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Java example source code file (jni_util.c)

This example Java source code file (jni_util.c) is included in the alvinalexander.com "Java Source Code Warehouse" project. The intent of this project is to help you "Learn Java by Example" TM.

Learn more about this Java project at its project page.

Java - Java tags/keywords

jnicall, jniexport, jnu_classobject, jnu_classstring, jnu_throwbyname, jnu_throwoutofmemoryerror, malloc_min4, no_encoding_yet, null, object_notifyallmid, object_notifymid, object_waitmid

The jni_util.c Java example source code

/*
 * Copyright (c) 1997, 2010, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
 * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
 *
 * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
 * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
 * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
 * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
 * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
 *
 * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
 * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
 * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
 * accompanied this code).
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
 * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
 * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
 *
 * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
 * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
 * questions.
 */

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>

#include "jvm.h"
#include "jni.h"
#include "jni_util.h"

/* Due to a bug in the win32 C runtime library strings
 * such as "z:" need to be appended with a "." so we
 * must allocate at least 4 bytes to allow room for
 * this expansion. See 4235353 for details.
 */
#define MALLOC_MIN4(len) ((char *)malloc((len) + 1 < 4 ? 4 : (len) + 1))

/**
 * Throw a Java exception by name. Similar to SignalError.
 */
JNIEXPORT void JNICALL
JNU_ThrowByName(JNIEnv *env, const char *name, const char *msg)
{
    jclass cls = (*env)->FindClass(env, name);

    if (cls != 0) /* Otherwise an exception has already been thrown */
        (*env)->ThrowNew(env, cls, msg);
}

/* JNU_Throw common exceptions */

JNIEXPORT void JNICALL
JNU_ThrowNullPointerException(JNIEnv *env, const char *msg)
{
    JNU_ThrowByName(env, "java/lang/NullPointerException", msg);
}

JNIEXPORT void JNICALL
JNU_ThrowArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException(JNIEnv *env, const char *msg)
{
    JNU_ThrowByName(env, "java/lang/ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException", msg);
}

JNIEXPORT void JNICALL
JNU_ThrowOutOfMemoryError(JNIEnv *env, const char *msg)
{
    JNU_ThrowByName(env, "java/lang/OutOfMemoryError", msg);
}

JNIEXPORT void JNICALL
JNU_ThrowIllegalArgumentException(JNIEnv *env, const char *msg)
{
    JNU_ThrowByName(env, "java/lang/IllegalArgumentException", msg);
}

JNIEXPORT void JNICALL
JNU_ThrowIllegalAccessError(JNIEnv *env, const char *msg)
{
    JNU_ThrowByName(env, "java/lang/IllegalAccessError", msg);
}

JNIEXPORT void JNICALL
JNU_ThrowIllegalAccessException(JNIEnv *env, const char *msg)
{
    JNU_ThrowByName(env, "java/lang/IllegalAccessException", msg);
}

JNIEXPORT void JNICALL
JNU_ThrowInternalError(JNIEnv *env, const char *msg)
{
    JNU_ThrowByName(env, "java/lang/InternalError", msg);
}

JNIEXPORT void JNICALL
JNU_ThrowNoSuchFieldException(JNIEnv *env, const char *msg)
{
    JNU_ThrowByName(env, "java/lang/NoSuchFieldException", msg);
}

JNIEXPORT void JNICALL
JNU_ThrowNoSuchMethodException(JNIEnv *env, const char *msg)
{
    JNU_ThrowByName(env, "java/lang/NoSuchMethodException", msg);
}

JNIEXPORT void JNICALL
JNU_ThrowClassNotFoundException(JNIEnv *env, const char *msg)
{
    JNU_ThrowByName(env, "java/lang/ClassNotFoundException", msg);
}

JNIEXPORT void JNICALL
JNU_ThrowNumberFormatException(JNIEnv *env, const char *msg)
{
    JNU_ThrowByName(env, "java/lang/NumberFormatException", msg);
}

JNIEXPORT void JNICALL
JNU_ThrowIOException(JNIEnv *env, const char *msg)
{
    JNU_ThrowByName(env, "java/io/IOException", msg);
}

JNIEXPORT void JNICALL
JNU_ThrowNoSuchFieldError(JNIEnv *env, const char *msg)
{
    JNU_ThrowByName(env, "java/lang/NoSuchFieldError", msg);
}

JNIEXPORT void JNICALL
JNU_ThrowNoSuchMethodError(JNIEnv *env, const char *msg)
{
    JNU_ThrowByName(env, "java/lang/NoSuchMethodError", msg);
}

JNIEXPORT void JNICALL
JNU_ThrowStringIndexOutOfBoundsException(JNIEnv *env, const char *msg)
{
    JNU_ThrowByName(env, "java/lang/StringIndexOutOfBoundsException", msg);
}

JNIEXPORT void JNICALL
JNU_ThrowInstantiationException(JNIEnv *env, const char *msg)
{
    JNU_ThrowByName(env, "java/lang/InstantiationException", msg);
}


/* Throw an exception by name, using the string returned by
 * JVM_LastErrorString for the detail string.  If the last-error
 * string is NULL, use the given default detail string.
 */
JNIEXPORT void JNICALL
JNU_ThrowByNameWithLastError(JNIEnv *env, const char *name,
                             const char *defaultDetail)
{
    char buf[256];
    int n = JVM_GetLastErrorString(buf, sizeof(buf));

    if (n > 0) {
        jstring s = JNU_NewStringPlatform(env, buf);
        if (s != NULL) {
            jobject x = JNU_NewObjectByName(env, name,
                                            "(Ljava/lang/String;)V", s);
            if (x != NULL) {
                (*env)->Throw(env, x);
            }
        }
    }
    if (!(*env)->ExceptionOccurred(env)) {
        JNU_ThrowByName(env, name, defaultDetail);
    }
}

/* Throw an IOException, using the last-error string for the detail
 * string.  If the last-error string is NULL, use the given default
 * detail string.
 */
JNIEXPORT void JNICALL
JNU_ThrowIOExceptionWithLastError(JNIEnv *env, const char *defaultDetail)
{
    JNU_ThrowByNameWithLastError(env, "java/io/IOException", defaultDetail);
}


JNIEXPORT jvalue JNICALL
JNU_CallStaticMethodByName(JNIEnv *env,
                           jboolean *hasException,
                           const char *class_name,
                           const char *name,
                           const char *signature,
                           ...)
{
    jclass clazz;
    jmethodID mid;
    va_list args;
    jvalue result;
    const char *p = signature;

    /* find out the return type */
    while (*p && *p != ')')
        p++;
    p++;

    result.i = 0;

    if ((*env)->EnsureLocalCapacity(env, 3) < 0)
        goto done2;

    clazz = (*env)->FindClass(env, class_name);
    if (clazz == 0)
        goto done2;
    mid = (*env)->GetStaticMethodID(env, clazz, name, signature);
    if (mid == 0)
        goto done1;
    va_start(args, signature);
    switch (*p) {
    case 'V':
        (*env)->CallStaticVoidMethodV(env, clazz, mid, args);
        break;
    case '[':
    case 'L':
        result.l = (*env)->CallStaticObjectMethodV(env, clazz, mid, args);
        break;
    case 'Z':
        result.z = (*env)->CallStaticBooleanMethodV(env, clazz, mid, args);
        break;
    case 'B':
        result.b = (*env)->CallStaticByteMethodV(env, clazz, mid, args);
        break;
    case 'C':
        result.c = (*env)->CallStaticCharMethodV(env, clazz, mid, args);
        break;
    case 'S':
        result.s = (*env)->CallStaticShortMethodV(env, clazz, mid, args);
        break;
    case 'I':
        result.i = (*env)->CallStaticIntMethodV(env, clazz, mid, args);
        break;
    case 'J':
        result.j = (*env)->CallStaticLongMethodV(env, clazz, mid, args);
        break;
    case 'F':
        result.f = (*env)->CallStaticFloatMethodV(env, clazz, mid, args);
        break;
    case 'D':
        result.d = (*env)->CallStaticDoubleMethodV(env, clazz, mid, args);
        break;
    default:
        (*env)->FatalError(env, "JNU_CallStaticMethodByName: illegal signature");
    }
    va_end(args);

 done1:
    (*env)->DeleteLocalRef(env, clazz);
 done2:
    if (hasException) {
        *hasException = (*env)->ExceptionCheck(env);
    }
    return result;
}

JNIEXPORT jvalue JNICALL
JNU_CallMethodByName(JNIEnv *env,
                     jboolean *hasException,
                     jobject obj,
                     const char *name,
                     const char *signature,
                     ...)
{
    jvalue result;
    va_list args;

    va_start(args, signature);
    result = JNU_CallMethodByNameV(env, hasException, obj, name, signature,
                                   args);
    va_end(args);

    return result;
}


JNIEXPORT jvalue JNICALL
JNU_CallMethodByNameV(JNIEnv *env,
                      jboolean *hasException,
                      jobject obj,
                      const char *name,
                      const char *signature,
                      va_list args)
{
    jclass clazz;
    jmethodID mid;
    jvalue result;
    const char *p = signature;

    /* find out the return type */
    while (*p && *p != ')')
        p++;
    p++;

    result.i = 0;

    if ((*env)->EnsureLocalCapacity(env, 3) < 0)
        goto done2;

    clazz = (*env)->GetObjectClass(env, obj);
    mid = (*env)->GetMethodID(env, clazz, name, signature);
    if (mid == 0)
        goto done1;

    switch (*p) {
    case 'V':
        (*env)->CallVoidMethodV(env, obj, mid, args);
        break;
    case '[':
    case 'L':
        result.l = (*env)->CallObjectMethodV(env, obj, mid, args);
        break;
    case 'Z':
        result.z = (*env)->CallBooleanMethodV(env, obj, mid, args);
        break;
    case 'B':
        result.b = (*env)->CallByteMethodV(env, obj, mid, args);
        break;
    case 'C':
        result.c = (*env)->CallCharMethodV(env, obj, mid, args);
        break;
    case 'S':
        result.s = (*env)->CallShortMethodV(env, obj, mid, args);
        break;
    case 'I':
        result.i = (*env)->CallIntMethodV(env, obj, mid, args);
        break;
    case 'J':
        result.j = (*env)->CallLongMethodV(env, obj, mid, args);
        break;
    case 'F':
        result.f = (*env)->CallFloatMethodV(env, obj, mid, args);
        break;
    case 'D':
        result.d = (*env)->CallDoubleMethodV(env, obj, mid, args);
        break;
    default:
        (*env)->FatalError(env, "JNU_CallMethodByNameV: illegal signature");
    }
 done1:
    (*env)->DeleteLocalRef(env, clazz);
 done2:
    if (hasException) {
        *hasException = (*env)->ExceptionCheck(env);
    }
    return result;
}

JNIEXPORT jobject JNICALL
JNU_NewObjectByName(JNIEnv *env, const char *class_name,
                    const char *constructor_sig, ...)
{
    jobject obj = NULL;

    jclass cls = 0;
    jmethodID cls_initMID;
    va_list args;

    if ((*env)->EnsureLocalCapacity(env, 2) < 0)
        goto done;

    cls = (*env)->FindClass(env, class_name);
    if (cls == 0) {
        goto done;
    }
    cls_initMID  = (*env)->GetMethodID(env, cls,
                                       "<init>", constructor_sig);
    if (cls_initMID == NULL) {
        goto done;
    }
    va_start(args, constructor_sig);
    obj = (*env)->NewObjectV(env, cls, cls_initMID, args);
    va_end(args);

 done:
    (*env)->DeleteLocalRef(env, cls);
    return obj;
}

/* Optimized for char set ISO_8559_1 */
static jstring
newString8859_1(JNIEnv *env, const char *str)
{
    int len = (int)strlen(str);
    jchar buf[512];
    jchar *str1;
    jstring result;
    int i;

    if (len > 512) {
        str1 = (jchar *)malloc(len * sizeof(jchar));
        if (str1 == 0) {
            JNU_ThrowOutOfMemoryError(env, 0);
            return 0;
        }
    } else
        str1 = buf;

    for (i=0;i<len;i++)
        str1[i] = (unsigned char)str[i];
    result = (*env)->NewString(env, str1, len);
    if (str1 != buf)
        free(str1);
    return result;
}

static const char*
getString8859_1Chars(JNIEnv *env, jstring jstr)
{
    int i;
    char *result;
    jint len = (*env)->GetStringLength(env, jstr);
    const jchar *str = (*env)->GetStringCritical(env, jstr, 0);
    if (str == 0) {
        return 0;
    }

    result = MALLOC_MIN4(len);
    if (result == 0) {
        (*env)->ReleaseStringCritical(env, jstr, str);
        JNU_ThrowOutOfMemoryError(env, 0);
        return 0;
    }

    for (i=0; i<len; i++) {
        jchar unicode = str[i];
        if (unicode <= 0x00ff)
            result[i] = (char)unicode;
        else
            result[i] = '?';
    }

    result[len] = 0;
    (*env)->ReleaseStringCritical(env, jstr, str);
    return result;
}


/* Optimized for char set ISO646-US (us-ascii) */
static jstring
newString646_US(JNIEnv *env, const char *str)
{
    int len = strlen(str);
    jchar buf[512];
    jchar *str1;
    jstring result;
    int i;

    if (len > 512) {
        str1 = (jchar *)malloc(len * sizeof(jchar));
        if (str1 == 0) {
            JNU_ThrowOutOfMemoryError(env, 0);
            return 0;
        }
    } else
        str1 = buf;

    for (i=0; i<len; i++) {
        unsigned char c = (unsigned char)str[i];
        if (c <= 0x7f)
            str1[i] = c;
        else
            str1[i] = '?';
    }

    result = (*env)->NewString(env, str1, len);
    if (str1 != buf)
        free(str1);
    return result;
}

static const char*
getString646_USChars(JNIEnv *env, jstring jstr)
{
    int i;
    char *result;
    jint len = (*env)->GetStringLength(env, jstr);
    const jchar *str = (*env)->GetStringCritical(env, jstr, 0);
    if (str == 0) {
        return 0;
    }

    result = MALLOC_MIN4(len);
    if (result == 0) {
        (*env)->ReleaseStringCritical(env, jstr, str);
        JNU_ThrowOutOfMemoryError(env, 0);
        return 0;
    }

    for (i=0; i<len; i++) {
        jchar unicode = str[i];
        if (unicode <= 0x007f )
            result[i] = (char)unicode;
        else
            result[i] = '?';
    }

    result[len] = 0;
    (*env)->ReleaseStringCritical(env, jstr, str);
    return result;
}

/* enumeration of c1 row from Cp1252 */
static int cp1252c1chars[32] = {
    0x20AC,0xFFFD,0x201A,0x0192,0x201E,0x2026,0x2020,0x2021,
    0x02C6,0x2030,0x0160,0x2039,0x0152,0xFFFD,0x017D,0xFFFD,
    0xFFFD,0x2018,0x2019,0x201C,0x201D,0x2022,0x2013,0x2014,
    0x02Dc,0x2122,0x0161,0x203A,0x0153,0xFFFD,0x017E,0x0178
};

/* Optimized for char set Cp1252 */
static jstring
newStringCp1252(JNIEnv *env, const char *str)
{
    int len = (int) strlen(str);
    jchar buf[512];
    jchar *str1;
    jstring result;
    int i;
    if (len > 512) {
        str1 = (jchar *)malloc(len * sizeof(jchar));
        if (str1 == 0) {
            JNU_ThrowOutOfMemoryError(env, 0);
            return 0;
        }
    } else
        str1 = buf;

    for (i=0; i<len; i++) {
        unsigned char c = (unsigned char)str[i];
        if ((c >= 0x80) && (c <= 0x9f))
            str1[i] = cp1252c1chars[c-128];
        else
            str1[i] = c;
    }

    result = (*env)->NewString(env, str1, len);
    if (str1 != buf)
        free(str1);
    return result;
}

static const char*
getStringCp1252Chars(JNIEnv *env, jstring jstr)
{
    int i;
    char *result;
    jint len = (*env)->GetStringLength(env, jstr);
    const jchar *str = (*env)->GetStringCritical(env, jstr, 0);
    if (str == 0) {
        return 0;
    }

    result = MALLOC_MIN4(len);
    if (result == 0) {
        (*env)->ReleaseStringCritical(env, jstr, str);
        JNU_ThrowOutOfMemoryError(env, 0);
        return 0;
    }

    for (i=0; i<len; i++) {
        jchar c = str[i];
        if (c < 256)
            result[i] = (char)c;
        else switch(c) {
            case 0x20AC: result[i] = (char)0x80; break;
            case 0x201A: result[i] = (char)0x82; break;
            case 0x0192: result[i] = (char)0x83; break;
            case 0x201E: result[i] = (char)0x84; break;
            case 0x2026: result[i] = (char)0x85; break;
            case 0x2020: result[i] = (char)0x86; break;
            case 0x2021: result[i] = (char)0x87; break;
            case 0x02C6: result[i] = (char)0x88; break;
            case 0x2030: result[i] = (char)0x89; break;
            case 0x0160: result[i] = (char)0x8A; break;
            case 0x2039: result[i] = (char)0x8B; break;
            case 0x0152: result[i] = (char)0x8C; break;
            case 0x017D: result[i] = (char)0x8E; break;
            case 0x2018: result[i] = (char)0x91; break;
            case 0x2019: result[i] = (char)0x92; break;
            case 0x201C: result[i] = (char)0x93; break;
            case 0x201D: result[i] = (char)0x94; break;
            case 0x2022: result[i] = (char)0x95; break;
            case 0x2013: result[i] = (char)0x96; break;
            case 0x2014: result[i] = (char)0x97; break;
            case 0x02DC: result[i] = (char)0x98; break;
            case 0x2122: result[i] = (char)0x99; break;
            case 0x0161: result[i] = (char)0x9A; break;
            case 0x203A: result[i] = (char)0x9B; break;
            case 0x0153: result[i] = (char)0x9C; break;
            case 0x017E: result[i] = (char)0x9E; break;
            case 0x0178: result[i] = (char)0x9F; break;
            default:     result[i] = '?';  break;
        }
    }

    result[len] = 0;
    (*env)->ReleaseStringCritical(env, jstr, str);
    return result;
}

static int fastEncoding = NO_ENCODING_YET;
static jstring jnuEncoding = NULL;

/* Cached method IDs */
static jmethodID String_init_ID;        /* String(byte[], enc) */
static jmethodID String_getBytes_ID;    /* String.getBytes(enc) */

int getFastEncoding() {
    return fastEncoding;
}

/* Initialize the fast encoding.  If the "sun.jnu.encoding" property
 * has not yet been set, we leave fastEncoding == NO_ENCODING_YET.
 */
void
initializeEncoding(JNIEnv *env)
{
    jstring propname = 0;
    jstring enc = 0;

    if ((*env)->EnsureLocalCapacity(env, 3) < 0)
        return;

    propname = (*env)->NewStringUTF(env, "sun.jnu.encoding");
    if (propname) {
        jboolean exc;
        enc = JNU_CallStaticMethodByName
                       (env,
                        &exc,
                        "java/lang/System",
                        "getProperty",
                        "(Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/String;",
                        propname).l;
        if (!exc) {
            if (enc) {
                const char* encname = (*env)->GetStringUTFChars(env, enc, 0);
                if (encname) {
           /*
            * On Solaris with nl_langinfo() called in GetJavaProperties():
            *
            *   locale undefined -> NULL -> hardcoded default
            *   "C" locale       -> "" -> hardcoded default     (on 2.6)
            *   "C" locale       -> "ISO646-US"                 (on Sol 7/8)
            *   "en_US" locale -> "ISO8859-1"
            *   "en_GB" locale -> "ISO8859-1"                   (on Sol 7/8)
            *   "en_UK" locale -> "ISO8859-1"                   (on 2.6)
            */
                    if ((strcmp(encname, "8859_1") == 0) ||
                        (strcmp(encname, "ISO8859-1") == 0) ||
                        (strcmp(encname, "ISO8859_1") == 0))
                        fastEncoding = FAST_8859_1;
                    else if (strcmp(encname, "ISO646-US") == 0)
                        fastEncoding = FAST_646_US;
                    else if (strcmp(encname, "Cp1252") == 0 ||
                             /* This is a temporary fix until we move */
                             /* to wide character versions of all Windows */
                             /* calls. */
                             strcmp(encname, "utf-16le") == 0)
                        fastEncoding = FAST_CP1252;
                    else {
                        fastEncoding = NO_FAST_ENCODING;
                        jnuEncoding = (jstring)(*env)->NewGlobalRef(env, enc);
                    }
                    (*env)->ReleaseStringUTFChars(env, enc, encname);
                }
            }
        } else {
            (*env)->ExceptionClear(env);
        }
    } else {
        (*env)->ExceptionClear(env);
    }
    (*env)->DeleteLocalRef(env, propname);
    (*env)->DeleteLocalRef(env, enc);

    /* Initialize method-id cache */
    String_getBytes_ID = (*env)->GetMethodID(env, JNU_ClassString(env),
                                             "getBytes", "(Ljava/lang/String;)[B");
    String_init_ID = (*env)->GetMethodID(env, JNU_ClassString(env),
                                         "<init>", "([BLjava/lang/String;)V");
}

static jboolean isJNUEncodingSupported = JNI_FALSE;
static jboolean jnuEncodingSupported(JNIEnv *env) {
    jboolean exe;
    if (isJNUEncodingSupported == JNI_TRUE) {
        return JNI_TRUE;
    }
    isJNUEncodingSupported = (jboolean) JNU_CallStaticMethodByName (
                                    env, &exe,
                                    "java/nio/charset/Charset",
                                    "isSupported",
                                    "(Ljava/lang/String;)Z",
                                    jnuEncoding).z;
    return isJNUEncodingSupported;
}


JNIEXPORT jstring
NewStringPlatform(JNIEnv *env, const char *str)
{
    return JNU_NewStringPlatform(env, str);
}

JNIEXPORT jstring JNICALL
JNU_NewStringPlatform(JNIEnv *env, const char *str)
{
    jstring result;
    result = nativeNewStringPlatform(env, str);
    if (result == NULL) {
        jbyteArray hab = 0;
        int len;

        if (fastEncoding == NO_ENCODING_YET)
            initializeEncoding(env);

        if ((fastEncoding == FAST_8859_1) || (fastEncoding == NO_ENCODING_YET))
            return newString8859_1(env, str);
        if (fastEncoding == FAST_646_US)
            return newString646_US(env, str);
        if (fastEncoding == FAST_CP1252)
            return newStringCp1252(env, str);

        if ((*env)->EnsureLocalCapacity(env, 2) < 0)
            return NULL;

        len = (int)strlen(str);
        hab = (*env)->NewByteArray(env, len);
        if (hab != 0) {
            (*env)->SetByteArrayRegion(env, hab, 0, len, (jbyte *)str);
            if (jnuEncodingSupported(env)) {
                result = (*env)->NewObject(env, JNU_ClassString(env),
                                           String_init_ID, hab, jnuEncoding);
            } else {
                /*If the encoding specified in sun.jnu.encoding is not endorsed
                  by "Charset.isSupported" we have to fall back to use String(byte[])
                  explicitly here without specifying the encoding name, in which the
                  StringCoding class will pickup the iso-8859-1 as the fallback
                  converter for us.
                 */
                jmethodID mid = (*env)->GetMethodID(env, JNU_ClassString(env),
                                                    "<init>", "([B)V");
                result = (*env)->NewObject(env, JNU_ClassString(env), mid, hab);
            }
            (*env)->DeleteLocalRef(env, hab);
            return result;
        }
    }
    return NULL;
}

JNIEXPORT const char *
GetStringPlatformChars(JNIEnv *env, jstring jstr, jboolean *isCopy)
{
    return JNU_GetStringPlatformChars(env, jstr, isCopy);
}

JNIEXPORT const char * JNICALL
JNU_GetStringPlatformChars(JNIEnv *env, jstring jstr, jboolean *isCopy)
{
    char *result = nativeGetStringPlatformChars(env, jstr, isCopy);
    if (result == NULL) {

        jbyteArray hab = 0;

        if (isCopy)
            *isCopy = JNI_TRUE;

        if (fastEncoding == NO_ENCODING_YET)
            initializeEncoding(env);

        if ((fastEncoding == FAST_8859_1) || (fastEncoding == NO_ENCODING_YET))
            return getString8859_1Chars(env, jstr);
        if (fastEncoding == FAST_646_US)
            return getString646_USChars(env, jstr);
        if (fastEncoding == FAST_CP1252)
            return getStringCp1252Chars(env, jstr);

        if ((*env)->EnsureLocalCapacity(env, 2) < 0)
            return 0;

        if (jnuEncodingSupported(env)) {
            hab = (*env)->CallObjectMethod(env, jstr, String_getBytes_ID, jnuEncoding);
        } else {
            jmethodID mid = (*env)->GetMethodID(env, JNU_ClassString(env),
                                                "getBytes", "()[B");
            hab = (*env)->CallObjectMethod(env, jstr, mid);
        }

        if (!(*env)->ExceptionCheck(env)) {
            jint len = (*env)->GetArrayLength(env, hab);
            result = MALLOC_MIN4(len);
            if (result == 0) {
                JNU_ThrowOutOfMemoryError(env, 0);
                (*env)->DeleteLocalRef(env, hab);
                return 0;
            }
            (*env)->GetByteArrayRegion(env, hab, 0, len, (jbyte *)result);
            result[len] = 0; /* NULL-terminate */
        }

        (*env)->DeleteLocalRef(env, hab);
    }
    return result;
}

JNIEXPORT void JNICALL
JNU_ReleaseStringPlatformChars(JNIEnv *env, jstring jstr, const char *str)
{
    free((void *)str);
}

/*
 * Export the platform dependent path canonicalization so that
 * VM can find it when loading system classes.
 *
 */
extern int canonicalize(char *path, const char *out, int len);

JNIEXPORT int
Canonicalize(JNIEnv *env, char *orig, char *out, int len)
{
    /* canonicalize an already natived path */
    return canonicalize(orig, out, len);
}

JNIEXPORT jclass JNICALL
JNU_ClassString(JNIEnv *env)
{
    static jclass cls = 0;
    if (cls == 0) {
        jclass c;
        if ((*env)->EnsureLocalCapacity(env, 1) < 0)
            return 0;
        c = (*env)->FindClass(env, "java/lang/String");
        cls = (*env)->NewGlobalRef(env, c);
        (*env)->DeleteLocalRef(env, c);
    }
    return cls;
}

JNIEXPORT jclass JNICALL
JNU_ClassClass(JNIEnv *env)
{
    static jclass cls = 0;
    if (cls == 0) {
        jclass c;
        if ((*env)->EnsureLocalCapacity(env, 1) < 0)
            return 0;
        c = (*env)->FindClass(env, "java/lang/Class");
        cls = (*env)->NewGlobalRef(env, c);
        (*env)->DeleteLocalRef(env, c);
    }
    return cls;
}

JNIEXPORT jclass JNICALL
JNU_ClassObject(JNIEnv *env)
{
    static jclass cls = 0;
    if (cls == 0) {
        jclass c;
        if ((*env)->EnsureLocalCapacity(env, 1) < 0)
            return 0;
        c = (*env)->FindClass(env, "java/lang/Object");
        cls = (*env)->NewGlobalRef(env, c);
        (*env)->DeleteLocalRef(env, c);
    }
    return cls;
}

JNIEXPORT jclass JNICALL
JNU_ClassThrowable(JNIEnv *env)
{
    static jclass cls = 0;
    if (cls == 0) {
        jclass c;
        if ((*env)->EnsureLocalCapacity(env, 1) < 0)
            return 0;
        c = (*env)->FindClass(env, "java/lang/Throwable");
        cls = (*env)->NewGlobalRef(env, c);
        (*env)->DeleteLocalRef(env, c);
    }
    return cls;
}

JNIEXPORT jint JNICALL
JNU_CopyObjectArray(JNIEnv *env, jobjectArray dst, jobjectArray src,
                         jint count)
{
    int i;
    if ((*env)->EnsureLocalCapacity(env, 1) < 0)
        return -1;
    for (i=0; i<count; i++) {
        jstring p = (*env)->GetObjectArrayElement(env, src, i);
        (*env)->SetObjectArrayElement(env, dst, i, p);
        (*env)->DeleteLocalRef(env, p);
    }
    return 0;
}

JNIEXPORT void * JNICALL
JNU_GetEnv(JavaVM *vm, jint version)
{
    void *env;
    (*vm)->GetEnv(vm, &env, version);
    return env;
}

JNIEXPORT jint JNICALL
JNU_IsInstanceOfByName(JNIEnv *env, jobject object, char* classname)
{
    jclass cls;
    if ((*env)->EnsureLocalCapacity(env, 1) < 0)
        return JNI_ERR;
    cls = (*env)->FindClass(env, classname);
    if (cls != NULL) {
        jint result = (*env)->IsInstanceOf(env, object, cls);
        (*env)->DeleteLocalRef(env, cls);
        return result;
    }
    return JNI_ERR;
}

JNIEXPORT jboolean JNICALL
JNU_Equals(JNIEnv *env, jobject object1, jobject object2)
{
    static jmethodID mid = NULL;
    if (mid == NULL) {
        mid = (*env)->GetMethodID(env, JNU_ClassObject(env), "equals",
                                  "(Ljava/lang/Object;)Z");
    }
    return (*env)->CallBooleanMethod(env, object1, mid, object2);
}


/************************************************************************
 * Thread calls
 */

static jmethodID Object_waitMID;
static jmethodID Object_notifyMID;
static jmethodID Object_notifyAllMID;

JNIEXPORT void JNICALL
JNU_MonitorWait(JNIEnv *env, jobject object, jlong timeout)
{
    if (object == NULL) {
        JNU_ThrowNullPointerException(env, "JNU_MonitorWait argument");
        return;
    }
    if (Object_waitMID == NULL) {
        jclass cls = JNU_ClassObject(env);
        if (cls == NULL) {
            return;
        }
        Object_waitMID = (*env)->GetMethodID(env, cls, "wait", "(J)V");
        if (Object_waitMID == NULL) {
            return;
        }
    }
    (*env)->CallVoidMethod(env, object, Object_waitMID, timeout);
}

JNIEXPORT void JNICALL
JNU_Notify(JNIEnv *env, jobject object)
{
    if (object == NULL) {
        JNU_ThrowNullPointerException(env, "JNU_Notify argument");
        return;
    }
    if (Object_notifyMID == NULL) {
        jclass cls = JNU_ClassObject(env);
        if (cls == NULL) {
            return;
        }
        Object_notifyMID = (*env)->GetMethodID(env, cls, "notify", "()V");
        if (Object_notifyMID == NULL) {
            return;
        }
    }
    (*env)->CallVoidMethod(env, object, Object_notifyMID);
}

JNIEXPORT void JNICALL
JNU_NotifyAll(JNIEnv *env, jobject object)
{
    if (object == NULL) {
        JNU_ThrowNullPointerException(env, "JNU_NotifyAll argument");
        return;
    }
    if (Object_notifyAllMID == NULL) {
        jclass cls = JNU_ClassObject(env);
        if (cls == NULL) {
            return;
        }
        Object_notifyAllMID = (*env)->GetMethodID(env, cls,"notifyAll", "()V");
        if (Object_notifyAllMID == NULL) {
            return;
        }
    }
    (*env)->CallVoidMethod(env, object, Object_notifyAllMID);
}


/************************************************************************
 * Debugging utilities
 */

JNIEXPORT void JNICALL
JNU_PrintString(JNIEnv *env, char *hdr, jstring string)
{
    if (string == NULL) {
        fprintf(stderr, "%s: is NULL\n", hdr);
    } else {
        const char *stringPtr = JNU_GetStringPlatformChars(env, string, 0);
        if (stringPtr == 0)
            return;
        fprintf(stderr, "%s: %s\n", hdr, stringPtr);
        JNU_ReleaseStringPlatformChars(env, string, stringPtr);
    }
}

JNIEXPORT void JNICALL
JNU_PrintClass(JNIEnv *env, char* hdr, jobject object)
{
    if (object == NULL) {
        fprintf(stderr, "%s: object is NULL\n", hdr);
        return;
    } else {
        jclass cls = (*env)->GetObjectClass(env, object);
        jstring clsName = JNU_ToString(env, cls);
        JNU_PrintString(env, hdr, clsName);
        (*env)->DeleteLocalRef(env, cls);
        (*env)->DeleteLocalRef(env, clsName);
    }
}

JNIEXPORT jstring JNICALL
JNU_ToString(JNIEnv *env, jobject object)
{
    if (object == NULL) {
        return (*env)->NewStringUTF(env, "NULL");
    } else {
        return (jstring)JNU_CallMethodByName(env,
                                             NULL,
                                             object,
                                             "toString",
                                             "()Ljava/lang/String;").l;
    }
}

JNIEXPORT jvalue JNICALL
JNU_GetFieldByName(JNIEnv *env,
                   jboolean *hasException,
                   jobject obj,
                   const char *name,
                   const char *signature)
{
    jclass cls;
    jfieldID fid;
    jvalue result;

    result.i = 0;

    if ((*env)->EnsureLocalCapacity(env, 3) < 0)
        goto done2;

    cls = (*env)->GetObjectClass(env, obj);
    fid = (*env)->GetFieldID(env, cls, name, signature);
    if (fid == 0)
        goto done1;

    switch (*signature) {
    case '[':
    case 'L':
        result.l = (*env)->GetObjectField(env, obj, fid);
        break;
    case 'Z':
        result.z = (*env)->GetBooleanField(env, obj, fid);
        break;
    case 'B':
        result.b = (*env)->GetByteField(env, obj, fid);
        break;
    case 'C':
        result.c = (*env)->GetCharField(env, obj, fid);
        break;
    case 'S':
        result.s = (*env)->GetShortField(env, obj, fid);
        break;
    case 'I':
        result.i = (*env)->GetIntField(env, obj, fid);
        break;
    case 'J':
        result.j = (*env)->GetLongField(env, obj, fid);
        break;
    case 'F':
        result.f = (*env)->GetFloatField(env, obj, fid);
        break;
    case 'D':
        result.d = (*env)->GetDoubleField(env, obj, fid);
        break;

    default:
        (*env)->FatalError(env, "JNU_GetFieldByName: illegal signature");
    }

 done1:
    (*env)->DeleteLocalRef(env, cls);
 done2:
    if (hasException) {
        *hasException = (*env)->ExceptionCheck(env);
    }
    return result;
}

JNIEXPORT void JNICALL
JNU_SetFieldByName(JNIEnv *env,
                   jboolean *hasException,
                   jobject obj,
                   const char *name,
                   const char *signature,
                   ...)
{
    jclass cls;
    jfieldID fid;
    va_list args;

    if ((*env)->EnsureLocalCapacity(env, 3) < 0)
        goto done2;

    cls = (*env)->GetObjectClass(env, obj);
    fid = (*env)->GetFieldID(env, cls, name, signature);
    if (fid == 0)
        goto done1;

    va_start(args, signature);
    switch (*signature) {
    case '[':
    case 'L':
        (*env)->SetObjectField(env, obj, fid, va_arg(args, jobject));
        break;
    case 'Z':
        (*env)->SetBooleanField(env, obj, fid, (jboolean)va_arg(args, int));
        break;
    case 'B':
        (*env)->SetByteField(env, obj, fid, (jbyte)va_arg(args, int));
        break;
    case 'C':
        (*env)->SetCharField(env, obj, fid, (jchar)va_arg(args, int));
        break;
    case 'S':
        (*env)->SetShortField(env, obj, fid, (jshort)va_arg(args, int));
        break;
    case 'I':
        (*env)->SetIntField(env, obj, fid, va_arg(args, jint));
        break;
    case 'J':
        (*env)->SetLongField(env, obj, fid, va_arg(args, jlong));
        break;
    case 'F':
        (*env)->SetFloatField(env, obj, fid, (jfloat)va_arg(args, jdouble));
        break;
    case 'D':
        (*env)->SetDoubleField(env, obj, fid, va_arg(args, jdouble));
        break;

    default:
        (*env)->FatalError(env, "JNU_SetFieldByName: illegal signature");
    }
    va_end(args);

 done1:
    (*env)->DeleteLocalRef(env, cls);
 done2:
    if (hasException) {
        *hasException = (*env)->ExceptionCheck(env);
    }
}

JNIEXPORT jvalue JNICALL
JNU_GetStaticFieldByName(JNIEnv *env,
                         jboolean *hasException,
                         const char *classname,
                         const char *name,
                         const char *signature)
{
    jclass cls;
    jfieldID fid;
    jvalue result;

    result.i = 0;

    if ((*env)->EnsureLocalCapacity(env, 3) < 0)
        goto done2;

    cls = (*env)->FindClass(env, classname);
    if (cls == 0)
        goto done2;

    fid = (*env)->GetStaticFieldID(env, cls, name, signature);
    if (fid == 0)
        goto done1;

    switch (*signature) {
    case '[':
    case 'L':
        result.l = (*env)->GetStaticObjectField(env, cls, fid);
        break;
    case 'Z':
        result.z = (*env)->GetStaticBooleanField(env, cls, fid);
        break;
    case 'B':
        result.b = (*env)->GetStaticByteField(env, cls, fid);
        break;
    case 'C':
        result.c = (*env)->GetStaticCharField(env, cls, fid);
        break;
    case 'S':
        result.s = (*env)->GetStaticShortField(env, cls, fid);
        break;
    case 'I':
        result.i = (*env)->GetStaticIntField(env, cls, fid);
        break;
    case 'J':
        result.j = (*env)->GetStaticLongField(env, cls, fid);
        break;
    case 'F':
        result.f = (*env)->GetStaticFloatField(env, cls, fid);
        break;
    case 'D':
        result.d = (*env)->GetStaticDoubleField(env, cls, fid);
        break;

    default:
        (*env)->FatalError(env, "JNU_GetStaticFieldByName: illegal signature");
    }

 done1:
    (*env)->DeleteLocalRef(env, cls);
 done2:
    if (hasException) {
        *hasException = (*env)->ExceptionCheck(env);
    }
    return result;
}

JNIEXPORT void JNICALL
JNU_SetStaticFieldByName(JNIEnv *env,
                         jboolean *hasException,
                         const char *classname,
                         const char *name,
                         const char *signature,
                         ...)
{
    jclass cls;
    jfieldID fid;
    va_list args;

    if ((*env)->EnsureLocalCapacity(env, 3) < 0)
        goto done2;

    cls = (*env)->FindClass(env, classname);
    if (cls == 0)
        goto done2;

    fid = (*env)->GetStaticFieldID(env, cls, name, signature);
    if (fid == 0)
        goto done1;

    va_start(args, signature);
    switch (*signature) {
    case '[':
    case 'L':
        (*env)->SetStaticObjectField(env, cls, fid, va_arg(args, jobject));
        break;
    case 'Z':
        (*env)->SetStaticBooleanField(env, cls, fid, (jboolean)va_arg(args, int));
        break;
    case 'B':
        (*env)->SetStaticByteField(env, cls, fid, (jbyte)va_arg(args, int));
        break;
    case 'C':
        (*env)->SetStaticCharField(env, cls, fid, (jchar)va_arg(args, int));
        break;
    case 'S':
        (*env)->SetStaticShortField(env, cls, fid, (jshort)va_arg(args, int));
        break;
    case 'I':
        (*env)->SetStaticIntField(env, cls, fid, va_arg(args, jint));
        break;
    case 'J':
        (*env)->SetStaticLongField(env, cls, fid, va_arg(args, jlong));
        break;
    case 'F':
        (*env)->SetStaticFloatField(env, cls, fid, (jfloat)va_arg(args, jdouble));
        break;
    case 'D':
        (*env)->SetStaticDoubleField(env, cls, fid, va_arg(args, jdouble));
        break;

    default:
        (*env)->FatalError(env, "JNU_SetStaticFieldByName: illegal signature");
    }
    va_end(args);

 done1:
    (*env)->DeleteLocalRef(env, cls);
 done2:
    if (hasException) {
        *hasException = (*env)->ExceptionCheck(env);
    }
}

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