
            System.err.println(rb.getString
                (".WARNING.WARNING.WARNING."));
            System.err.println(rb.getString
                (".The.integrity.of.the.information.stored.in.the.srckeystore."));
            System.err.println(rb.getString
                (".WARNING.WARNING.WARNING."));
            System.err.println();
        }

        return store;
    }

    /**
     * import all keys and certs from importkeystore.
     * keep alias unchanged if no name conflict, otherwise, prompt.
     * keep keypass unchanged for keys
     */
    private void doImportKeyStore() throws Exception {

        if (alias != null) {
            doImportKeyStoreSingle(loadSourceKeyStore(), alias);
        } else {
            if (dest != null || srckeyPass != null) {
                throw new Exception(rb.getString(
                        "if.alias.not.specified.destalias.and.srckeypass.must.not.be.specified"));
            }
            doImportKeyStoreAll(loadSourceKeyStore());
        }
        /*
         * Information display rule of -importkeystore
         * 1. inside single, shows failure
         * 2. inside all, shows sucess
         * 3. inside all where there is a failure, prompt for continue
         * 4. at the final of all, shows summary
         */
    }

    /**
     * Import a single entry named alias from srckeystore
     * @returns 1 if the import action succeed
     *          0 if user choose to ignore an alias-dumplicated entry
     *          2 if setEntry throws Exception
     */
    private int doImportKeyStoreSingle(KeyStore srckeystore, String alias)
            throws Exception {

        String newAlias = (dest==null) ? alias : dest;

        if (keyStore.containsAlias(newAlias)) {
            Object[] source = {alias};
            if (noprompt) {
                System.err.println(new MessageFormat(rb.getString(
                        "Warning.Overwriting.existing.alias.alias.in.destination.keystore")).format(source));
            } else {
                String reply = getYesNoReply(new MessageFormat(rb.getString(
                        "Existing.entry.alias.alias.exists.overwrite.no.")).format(source));
                if ("NO".equals(reply)) {
                    newAlias = inputStringFromStdin(rb.getString
                            ("Enter.new.alias.name.RETURN.to.cancel.import.for.this.entry."));
                    if ("".equals(newAlias)) {
                        System.err.println(new MessageFormat(rb.getString(
                                "Entry.for.alias.alias.not.imported.")).format(
                                source));
                        return 0;
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        Pair<Entry,char[]> objs = recoverEntry(srckeystore, alias, srcstorePass, srckeyPass);
        Entry entry = objs.fst;

        PasswordProtection pp = null;

        // According to keytool.html, "The destination entry will be protected
        // using destkeypass. If destkeypass is not provided, the destination
        // entry will be protected with the source entry password."
        // so always try to protect with destKeyPass.
        char[] newPass = null;
        if (destKeyPass != null) {
            newPass = destKeyPass;
            pp = new PasswordProtection(destKeyPass);
        } else if (objs.snd != null) {
            newPass = objs.snd;
            pp = new PasswordProtection(objs.snd);
        }

        try {
            keyStore.setEntry(newAlias, entry, pp);
            // Place the check so that only successful imports are blocked.
            // For example, we don't block a failed SecretEntry import.
            if (P12KEYSTORE.equalsIgnoreCase(storetype)) {
                if (newPass != null && !Arrays.equals(newPass, storePass)) {
                    throw new Exception(rb.getString(
                            "The.destination.pkcs12.keystore.has.different.storepass.and.keypass.Please.retry.with.destkeypass.specified."));
                }
            }
            return 1;
        } catch (KeyStoreException kse) {
            Object[] source2 = {alias, kse.toString()};
            MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat(rb.getString(
                    "Problem.importing.entry.for.alias.alias.exception.Entry.for.alias.alias.not.imported."));
            System.err.println(form.format(source2));
            return 2;
        }
    }

    private void doImportKeyStoreAll(KeyStore srckeystore) throws Exception {

        int ok = 0;
        int count = srckeystore.size();
        for (Enumeration<String> e = srckeystore.aliases();
                                        e.hasMoreElements(); ) {
            String alias = e.nextElement();
            int result = doImportKeyStoreSingle(srckeystore, alias);
            if (result == 1) {
                ok++;
                Object[] source = {alias};
                MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat(rb.getString("Entry.for.alias.alias.successfully.imported."));
                System.err.println(form.format(source));
            } else if (result == 2) {
                if (!noprompt) {
                    String reply = getYesNoReply("Do you want to quit the import process? [no]:  ");
                    if ("YES".equals(reply)) {
                        break;
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        Object[] source = {ok, count-ok};
        MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat(rb.getString(
                "Import.command.completed.ok.entries.successfully.imported.fail.entries.failed.or.cancelled"));
        System.err.println(form.format(source));
    }

    /**
     * Prints all keystore entries.
     */
    private void doPrintEntries(PrintStream out)
        throws Exception
    {
        if (storePass == null
                && !KeyStoreUtil.isWindowsKeyStore(storetype)) {
            printWarning();
        } else {
            out.println();
        }

        out.println(rb.getString("Keystore.type.") + keyStore.getType());
        out.println(rb.getString("Keystore.provider.") +
                keyStore.getProvider().getName());
        out.println();

        MessageFormat form;
        form = (keyStore.size() == 1) ?
                new MessageFormat(rb.getString
                        ("Your.keystore.contains.keyStore.size.entry")) :
                new MessageFormat(rb.getString
                        ("Your.keystore.contains.keyStore.size.entries"));
        Object[] source = {new Integer(keyStore.size())};
        out.println(form.format(source));
        out.println();

        for (Enumeration<String> e = keyStore.aliases();
                                        e.hasMoreElements(); ) {
            String alias = e.nextElement();
            doPrintEntry(alias, out, false);
            if (verbose || rfc) {
                out.println(rb.getString("NEWLINE"));
                out.println(rb.getString
                        ("STAR"));
                out.println(rb.getString
                        ("STARNN"));
            }
        }
    }

    private static <T> Iterable e2i(final Enumeration e) {
        return new Iterable<T>() {
            @Override
            public Iterator<T> iterator() {
                return new Iterator<T>() {
                    @Override
                    public boolean hasNext() {
                        return e.hasMoreElements();
                    }
                    @Override
                    public T next() {
                        return e.nextElement();
                    }
                    public void remove() {
                        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Not supported yet.");
                    }
                };
            }
        };
    }

    /**
     * Loads CRLs from a source. This method is also called in JarSigner.
     * @param src the source, which means System.in if null, or a URI,
     *        or a bare file path name
     */
    public static Collection<? extends CRL> loadCRLs(String src) throws Exception {
        InputStream in = null;
        URI uri = null;
        if (src == null) {
            in = System.in;
        } else {
            try {
                uri = new URI(src);
                if (uri.getScheme().equals("ldap")) {
                    // No input stream for LDAP
                } else {
                    in = uri.toURL().openStream();
                }
            } catch (Exception e) {
                try {
                    in = new FileInputStream(src);
                } catch (Exception e2) {
                    if (uri == null || uri.getScheme() == null) {
                        throw e2;   // More likely a bare file path
                    } else {
                        throw e;    // More likely a protocol or network problem
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        if (in != null) {
            try {
                // Read the full stream before feeding to X509Factory,
                // otherwise, keytool -gencrl | keytool -printcrl
                // might not work properly, since -gencrl is slow
                // and there's no data in the pipe at the beginning.
                ByteArrayOutputStream bout = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
                byte[] b = new byte[4096];
                while (true) {
                    int len = in.read(b);
                    if (len < 0) break;
                    bout.write(b, 0, len);
                }
                return CertificateFactory.getInstance("X509").generateCRLs(
                        new ByteArrayInputStream(bout.toByteArray()));
            } finally {
                if (in != System.in) {
                    in.close();
                }
            }
        } else {    // must be LDAP, and uri is not null
            // Lazily load LDAPCertStoreHelper if present
            CertStoreHelper helper = CertStoreHelper.getInstance("LDAP");
            String path = uri.getPath();
            if (path.charAt(0) == '/') path = path.substring(1);
            CertStore s = helper.getCertStore(uri);
            X509CRLSelector sel =
                    helper.wrap(new X509CRLSelector(), null, path);
            return s.getCRLs(sel);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns CRLs described in a X509Certificate's CRLDistributionPoints
     * Extension. Only those containing a general name of type URI are read.
     */
    public static List<CRL> readCRLsFromCert(X509Certificate cert)
            throws Exception {
        List<CRL> crls = new ArrayList<>();
        CRLDistributionPointsExtension ext =
                X509CertImpl.toImpl(cert).getCRLDistributionPointsExtension();
        if (ext == null) return crls;
        List<DistributionPoint> distPoints =
                ext.get(CRLDistributionPointsExtension.POINTS);
        for (DistributionPoint o: distPoints) {
            GeneralNames names = o.getFullName();
            if (names != null) {
                for (GeneralName name: names.names()) {
                    if (name.getType() == GeneralNameInterface.NAME_URI) {
                        URIName uriName = (URIName)name.getName();
                        for (CRL crl: loadCRLs(uriName.getName())) {
                            if (crl instanceof X509CRL) {
                                crls.add((X509CRL)crl);
                            }
                        }
                        break;  // Different name should point to same CRL
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        return crls;
    }

    private static String verifyCRL(KeyStore ks, CRL crl)
            throws Exception {
        X509CRLImpl xcrl = (X509CRLImpl)crl;
        X500Principal issuer = xcrl.getIssuerX500Principal();
        for (String s: e2i(ks.aliases())) {
            Certificate cert = ks.getCertificate(s);
            if (cert instanceof X509Certificate) {
                X509Certificate xcert = (X509Certificate)cert;
                if (xcert.getSubjectX500Principal().equals(issuer)) {
                    try {
                        ((X509CRLImpl)crl).verify(cert.getPublicKey());
                        return s;
                    } catch (Exception e) {
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        return null;
    }

    private void doPrintCRL(String src, PrintStream out)
            throws Exception {
        for (CRL crl: loadCRLs(src)) {
            printCRL(crl, out);
            String issuer = null;
            if (caks != null) {
                issuer = verifyCRL(caks, crl);
                if (issuer != null) {
                    out.printf(rb.getString(
                            "verified.by.s.in.s"), issuer, "cacerts");
                    out.println();
                }
            }
            if (issuer == null && keyStore != null) {
                issuer = verifyCRL(keyStore, crl);
                if (issuer != null) {
                    out.printf(rb.getString(
                            "verified.by.s.in.s"), issuer, "keystore");
                    out.println();
                }
            }
            if (issuer == null) {
                out.println(rb.getString
                        ("STAR"));
                out.println(rb.getString
                        ("warning.not.verified.make.sure.keystore.is.correct"));
                out.println(rb.getString
                        ("STARNN"));
            }
        }
    }

    private void printCRL(CRL crl, PrintStream out)
            throws Exception {
        if (rfc) {
            X509CRL xcrl = (X509CRL)crl;
            out.println("-----BEGIN X509 CRL-----");
            out.println(Base64.getMimeEncoder().encodeToString(xcrl.getEncoded()));
            out.println("-----END X509 CRL-----");
        } else {
            out.println(crl.toString());
        }
    }

    private void doPrintCertReq(InputStream in, PrintStream out)
            throws Exception {

        BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(in));
        StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();
        boolean started = false;
        while (true) {
            String s = reader.readLine();
            if (s == null) break;
            if (!started) {
                if (s.startsWith("-----")) {
                    started = true;
                }
            } else {
                if (s.startsWith("-----")) {
                    break;
                }
                sb.append(s);
            }
        }
        PKCS10 req = new PKCS10(Base64.getMimeDecoder().decode(new String(sb)));

        PublicKey pkey = req.getSubjectPublicKeyInfo();
        out.printf(rb.getString("PKCS.10.Certificate.Request.Version.1.0.Subject.s.Public.Key.s.format.s.key."),
                req.getSubjectName(), pkey.getFormat(), pkey.getAlgorithm());
        for (PKCS10Attribute attr: req.getAttributes().getAttributes()) {
            ObjectIdentifier oid = attr.getAttributeId();
            if (oid.equals((Object)PKCS9Attribute.EXTENSION_REQUEST_OID)) {
                CertificateExtensions exts = (CertificateExtensions)attr.getAttributeValue();
                if (exts != null) {
                    printExtensions(rb.getString("Extension.Request."), exts, out);
                }
            } else {
                out.println("Attribute: " + attr.getAttributeId());
                PKCS9Attribute pkcs9Attr =
                        new PKCS9Attribute(attr.getAttributeId(),
                                           attr.getAttributeValue());
                out.print(pkcs9Attr.getName() + ": ");
                Object attrVal = attr.getAttributeValue();
                out.println(attrVal instanceof String[] ?
                            Arrays.toString((String[]) attrVal) :
                            attrVal);
            }
        }
        if (debug) {
            out.println(req);   // Just to see more, say, public key length...
        }
    }

    /**
     * Reads a certificate (or certificate chain) and prints its contents in
     * a human readable format.
     */
    private void printCertFromStream(InputStream in, PrintStream out)
        throws Exception
    {
        Collection<? extends Certificate> c = null;
        try {
            c = cf.generateCertificates(in);
        } catch (CertificateException ce) {
            throw new Exception(rb.getString("Failed.to.parse.input"), ce);
        }
        if (c.isEmpty()) {
            throw new Exception(rb.getString("Empty.input"));
        }
        Certificate[] certs = c.toArray(new Certificate[c.size()]);
        for (int i=0; i<certs.length; i++) {
            X509Certificate x509Cert = null;
            try {
                x509Cert = (X509Certificate)certs[i];
            } catch (ClassCastException cce) {
                throw new Exception(rb.getString("Not.X.509.certificate"));
            }
            if (certs.length > 1) {
                MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat
                        (rb.getString("Certificate.i.1."));
                Object[] source = {new Integer(i + 1)};
                out.println(form.format(source));
            }
            if (rfc)
                dumpCert(x509Cert, out);
            else
                printX509Cert(x509Cert, out);
            if (i < (certs.length-1)) {
                out.println();
            }
        }
    }

    private void doPrintCert(final PrintStream out) throws Exception {
        if (jarfile != null) {
            JarFile jf = new JarFile(jarfile, true);
            Enumeration<JarEntry> entries = jf.entries();
            Set<CodeSigner> ss = new HashSet<>();
            byte[] buffer = new byte[8192];
            int pos = 0;
            while (entries.hasMoreElements()) {
                JarEntry je = entries.nextElement();
                try (InputStream is = jf.getInputStream(je)) {
                    while (is.read(buffer) != -1) {
                        // we just read. this will throw a SecurityException
                        // if a signature/digest check fails. This also
                        // populate the signers
                    }
                }
                CodeSigner[] signers = je.getCodeSigners();
                if (signers != null) {
                    for (CodeSigner signer: signers) {
                        if (!ss.contains(signer)) {
                            ss.add(signer);
                            out.printf(rb.getString("Signer.d."), ++pos);
                            out.println();
                            out.println();
                            out.println(rb.getString("Signature."));
                            out.println();
                            for (Certificate cert: signer.getSignerCertPath().getCertificates()) {
                                X509Certificate x = (X509Certificate)cert;
                                if (rfc) {
                                    out.println(rb.getString("Certificate.owner.") + x.getSubjectDN() + "\n");
                                    dumpCert(x, out);
                                } else {
                                    printX509Cert(x, out);
                                }
                                out.println();
                            }
                            Timestamp ts = signer.getTimestamp();
                            if (ts != null) {
                                out.println(rb.getString("Timestamp."));
                                out.println();
                                for (Certificate cert: ts.getSignerCertPath().getCertificates()) {
                                    X509Certificate x = (X509Certificate)cert;
                                    if (rfc) {
                                        out.println(rb.getString("Certificate.owner.") + x.getSubjectDN() + "\n");
                                        dumpCert(x, out);
                                    } else {
                                        printX509Cert(x, out);
                                    }
                                    out.println();
                                }
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
            jf.close();
            if (ss.isEmpty()) {
                out.println(rb.getString("Not.a.signed.jar.file"));
            }
        } else if (sslserver != null) {
            // Lazily load SSLCertStoreHelper if present
            CertStoreHelper helper = CertStoreHelper.getInstance("SSLServer");
            CertStore cs = helper.getCertStore(new URI("https://" + sslserver));
            Collection<? extends Certificate> chain;
            try {
                chain = cs.getCertificates(null);
                if (chain.isEmpty()) {
                    // If the certs are not retrieved, we consider it an error
                    // even if the URL connection is successful.
                    throw new Exception(rb.getString(
                                        "No.certificate.from.the.SSL.server"));
                }
            } catch (CertStoreException cse) {
                if (cse.getCause() instanceof IOException) {
                    throw new Exception(rb.getString(
                                        "No.certificate.from.the.SSL.server"),
                                        cse.getCause());
                } else {
                    throw cse;
                }
            }

            int i = 0;
            for (Certificate cert : chain) {
                try {
                    if (rfc) {
                        dumpCert(cert, out);
                    } else {
                        out.println("Certificate #" + i++);
                        out.println("====================================");
                        printX509Cert((X509Certificate)cert, out);
                        out.println();
                    }
                } catch (Exception e) {
                    if (debug) {
                        e.printStackTrace();
                    }
                }
            }
        } else {
            if (filename != null) {
                try (FileInputStream inStream = new FileInputStream(filename)) {
                    printCertFromStream(inStream, out);
                }
            } else {
                printCertFromStream(System.in, out);
            }
        }
    }
    /**
     * Creates a self-signed certificate, and stores it as a single-element
     * certificate chain.
     */
    private void doSelfCert(String alias, String dname, String sigAlgName)
        throws Exception
    {
        if (alias == null) {
            alias = keyAlias;
        }

        Pair<Key,char[]> objs = recoverKey(alias, storePass, keyPass);
        PrivateKey privKey = (PrivateKey)objs.fst;
        if (keyPass == null)
            keyPass = objs.snd;

        // Determine the signature algorithm
        if (sigAlgName == null) {
            sigAlgName = getCompatibleSigAlgName(privKey.getAlgorithm());
        }

        // Get the old certificate
        Certificate oldCert = keyStore.getCertificate(alias);
        if (oldCert == null) {
            MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat
                (rb.getString("alias.has.no.public.key"));
            Object[] source = {alias};
            throw new Exception(form.format(source));
        }
        if (!(oldCert instanceof X509Certificate)) {
            MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat
                (rb.getString("alias.has.no.X.509.certificate"));
            Object[] source = {alias};
            throw new Exception(form.format(source));
        }

        // convert to X509CertImpl, so that we can modify selected fields
        // (no public APIs available yet)
        byte[] encoded = oldCert.getEncoded();
        X509CertImpl certImpl = new X509CertImpl(encoded);
        X509CertInfo certInfo = (X509CertInfo)certImpl.get(X509CertImpl.NAME
                                                           + "." +
                                                           X509CertImpl.INFO);

        // Extend its validity
        Date firstDate = getStartDate(startDate);
        Date lastDate = new Date();
        lastDate.setTime(firstDate.getTime() + validity*1000L*24L*60L*60L);
        CertificateValidity interval = new CertificateValidity(firstDate,
                                                               lastDate);
        certInfo.set(X509CertInfo.VALIDITY, interval);

        // Make new serial number
        certInfo.set(X509CertInfo.SERIAL_NUMBER, new CertificateSerialNumber(
                    new java.util.Random().nextInt() & 0x7fffffff));

        // Set owner and issuer fields
        X500Name owner;
        if (dname == null) {
            // Get the owner name from the certificate
            owner = (X500Name)certInfo.get(X509CertInfo.SUBJECT + "." +
                                           X509CertInfo.DN_NAME);
        } else {
            // Use the owner name specified at the command line
            owner = new X500Name(dname);
            certInfo.set(X509CertInfo.SUBJECT + "." +
                         X509CertInfo.DN_NAME, owner);
        }
        // Make issuer same as owner (self-signed!)
        certInfo.set(X509CertInfo.ISSUER + "." +
                     X509CertInfo.DN_NAME, owner);

        // The inner and outer signature algorithms have to match.
        // The way we achieve that is really ugly, but there seems to be no
        // other solution: We first sign the cert, then retrieve the
        // outer sigalg and use it to set the inner sigalg
        X509CertImpl newCert = new X509CertImpl(certInfo);
        newCert.sign(privKey, sigAlgName);
        AlgorithmId sigAlgid = (AlgorithmId)newCert.get(X509CertImpl.SIG_ALG);
        certInfo.set(CertificateAlgorithmId.NAME + "." +
                     CertificateAlgorithmId.ALGORITHM, sigAlgid);

        certInfo.set(X509CertInfo.VERSION,
                        new CertificateVersion(CertificateVersion.V3));

        CertificateExtensions ext = createV3Extensions(
                null,
                (CertificateExtensions)certInfo.get(X509CertInfo.EXTENSIONS),
                v3ext,
                oldCert.getPublicKey(),
                null);
        certInfo.set(X509CertInfo.EXTENSIONS, ext);
        // Sign the new certificate
        newCert = new X509CertImpl(certInfo);
        newCert.sign(privKey, sigAlgName);

        // Store the new certificate as a single-element certificate chain
        keyStore.setKeyEntry(alias, privKey,
                             (keyPass != null) ? keyPass : storePass,
                             new Certificate[] { newCert } );

        if (verbose) {
            System.err.println(rb.getString("New.certificate.self.signed."));
            System.err.print(newCert.toString());
            System.err.println();
        }
    }

    /**
     * Processes a certificate reply from a certificate authority.
     *
     * <p>Builds a certificate chain on top of the certificate reply,
     * using trusted certificates from the keystore. The chain is complete
     * after a self-signed certificate has been encountered. The self-signed
     * certificate is considered a root certificate authority, and is stored
     * at the end of the chain.
     *
     * <p>The newly generated chain replaces the old chain associated with the
     * key entry.
     *
     * @return true if the certificate reply was installed, otherwise false.
     */
    private boolean installReply(String alias, InputStream in)
        throws Exception
    {
        if (alias == null) {
            alias = keyAlias;
        }

        Pair<Key,char[]> objs = recoverKey(alias, storePass, keyPass);
        PrivateKey privKey = (PrivateKey)objs.fst;
        if (keyPass == null) {
            keyPass = objs.snd;
        }

        Certificate userCert = keyStore.getCertificate(alias);
        if (userCert == null) {
            MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat
                (rb.getString("alias.has.no.public.key.certificate."));
            Object[] source = {alias};
            throw new Exception(form.format(source));
        }

        // Read the certificates in the reply
        Collection<? extends Certificate> c = cf.generateCertificates(in);
        if (c.isEmpty()) {
            throw new Exception(rb.getString("Reply.has.no.certificates"));
        }
        Certificate[] replyCerts = c.toArray(new Certificate[c.size()]);
        Certificate[] newChain;
        if (replyCerts.length == 1) {
            // single-cert reply
            newChain = establishCertChain(userCert, replyCerts[0]);
        } else {
            // cert-chain reply (e.g., PKCS#7)
            newChain = validateReply(alias, userCert, replyCerts);
        }

        // Now store the newly established chain in the keystore. The new
        // chain replaces the old one.
        if (newChain != null) {
            keyStore.setKeyEntry(alias, privKey,
                                 (keyPass != null) ? keyPass : storePass,
                                 newChain);
            return true;
        } else {
            return false;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Imports a certificate and adds it to the list of trusted certificates.
     *
     * @return true if the certificate was added, otherwise false.
     */
    private boolean addTrustedCert(String alias, InputStream in)
        throws Exception
    {
        if (alias == null) {
            throw new Exception(rb.getString("Must.specify.alias"));
        }
        if (keyStore.containsAlias(alias)) {
            MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat(rb.getString
                ("Certificate.not.imported.alias.alias.already.exists"));
            Object[] source = {alias};
            throw new Exception(form.format(source));
        }

        // Read the certificate
        X509Certificate cert = null;
        try {
            cert = (X509Certificate)cf.generateCertificate(in);
        } catch (ClassCastException | CertificateException ce) {
            throw new Exception(rb.getString("Input.not.an.X.509.certificate"));
        }

        // if certificate is self-signed, make sure it verifies
        boolean selfSigned = false;
        if (isSelfSigned(cert)) {
            cert.verify(cert.getPublicKey());
            selfSigned = true;
        }

        if (noprompt) {
            keyStore.setCertificateEntry(alias, cert);
            return true;
        }

        // check if cert already exists in keystore
        String reply = null;
        String trustalias = keyStore.getCertificateAlias(cert);
        if (trustalias != null) {
            MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat(rb.getString
                ("Certificate.already.exists.in.keystore.under.alias.trustalias."));
            Object[] source = {trustalias};
            System.err.println(form.format(source));
            reply = getYesNoReply
                (rb.getString("Do.you.still.want.to.add.it.no."));
        } else if (selfSigned) {
            if (trustcacerts && (caks != null) &&
                    ((trustalias=caks.getCertificateAlias(cert)) != null)) {
                MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat(rb.getString
                        ("Certificate.already.exists.in.system.wide.CA.keystore.under.alias.trustalias."));
                Object[] source = {trustalias};
                System.err.println(form.format(source));
                reply = getYesNoReply
                        (rb.getString("Do.you.still.want.to.add.it.to.your.own.keystore.no."));
            }
            if (trustalias == null) {
                // Print the cert and ask user if they really want to add
                // it to their keystore
                printX509Cert(cert, System.out);
                reply = getYesNoReply
                        (rb.getString("Trust.this.certificate.no."));
            }
        }
        if (reply != null) {
            if ("YES".equals(reply)) {
                keyStore.setCertificateEntry(alias, cert);
                return true;
            } else {
                return false;
            }
        }

        // Try to establish trust chain
        try {
            Certificate[] chain = establishCertChain(null, cert);
            if (chain != null) {
                keyStore.setCertificateEntry(alias, cert);
                return true;
            }
        } catch (Exception e) {
            // Print the cert and ask user if they really want to add it to
            // their keystore
            printX509Cert(cert, System.out);
            reply = getYesNoReply
                (rb.getString("Trust.this.certificate.no."));
            if ("YES".equals(reply)) {
                keyStore.setCertificateEntry(alias, cert);
                return true;
            } else {
                return false;
            }
        }

        return false;
    }

    /**
     * Prompts user for new password. New password must be different from
     * old one.
     *
     * @param prompt the message that gets prompted on the screen
     * @param oldPasswd the current (i.e., old) password
     */
    private char[] getNewPasswd(String prompt, char[] oldPasswd)
        throws Exception
    {
        char[] entered = null;
        char[] reentered = null;

        for (int count = 0; count < 3; count++) {
            MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat
                (rb.getString("New.prompt."));
            Object[] source = {prompt};
            System.err.print(form.format(source));
            entered = Password.readPassword(System.in);
            passwords.add(entered);
            if (entered == null || entered.length < 6) {
                System.err.println(rb.getString
                    ("Password.is.too.short.must.be.at.least.6.characters"));
            } else if (Arrays.equals(entered, oldPasswd)) {
                System.err.println(rb.getString("Passwords.must.differ"));
            } else {
                form = new MessageFormat
                        (rb.getString("Re.enter.new.prompt."));
                Object[] src = {prompt};
                System.err.print(form.format(src));
                reentered = Password.readPassword(System.in);
                passwords.add(reentered);
                if (!Arrays.equals(entered, reentered)) {
                    System.err.println
                        (rb.getString("They.don.t.match.Try.again"));
                } else {
                    Arrays.fill(reentered, ' ');
                    return entered;
                }
            }
            if (entered != null) {
                Arrays.fill(entered, ' ');
                entered = null;
            }
            if (reentered != null) {
                Arrays.fill(reentered, ' ');
                reentered = null;
            }
        }
        throw new Exception(rb.getString("Too.many.failures.try.later"));
    }

    /**
     * Prompts user for alias name.
     * @param prompt the {0} of "Enter {0} alias name:  " in prompt line
     * @returns the string entered by the user, without the \n at the end
     */
    private String getAlias(String prompt) throws Exception {
        if (prompt != null) {
            MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat
                (rb.getString("Enter.prompt.alias.name."));
            Object[] source = {prompt};
            System.err.print(form.format(source));
        } else {
            System.err.print(rb.getString("Enter.alias.name."));
        }
        return (new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(
                                        System.in))).readLine();
    }

    /**
     * Prompts user for an input string from the command line (System.in)
     * @prompt the prompt string printed
     * @returns the string entered by the user, without the \n at the end
     */
    private String inputStringFromStdin(String prompt) throws Exception {
        System.err.print(prompt);
        return (new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(
                                        System.in))).readLine();
    }

    /**
     * Prompts user for key password. User may select to choose the same
     * password (<code>otherKeyPass) as for otherAlias.
     */
    private char[] getKeyPasswd(String alias, String otherAlias,
                                char[] otherKeyPass)
        throws Exception
    {
        int count = 0;
        char[] keyPass = null;

        do {
            if (otherKeyPass != null) {
                MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat(rb.getString
                        ("Enter.key.password.for.alias."));
                Object[] source = {alias};
                System.err.println(form.format(source));

                form = new MessageFormat(rb.getString
                        (".RETURN.if.same.as.for.otherAlias."));
                Object[] src = {otherAlias};
                System.err.print(form.format(src));
            } else {
                MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat(rb.getString
                        ("Enter.key.password.for.alias."));
                Object[] source = {alias};
                System.err.print(form.format(source));
            }
            System.err.flush();
            keyPass = Password.readPassword(System.in);
            passwords.add(keyPass);
            if (keyPass == null) {
                keyPass = otherKeyPass;
            }
            count++;
        } while ((keyPass == null) && count < 3);

        if (keyPass == null) {
            throw new Exception(rb.getString("Too.many.failures.try.later"));
        }

        return keyPass;
    }

    /**
     * Prints a certificate in a human readable format.
     */
    private void printX509Cert(X509Certificate cert, PrintStream out)
        throws Exception
    {
        /*
        out.println("Owner: "
                    + cert.getSubjectDN().toString()
                    + "\n"
                    + "Issuer: "
                    + cert.getIssuerDN().toString()
                    + "\n"
                    + "Serial number: " + cert.getSerialNumber().toString(16)
                    + "\n"
                    + "Valid from: " + cert.getNotBefore().toString()
                    + " until: " + cert.getNotAfter().toString()
                    + "\n"
                    + "Certificate fingerprints:\n"
                    + "\t MD5:  " + getCertFingerPrint("MD5", cert)
                    + "\n"
                    + "\t SHA1: " + getCertFingerPrint("SHA1", cert));
        */

        MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat
                (rb.getString(".PATTERN.printX509Cert"));
        Object[] source = {cert.getSubjectDN().toString(),
                        cert.getIssuerDN().toString(),
                        cert.getSerialNumber().toString(16),
                        cert.getNotBefore().toString(),
                        cert.getNotAfter().toString(),
                        getCertFingerPrint("MD5", cert),
                        getCertFingerPrint("SHA1", cert),
                        getCertFingerPrint("SHA-256", cert),
                        cert.getSigAlgName(),
                        cert.getVersion()
                        };
        out.println(form.format(source));

        if (cert instanceof X509CertImpl) {
            X509CertImpl impl = (X509CertImpl)cert;
            X509CertInfo certInfo = (X509CertInfo)impl.get(X509CertImpl.NAME
                                                           + "." +
                                                           X509CertImpl.INFO);
            CertificateExtensions exts = (CertificateExtensions)
                    certInfo.get(X509CertInfo.EXTENSIONS);
            if (exts != null) {
                printExtensions(rb.getString("Extensions."), exts, out);
            }
        }
    }

    private static void printExtensions(String title, CertificateExtensions exts, PrintStream out)
            throws Exception {
        int extnum = 0;
        Iterator<Extension> i1 = exts.getAllExtensions().iterator();
        Iterator<Extension> i2 = exts.getUnparseableExtensions().values().iterator();
        while (i1.hasNext() || i2.hasNext()) {
            Extension ext = i1.hasNext()?i1.next():i2.next();
            if (extnum == 0) {
                out.println();
                out.println(title);
                out.println();
            }
            out.print("#"+(++extnum)+": "+ ext);
            if (ext.getClass() == Extension.class) {
                byte[] v = ext.getExtensionValue();
                if (v.length == 0) {
                    out.println(rb.getString(".Empty.value."));
                } else {
                    new sun.misc.HexDumpEncoder().encodeBuffer(ext.getExtensionValue(), out);
                    out.println();
                }
            }
            out.println();
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns true if the certificate is self-signed, false otherwise.
     */
    private boolean isSelfSigned(X509Certificate cert) {
        return signedBy(cert, cert);
    }

    private boolean signedBy(X509Certificate end, X509Certificate ca) {
        if (!ca.getSubjectDN().equals(end.getIssuerDN())) {
            return false;
        }
        try {
            end.verify(ca.getPublicKey());
            return true;
        } catch (Exception e) {
            return false;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Locates a signer for a given certificate from a given keystore and
     * returns the signer's certificate.
     * @param cert the certificate whose signer is searched, not null
     * @param ks the keystore to search with, not null
     * @return <code>cert itself if it's already inside ks,
     * or a certificate inside <code>ks who signs cert,
     * or null otherwise.
     */
    private static Certificate getTrustedSigner(Certificate cert, KeyStore ks)
            throws Exception {
        if (ks.getCertificateAlias(cert) != null) {
            return cert;
        }
        for (Enumeration<String> aliases = ks.aliases();
                aliases.hasMoreElements(); ) {
            String name = aliases.nextElement();
            Certificate trustedCert = ks.getCertificate(name);
            if (trustedCert != null) {
                try {
                    cert.verify(trustedCert.getPublicKey());
                    return trustedCert;
                } catch (Exception e) {
                    // Not verified, skip to the next one
                }
            }
        }
        return null;
    }

    /**
     * Gets an X.500 name suitable for inclusion in a certification request.
     */
    private X500Name getX500Name() throws IOException {
        BufferedReader in;
        in = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
        String commonName = "Unknown";
        String organizationalUnit = "Unknown";
        String organization = "Unknown";
        String city = "Unknown";
        String state = "Unknown";
        String country = "Unknown";
        X500Name name;
        String userInput = null;

        int maxRetry = 20;
        do {
            if (maxRetry-- < 0) {
                throw new RuntimeException(rb.getString(
                        "Too.many.retries.program.terminated"));
            }
            commonName = inputString(in,
                    rb.getString("What.is.your.first.and.last.name."),
                    commonName);
            organizationalUnit = inputString(in,
                    rb.getString
                        ("What.is.the.name.of.your.organizational.unit."),
                    organizationalUnit);
            organization = inputString(in,
                    rb.getString("What.is.the.name.of.your.organization."),
                    organization);
            city = inputString(in,
                    rb.getString("What.is.the.name.of.your.City.or.Locality."),
                    city);
            state = inputString(in,
                    rb.getString("What.is.the.name.of.your.State.or.Province."),
                    state);
            country = inputString(in,
                    rb.getString
                        ("What.is.the.two.letter.country.code.for.this.unit."),
                    country);
            name = new X500Name(commonName, organizationalUnit, organization,
                                city, state, country);
            MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat
                (rb.getString("Is.name.correct."));
            Object[] source = {name};
            userInput = inputString
                (in, form.format(source), rb.getString("no"));
        } while (collator.compare(userInput, rb.getString("yes")) != 0 &&
                 collator.compare(userInput, rb.getString("y")) != 0);

        System.err.println();
        return name;
    }

    private String inputString(BufferedReader in, String prompt,
                               String defaultValue)
        throws IOException
    {
        System.err.println(prompt);
        MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat
                (rb.getString(".defaultValue."));
        Object[] source = {defaultValue};
        System.err.print(form.format(source));
        System.err.flush();

        String value = in.readLine();
        if (value == null || collator.compare(value, "") == 0) {
            value = defaultValue;
        }
        return value;
    }

    /**
     * Writes an X.509 certificate in base64 or binary encoding to an output
     * stream.
     */
    private void dumpCert(Certificate cert, PrintStream out)
        throws IOException, CertificateException
    {
        if (rfc) {
            out.println(X509Factory.BEGIN_CERT);
            out.println(Base64.getMimeEncoder().encodeToString(cert.getEncoded()));
            out.println(X509Factory.END_CERT);
        } else {
            out.write(cert.getEncoded()); // binary
        }
    }

    /**
     * Converts a byte to hex digit and writes to the supplied buffer
     */
    private void byte2hex(byte b, StringBuffer buf) {
        char[] hexChars = { '0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8',
                            '9', 'A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'F' };
        int high = ((b & 0xf0) >> 4);
        int low = (b & 0x0f);
        buf.append(hexChars[high]);
        buf.append(hexChars[low]);
    }

    /**
     * Converts a byte array to hex string
     */
    private String toHexString(byte[] block) {
        StringBuffer buf = new StringBuffer();
        int len = block.length;
        for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
             byte2hex(block[i], buf);
             if (i < len-1) {
                 buf.append(":");
             }
        }
        return buf.toString();
    }

    /**
     * Recovers (private) key associated with given alias.
     *
     * @return an array of objects, where the 1st element in the array is the
     * recovered private key, and the 2nd element is the password used to
     * recover it.
     */
    private Pair<Key,char[]> recoverKey(String alias, char[] storePass,
                                       char[] keyPass)
        throws Exception
    {
        Key key = null;

        if (keyStore.containsAlias(alias) == false) {
            MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat
                (rb.getString("Alias.alias.does.not.exist"));
            Object[] source = {alias};
            throw new Exception(form.format(source));
        }
        if (!keyStore.entryInstanceOf(alias, KeyStore.PrivateKeyEntry.class) &&
                !keyStore.entryInstanceOf(alias, KeyStore.SecretKeyEntry.class)) {
            MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat
                (rb.getString("Alias.alias.has.no.key"));
            Object[] source = {alias};
            throw new Exception(form.format(source));
        }

        if (keyPass == null) {
            // Try to recover the key using the keystore password
            try {
                key = keyStore.getKey(alias, storePass);

                keyPass = storePass;
                passwords.add(keyPass);
            } catch (UnrecoverableKeyException e) {
                // Did not work out, so prompt user for key password
                if (!token) {
                    keyPass = getKeyPasswd(alias, null, null);
                    key = keyStore.getKey(alias, keyPass);
                } else {
                    throw e;
                }
            }
        } else {
            key = keyStore.getKey(alias, keyPass);
        }

        return Pair.of(key, keyPass);
    }

    /**
     * Recovers entry associated with given alias.
     *
     * @return an array of objects, where the 1st element in the array is the
     * recovered entry, and the 2nd element is the password used to
     * recover it (null if no password).
     */
    private Pair<Entry,char[]> recoverEntry(KeyStore ks,
                            String alias,
                            char[] pstore,
                            char[] pkey) throws Exception {

        if (ks.containsAlias(alias) == false) {
            MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat
                (rb.getString("Alias.alias.does.not.exist"));
            Object[] source = {alias};
            throw new Exception(form.format(source));
        }

        PasswordProtection pp = null;
        Entry entry;

        try {
            // First attempt to access entry without key password
            // (PKCS11 entry or trusted certificate entry, for example)

            entry = ks.getEntry(alias, pp);
            pkey = null;
        } catch (UnrecoverableEntryException une) {

            if(P11KEYSTORE.equalsIgnoreCase(ks.getType()) ||
                KeyStoreUtil.isWindowsKeyStore(ks.getType())) {
                // should not happen, but a possibility
                throw une;
            }

            // entry is protected

            if (pkey != null) {

                // try provided key password

                pp = new PasswordProtection(pkey);
                entry = ks.getEntry(alias, pp);

            } else {

                // try store pass

                try {
                    pp = new PasswordProtection(pstore);
                    entry = ks.getEntry(alias, pp);
                    pkey = pstore;
                } catch (UnrecoverableEntryException une2) {
                    if (P12KEYSTORE.equalsIgnoreCase(ks.getType())) {

                        // P12 keystore currently does not support separate
                        // store and entry passwords

                        throw une2;
                    } else {

                        // prompt for entry password

                        pkey = getKeyPasswd(alias, null, null);
                        pp = new PasswordProtection(pkey);
                        entry = ks.getEntry(alias, pp);
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        return Pair.of(entry, pkey);
    }
    /**
     * Gets the requested finger print of the certificate.
     */
    private String getCertFingerPrint(String mdAlg, Certificate cert)
        throws Exception
    {
        byte[] encCertInfo = cert.getEncoded();
        MessageDigest md = MessageDigest.getInstance(mdAlg);
        byte[] digest = md.digest(encCertInfo);
        return toHexString(digest);
    }

    /**
     * Prints warning about missing integrity check.
     */
    private void printWarning() {
        System.err.println();
        System.err.println(rb.getString
            (".WARNING.WARNING.WARNING."));
        System.err.println(rb.getString
            (".The.integrity.of.the.information.stored.in.your.keystore."));
        System.err.println(rb.getString
            (".WARNING.WARNING.WARNING."));
        System.err.println();
    }

    /**
     * Validates chain in certification reply, and returns the ordered
     * elements of the chain (with user certificate first, and root
     * certificate last in the array).
     *
     * @param alias the alias name
     * @param userCert the user certificate of the alias
     * @param replyCerts the chain provided in the reply
     */
    private Certificate[] validateReply(String alias,
                                        Certificate userCert,
                                        Certificate[] replyCerts)
        throws Exception
    {
        // order the certs in the reply (bottom-up).
        // we know that all certs in the reply are of type X.509, because
        // we parsed them using an X.509 certificate factory
        int i;
        PublicKey userPubKey = userCert.getPublicKey();
        for (i=0; i<replyCerts.length; i++) {
            if (userPubKey.equals(replyCerts[i].getPublicKey())) {
                break;
            }
        }
        if (i == replyCerts.length) {
            MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat(rb.getString
                ("Certificate.reply.does.not.contain.public.key.for.alias."));
            Object[] source = {alias};
            throw new Exception(form.format(source));
        }

        Certificate tmpCert = replyCerts[0];
        replyCerts[0] = replyCerts[i];
        replyCerts[i] = tmpCert;

        X509Certificate thisCert = (X509Certificate)replyCerts[0];

        for (i=1; i < replyCerts.length-1; i++) {
            // find a cert in the reply who signs thisCert
            int j;
            for (j=i; j<replyCerts.length; j++) {
                if (signedBy(thisCert, (X509Certificate)replyCerts[j])) {
                    tmpCert = replyCerts[i];
                    replyCerts[i] = replyCerts[j];
                    replyCerts[j] = tmpCert;
                    thisCert = (X509Certificate)replyCerts[i];
                    break;
                }
            }
            if (j == replyCerts.length) {
                throw new Exception
                    (rb.getString("Incomplete.certificate.chain.in.reply"));
            }
        }

        if (noprompt) {
            return replyCerts;
        }

        // do we trust the cert at the top?
        Certificate topCert = replyCerts[replyCerts.length-1];
        Certificate root = getTrustedSigner(topCert, keyStore);
        if (root == null && trustcacerts && caks != null) {
            root = getTrustedSigner(topCert, caks);
        }
        if (root == null) {
            System.err.println();
            System.err.println
                    (rb.getString("Top.level.certificate.in.reply."));
            printX509Cert((X509Certificate)topCert, System.out);
            System.err.println();
            System.err.print(rb.getString(".is.not.trusted."));
            String reply = getYesNoReply
                    (rb.getString("Install.reply.anyway.no."));
            if ("NO".equals(reply)) {
                return null;
            }
        } else {
            if (root != topCert) {
                // append the root CA cert to the chain
                Certificate[] tmpCerts =
                    new Certificate[replyCerts.length+1];
                System.arraycopy(replyCerts, 0, tmpCerts, 0,
                                 replyCerts.length);
                tmpCerts[tmpCerts.length-1] = root;
                replyCerts = tmpCerts;
            }
        }

        return replyCerts;
    }

    /**
     * Establishes a certificate chain (using trusted certificates in the
     * keystore), starting with the user certificate
     * and ending at a self-signed certificate found in the keystore.
     *
     * @param userCert the user certificate of the alias
     * @param certToVerify the single certificate provided in the reply
     */
    private Certificate[] establishCertChain(Certificate userCert,
                                             Certificate certToVerify)
        throws Exception
    {
        if (userCert != null) {
            // Make sure that the public key of the certificate reply matches
            // the original public key in the keystore
            PublicKey origPubKey = userCert.getPublicKey();
            PublicKey replyPubKey = certToVerify.getPublicKey();
            if (!origPubKey.equals(replyPubKey)) {
                throw new Exception(rb.getString
                        ("Public.keys.in.reply.and.keystore.don.t.match"));
            }

            // If the two certs are identical, we're done: no need to import
            // anything
            if (certToVerify.equals(userCert)) {
                throw new Exception(rb.getString
                        ("Certificate.reply.and.certificate.in.keystore.are.identical"));
            }
        }

        // Build a hash table of all certificates in the keystore.
        // Use the subject distinguished name as the key into the hash table.
        // All certificates associated with the same subject distinguished
        // name are stored in the same hash table entry as a vector.
        Hashtable<Principal, Vector certs = null;
        if (keyStore.size() > 0) {
            certs = new Hashtable<Principal, Vector(11);
            keystorecerts2Hashtable(keyStore, certs);
        }
        if (trustcacerts) {
            if (caks!=null && caks.size()>0) {
                if (certs == null) {
                    certs = new Hashtable<Principal, Vector(11);
                }
                keystorecerts2Hashtable(caks, certs);
            }
        }

        // start building chain
        Vector<Certificate> chain = new Vector<>(2);
        if (buildChain((X509Certificate)certToVerify, chain, certs)) {
            Certificate[] newChain = new Certificate[chain.size()];
            // buildChain() returns chain with self-signed root-cert first and
            // user-cert last, so we need to invert the chain before we store
            // it
            int j=0;
            for (int i=chain.size()-1; i>=0; i--) {
                newChain[j] = chain.elementAt(i);
                j++;
            }
            return newChain;
        } else {
            throw new Exception
                (rb.getString("Failed.to.establish.chain.from.reply"));
        }
    }

    /**
     * Recursively tries to establish chain from pool of trusted certs.
     *
     * @param certToVerify the cert that needs to be verified.
     * @param chain the chain that's being built.
     * @param certs the pool of trusted certs
     *
     * @return true if successful, false otherwise.
     */
    private boolean buildChain(X509Certificate certToVerify,
                        Vector<Certificate> chain,
                        Hashtable<Principal, Vector certs) {
        Principal issuer = certToVerify.getIssuerDN();
        if (isSelfSigned(certToVerify)) {
            // reached self-signed root cert;
            // no verification needed because it's trusted.
            chain.addElement(certToVerify);
            return true;
        }

        // Get the issuer's certificate(s)
        Vector<Certificate> vec = certs.get(issuer);
        if (vec == null) {
            return false;
        }

        // Try out each certificate in the vector, until we find one
        // whose public key verifies the signature of the certificate
        // in question.
        for (Enumeration<Certificate> issuerCerts = vec.elements();
             issuerCerts.hasMoreElements(); ) {
            X509Certificate issuerCert
                = (X509Certificate)issuerCerts.nextElement();
            PublicKey issuerPubKey = issuerCert.getPublicKey();
            try {
                certToVerify.verify(issuerPubKey);
            } catch (Exception e) {
                continue;
            }
            if (buildChain(issuerCert, chain, certs)) {
                chain.addElement(certToVerify);
                return true;
            }
        }
        return false;
    }

    /**
     * Prompts user for yes/no decision.
     *
     * @return the user's decision, can only be "YES" or "NO"
     */
    private String getYesNoReply(String prompt)
        throws IOException
    {
        String reply = null;
        int maxRetry = 20;
        do {
            if (maxRetry-- < 0) {
                throw new RuntimeException(rb.getString(
                        "Too.many.retries.program.terminated"));
            }
            System.err.print(prompt);
            System.err.flush();
            reply = (new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader
                                        (System.in))).readLine();
            if (collator.compare(reply, "") == 0 ||
                collator.compare(reply, rb.getString("n")) == 0 ||
                collator.compare(reply, rb.getString("no")) == 0) {
                reply = "NO";
            } else if (collator.compare(reply, rb.getString("y")) == 0 ||
                       collator.compare(reply, rb.getString("yes")) == 0) {
                reply = "YES";
            } else {
                System.err.println(rb.getString("Wrong.answer.try.again"));
                reply = null;
            }
        } while (reply == null);
        return reply;
    }

    /**
     * Stores the (leaf) certificates of a keystore in a hashtable.
     * All certs belonging to the same CA are stored in a vector that
     * in turn is stored in the hashtable, keyed by the CA's subject DN
     */
    private void keystorecerts2Hashtable(KeyStore ks,
                Hashtable<Principal, Vector hash)
        throws Exception {

        for (Enumeration<String> aliases = ks.aliases();
                                        aliases.hasMoreElements(); ) {
            String alias = aliases.nextElement();
            Certificate cert = ks.getCertificate(alias);
            if (cert != null) {
                Principal subjectDN = ((X509Certificate)cert).getSubjectDN();
                Vector<Certificate> vec = hash.get(subjectDN);
                if (vec == null) {
                    vec = new Vector<Certificate>();
                    vec.addElement(cert);
                } else {
                    if (!vec.contains(cert)) {
                        vec.addElement(cert);
                    }
                }
                hash.put(subjectDN, vec);
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns the issue time that's specified the -startdate option
     * @param s the value of -startdate option
     */
    private static Date getStartDate(String s) throws IOException {
        Calendar c = new GregorianCalendar();
        if (s != null) {
            IOException ioe = new IOException(
                    rb.getString("Illegal.startdate.value"));
            int len = s.length();
            if (len == 0) {
                throw ioe;
            }
            if (s.charAt(0) == '-' || s.charAt(0) == '+') {
                // Form 1: ([+-]nnn[ymdHMS])+
                int start = 0;
                while (start < len) {
                    int sign = 0;
                    switch (s.charAt(start)) {
                        case '+': sign = 1; break;
                        case '-': sign = -1; break;
                        default: throw ioe;
                    }
                    int i = start+1;
                    for (; i<len; i++) {
                        char ch = s.charAt(i);
                        if (ch < '0' || ch > '9') break;
                    }
                    if (i == start+1) throw ioe;
                    int number = Integer.parseInt(s.substring(start+1, i));
                    if (i >= len) throw ioe;
                    int unit = 0;
                    switch (s.charAt(i)) {
                        case 'y': unit = Calendar.YEAR; break;
                        case 'm': unit = Calendar.MONTH; break;
                        case 'd': unit = Calendar.DATE; break;
                        case 'H': unit = Calendar.HOUR; break;
                        case 'M': unit = Calendar.MINUTE; break;
                        case 'S': unit = Calendar.SECOND; break;
                        default: throw ioe;
                    }
                    c.add(unit, sign * number);
                    start = i + 1;
                }
            } else  {
                // Form 2: [yyyy/mm/dd] [HH:MM:SS]
                String date = null, time = null;
                if (len == 19) {
                    date = s.substring(0, 10);
                    time = s.substring(11);
                    if (s.charAt(10) != ' ')
                        throw ioe;
                } else if (len == 10) {
                    date = s;
                } else if (len == 8) {
                    time = s;
                } else {
                    throw ioe;
                }
                if (date != null) {
                    if (date.matches("\\d\\d\\d\\d\\/\\d\\d\\/\\d\\d")) {
                        c.set(Integer.valueOf(date.substring(0, 4)),
                                Integer.valueOf(date.substring(5, 7))-1,
                                Integer.valueOf(date.substring(8, 10)));
                    } else {
                        throw ioe;
                    }
                }
                if (time != null) {
                    if (time.matches("\\d\\d:\\d\\d:\\d\\d")) {
                        c.set(Calendar.HOUR_OF_DAY, Integer.valueOf(time.substring(0, 2)));
                        c.set(Calendar.MINUTE, Integer.valueOf(time.substring(0, 2)));
                        c.set(Calendar.SECOND, Integer.valueOf(time.substring(0, 2)));
                        c.set(Calendar.MILLISECOND, 0);
                    } else {
                        throw ioe;
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        return c.getTime();
    }

    /**
     * Match a command (may be abbreviated) with a command set.
     * @param s the command provided
     * @param list the legal command set. If there is a null, commands after it
     * are regarded experimental, which means they are supported but their
     * existence should not be revealed to user.
     * @return the position of a single match, or -1 if none matched
     * @throws Exception if s is ambiguous
     */
    private static int oneOf(String s, String... list) throws Exception {
        int[] match = new int[list.length];
        int nmatch = 0;
        int experiment = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
        for (int i = 0; i<list.length; i++) {
            String one = list[i];
            if (one == null) {
                experiment = i;
                continue;
            }
            if (one.toLowerCase(Locale.ENGLISH)
                    .startsWith(s.toLowerCase(Locale.ENGLISH))) {
                match[nmatch++] = i;
            } else {
                StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();
                boolean first = true;
                for (char c: one.toCharArray()) {
                    if (first) {
                        sb.append(c);
                        first = false;
                    } else {
                        if (!Character.isLowerCase(c)) {
                            sb.append(c);
                        }
                    }
                }
                if (sb.toString().equalsIgnoreCase(s)) {
                    match[nmatch++] = i;
                }
            }
        }
        if (nmatch == 0) {
            return -1;
        } else if (nmatch == 1) {
            return match[0];
        } else {
            // If multiple matches is in experimental commands, ignore them
            if (match[1] > experiment) {
                return match[0];
            }
            StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();
            MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat(rb.getString
                ("command.{0}.is.ambiguous."));
            Object[] source = {s};
            sb.append(form.format(source));
            sb.append("\n    ");
            for (int i=0; i<nmatch && match[i] argument.
     *
     * @param reqex the requested extensions, can be null, used for -gencert
     * @param ext the original extensions, can be null, used for -selfcert
     * @param extstrs -ext values, Read keytool doc
     * @param pkey the public key for the certificate
     * @param akey the public key for the authority (issuer)
     * @return the created CertificateExtensions
     */
    private CertificateExtensions createV3Extensions(
            CertificateExtensions reqex,
            CertificateExtensions ext,
            List <String> extstrs,
            PublicKey pkey,
            PublicKey akey) throws Exception {

        if (ext != null && reqex != null) {
            // This should not happen
            throw new Exception("One of request and original should be null.");
        }
        if (ext == null) ext = new CertificateExtensions();
        try {
            // name{:critical}{=value}
            // Honoring requested extensions
            if (reqex != null) {
                for(String extstr: extstrs) {
                    if (extstr.toLowerCase(Locale.ENGLISH).startsWith("honored=")) {
                        List<String> list = Arrays.asList(
                                extstr.toLowerCase(Locale.ENGLISH).substring(8).split(","));
                        // First check existence of "all"
                        if (list.contains("all")) {
                            ext = reqex;    // we know ext was null
                        }
                        // one by one for others
                        for (String item: list) {
                            if (item.equals("all")) continue;

                            // add or remove
                            boolean add = true;
                            // -1, unchanged, 0 crtical, 1 non-critical
                            int action = -1;
                            String type = null;
                            if (item.startsWith("-")) {
                                add = false;
                                type = item.substring(1);
                            } else {
                                int colonpos = item.indexOf(':');
                                if (colonpos >= 0) {
                                    type = item.substring(0, colonpos);
                                    action = oneOf(item.substring(colonpos+1),
                                            "critical", "non-critical");
                                    if (action == -1) {
                                        throw new Exception(rb.getString
                                            ("Illegal.value.") + item);
                                    }
                                }
                            }
                            String n = reqex.getNameByOid(findOidForExtName(type));
                            if (add) {
                                Extension e = reqex.get(n);
                                if (!e.isCritical() && action == 0
                                        || e.isCritical() && action == 1) {
                                    e = Extension.newExtension(
                                            e.getExtensionId(),
                                            !e.isCritical(),
                                            e.getExtensionValue());
                                    ext.set(n, e);
                                }
                            } else {
                                ext.delete(n);
                            }
                        }
                        break;
                    }
                }
            }
            for(String extstr: extstrs) {
                String name, value;
                boolean isCritical = false;

                int eqpos = extstr.indexOf('=');
                if (eqpos >= 0) {
                    name = extstr.substring(0, eqpos);
                    value = extstr.substring(eqpos+1);
                } else {
                    name = extstr;
                    value = null;
                }

                int colonpos = name.indexOf(':');
                if (colonpos >= 0) {
                    if (oneOf(name.substring(colonpos+1), "critical") == 0) {
                        isCritical = true;
                    }
                    name = name.substring(0, colonpos);
                }

                if (name.equalsIgnoreCase("honored")) {
                    continue;
                }
                int exttype = oneOf(name, extSupported);
                switch (exttype) {
                    case 0:     // BC
                        int pathLen = -1;
                        boolean isCA = false;
                        if (value == null) {
                            isCA = true;
                        } else {
                            try {   // the abbr format
                                pathLen = Integer.parseInt(value);
                                isCA = true;
                            } catch (NumberFormatException ufe) {
                                // ca:true,pathlen:1
                                for (String part: value.split(",")) {
                                    String[] nv = part.split(":");
                                    if (nv.length != 2) {
                                        throw new Exception(rb.getString
                                                ("Illegal.value.") + extstr);
                                    } else {
                                        if (nv[0].equalsIgnoreCase("ca")) {
                                            isCA = Boolean.parseBoolean(nv[1]);
                                        } else if (nv[0].equalsIgnoreCase("pathlen")) {
                                            pathLen = Integer.parseInt(nv[1]);
                                        } else {
                                            throw new Exception(rb.getString
                                                ("Illegal.value.") + extstr);
                                        }
                                    }
                                }
                            }
                        }
                        ext.set(BasicConstraintsExtension.NAME,
                                new BasicConstraintsExtension(isCritical, isCA,
                                pathLen));
                        break;
                    case 1:     // KU
                        if(value != null) {
                            boolean[] ok = new boolean[9];
                            for (String s: value.split(",")) {
                                int p = oneOf(s,
                                       "digitalSignature",  // (0),
                                       "nonRepudiation",    // (1)
                                       "keyEncipherment",   // (2),
                                       "dataEncipherment",  // (3),
                                       "keyAgreement",      // (4),
                                       "keyCertSign",       // (5),
                                       "cRLSign",           // (6),
                                       "encipherOnly",      // (7),
                                       "decipherOnly",      // (8)
                                       "contentCommitment"  // also (1)
                                       );
                                if (p < 0) {
                                    throw new Exception(rb.getString("Unknown.keyUsage.type.") + s);
                                }
                                if (p == 9) p = 1;
                                ok[p] = true;
                            }
                            KeyUsageExtension kue = new KeyUsageExtension(ok);
                            // The above KeyUsageExtension constructor does not
                            // allow isCritical value, so...
                            ext.set(KeyUsageExtension.NAME, Extension.newExtension(
                                    kue.getExtensionId(),
                                    isCritical,
                                    kue.getExtensionValue()));
                        } else {
                            throw new Exception(rb.getString
                                    ("Illegal.value.") + extstr);
                        }
                        break;
                    case 2:     // EKU
                        if(value != null) {
                            Vector<ObjectIdentifier> v = new Vector<>();
                            for (String s: value.split(",")) {
                                int p = oneOf(s,
                                        "anyExtendedKeyUsage",
                                        "serverAuth",       //1
                                        "clientAuth",       //2
                                        "codeSigning",      //3
                                        "emailProtection",  //4
                                        "",                 //5
                                        "",                 //6
                                        "",                 //7
                                        "timeStamping",     //8
                                        "OCSPSigning"       //9
                                       );
                                if (p < 0) {
                                    try {
                                        v.add(new ObjectIdentifier(s));
                                    } catch (Exception e) {
                                        throw new Exception(rb.getString(
                                                "Unknown.extendedkeyUsage.type.") + s);
                                    }
                                } else if (p == 0) {
                                    v.add(new ObjectIdentifier("2.5.29.37.0"));
                                } else {
                                    v.add(new ObjectIdentifier("1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3." + p));
                                }
                            }
                            ext.set(ExtendedKeyUsageExtension.NAME,
                                    new ExtendedKeyUsageExtension(isCritical, v));
                        } else {
                            throw new Exception(rb.getString
                                    ("Illegal.value.") + extstr);
                        }
                        break;
                    case 3:     // SAN
                    case 4:     // IAN
                        if(value != null) {
                            String[] ps = value.split(",");
                            GeneralNames gnames = new GeneralNames();
                            for(String item: ps) {
                                colonpos = item.indexOf(':');
                                if (colonpos < 0) {
                                    throw new Exception("Illegal item " + item + " in " + extstr);
                                }
                                String t = item.substring(0, colonpos);
                                String v = item.substring(colonpos+1);
                                gnames.add(createGeneralName(t, v));
                            }
                            if (exttype == 3) {
                                ext.set(SubjectAlternativeNameExtension.NAME,
                                        new SubjectAlternativeNameExtension(
                                            isCritical, gnames));
                            } else {
                                ext.set(IssuerAlternativeNameExtension.NAME,
                                        new IssuerAlternativeNameExtension(
                                            isCritical, gnames));
                            }
                        } else {
                            throw new Exception(rb.getString
                                    ("Illegal.value.") + extstr);
                        }
                        break;
                    case 5:     // SIA, always non-critical
                    case 6:     // AIA, always non-critical
                        if (isCritical) {
                            throw new Exception(rb.getString(
                                    "This.extension.cannot.be.marked.as.critical.") + extstr);
                        }
                        if(value != null) {
                            List<AccessDescription> accessDescriptions =
                                    new ArrayList<>();
                            String[] ps = value.split(",");
                            for(String item: ps) {
                                colonpos = item.indexOf(':');
                                int colonpos2 = item.indexOf(':', colonpos+1);
                                if (colonpos < 0 || colonpos2 < 0) {
                                    throw new Exception(rb.getString
                                            ("Illegal.value.") + extstr);
                                }
                                String m = item.substring(0, colonpos);
                                String t = item.substring(colonpos+1, colonpos2);
                                String v = item.substring(colonpos2+1);
                                int p = oneOf(m,
                                        "",
                                        "ocsp",         //1
                                        "caIssuers",    //2
                                        "timeStamping", //3
                                        "",
                                        "caRepository"  //5
                                        );
                                ObjectIdentifier oid;
                                if (p < 0) {
                                    try {
                                        oid = new ObjectIdentifier(m);
                                    } catch (Exception e) {
                                        throw new Exception(rb.getString(
                                                "Unknown.AccessDescription.type.") + m);
                                    }
                                } else {
                                    oid = new ObjectIdentifier("1.3.6.1.5.5.7.48." + p);
                                }
                                accessDescriptions.add(new AccessDescription(
                                        oid, createGeneralName(t, v)));
                            }
                            if (exttype == 5) {
                                ext.set(SubjectInfoAccessExtension.NAME,
                                        new SubjectInfoAccessExtension(accessDescriptions));
                            } else {
                                ext.set(AuthorityInfoAccessExtension.NAME,
                                        new AuthorityInfoAccessExtension(accessDescriptions));
                            }
                        } else {
                            throw new Exception(rb.getString
                                    ("Illegal.value.") + extstr);
                        }
                        break;
                    case 8: // CRL, experimental, only support 1 distributionpoint
                        if(value != null) {
                            String[] ps = value.split(",");
                            GeneralNames gnames = new GeneralNames();
                            for(String item: ps) {
                                colonpos = item.indexOf(':');
                                if (colonpos < 0) {
                                    throw new Exception("Illegal item " + item + " in " + extstr);
                                }
                                String t = item.substring(0, colonpos);
                                String v = item.substring(colonpos+1);
                                gnames.add(createGeneralName(t, v));
                            }
                            ext.set(CRLDistributionPointsExtension.NAME,
                                    new CRLDistributionPointsExtension(
                                        isCritical, Collections.singletonList(
                                        new DistributionPoint(gnames, null, null))));
                        } else {
                            throw new Exception(rb.getString
                                    ("Illegal.value.") + extstr);
                        }
                        break;
                    case -1:
                        ObjectIdentifier oid = new ObjectIdentifier(name);
                        byte[] data = null;
                        if (value != null) {
                            data = new byte[value.length() / 2 + 1];
                            int pos = 0;
                            for (char c: value.toCharArray()) {
                                int hex;
                                if (c >= '0' && c <= '9') {
                                    hex = c - '0' ;
                                } else if (c >= 'A' && c <= 'F') {
                                    hex = c - 'A' + 10;
                                } else if (c >= 'a' && c <= 'f') {
                                    hex = c - 'a' + 10;
                                } else {
                                    continue;
                                }
                                if (pos % 2 == 0) {
                                    data[pos/2] = (byte)(hex << 4);
                                } else {
                                    data[pos/2] += hex;
                                }
                                pos++;
                            }
                            if (pos % 2 != 0) {
                                throw new Exception(rb.getString(
                                        "Odd.number.of.hex.digits.found.") + extstr);
                            }
                            data = Arrays.copyOf(data, pos/2);
                        } else {
                            data = new byte[0];
                        }
                        ext.set(oid.toString(), new Extension(oid, isCritical,
                                new DerValue(DerValue.tag_OctetString, data)
                                        .toByteArray()));
                        break;
                    default:
                        throw new Exception(rb.getString(
                                "Unknown.extension.type.") + extstr);
                }
            }
            // always non-critical
            ext.set(SubjectKeyIdentifierExtension.NAME,
                    new SubjectKeyIdentifierExtension(
                        new KeyIdentifier(pkey).getIdentifier()));
            if (akey != null && !pkey.equals(akey)) {
                ext.set(AuthorityKeyIdentifierExtension.NAME,
                        new AuthorityKeyIdentifierExtension(
                        new KeyIdentifier(akey), null, null));
            }
        } catch(IOException e) {
            throw new RuntimeException(e);
        }
        return ext;
    }

    /**
     * Prints the usage of this tool.
     */
    private void usage() {
        if (command != null) {
            System.err.println("keytool " + command +
                    rb.getString(".OPTION."));
            System.err.println();
            System.err.println(rb.getString(command.description));
            System.err.println();
            System.err.println(rb.getString("Options."));
            System.err.println();

            // Left and right sides of the options list
            String[] left = new String[command.options.length];
            String[] right = new String[command.options.length];

            // Check if there's an unknown option
            boolean found = false;

            // Length of left side of options list
            int lenLeft = 0;
            for (int j=0; j<left.length; j++) {
                Option opt = command.options[j];
                left[j] = opt.toString();
                if (opt.arg != null) left[j] += " " + opt.arg;
                if (left[j].length() > lenLeft) {
                    lenLeft = left[j].length();
                }
                right[j] = rb.getString(opt.description);
            }
            for (int j=0; j<left.length; j++) {
                System.err.printf(" %-" + lenLeft + "s  %s\n",
                        left[j], right[j]);
            }
            System.err.println();
            System.err.println(rb.getString(
                    "Use.keytool.help.for.all.available.commands"));
        } else {
            System.err.println(rb.getString(
                    "Key.and.Certificate.Management.Tool"));
            System.err.println();
            System.err.println(rb.getString("Commands."));
            System.err.println();
            for (Command c: Command.values()) {
                if (c == KEYCLONE) break;
                System.err.printf(" %-20s%s\n", c, rb.getString(c.description));
            }
            System.err.println();
            System.err.println(rb.getString(
                    "Use.keytool.command.name.help.for.usage.of.command.name"));
        }
    }

    private void tinyHelp() {
        usage();
        if (debug) {
            throw new RuntimeException("NO BIG ERROR, SORRY");
        } else {
            System.exit(1);
        }
    }

    private void errorNeedArgument(String flag) {
        Object[] source = {flag};
        System.err.println(new MessageFormat(
                rb.getString("Command.option.flag.needs.an.argument.")).format(source));
        tinyHelp();
    }

    private char[] getPass(String modifier, String arg) {
        char[] output = KeyStoreUtil.getPassWithModifier(modifier, arg, rb);
        if (output != null) return output;
        tinyHelp();
        return null;    // Useless, tinyHelp() already exits.
    }
}

// This class is exactly the same as com.sun.tools.javac.util.Pair,
// it's copied here since the original one is not included in JRE.
class Pair<A, B> {

    public final A fst;
    public final B snd;

    public Pair(A fst, B snd) {
        this.fst = fst;
        this.snd = snd;
    }

    public String toString() {
        return "Pair[" + fst + "," + snd + "]";
    }

    public boolean equals(Object other) {
        return
            other instanceof Pair &&
            Objects.equals(fst, ((Pair)other).fst) &&
            Objects.equals(snd, ((Pair)other).snd);
    }

    public int hashCode() {
        if (fst == null) return (snd == null) ? 0 : snd.hashCode() + 1;
        else if (snd == null) return fst.hashCode() + 2;
        else return fst.hashCode() * 17 + snd.hashCode();
    }

    public static <A,B> Pair of(A a, B b) {
        return new Pair<>(a,b);
    }
}

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