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Java example source code file (TestUTF8.java)

This example Java source code file (TestUTF8.java) is included in the alvinalexander.com "Java Source Code Warehouse" project. The intent of this project is to help you "Learn Java by Example" TM.

Learn more about this Java project at its project page.

Java - Java tags/keywords

bytebuffer, cesu\-8, charbuffer, charsetdecoder, check, coderresult, exception, nio, runtimeexception, string, u+007f, u+07ff, u\+0000, u\+ffff, utf\-8, util

The TestUTF8.java Java example source code

/*
 * Copyright (c) 2008, 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
 * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
 *
 * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
 * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
 * published by the Free Software Foundation.
 *
 * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
 * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
 * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
 * accompanied this code).
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
 * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
 * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
 *
 * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
 * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
 * questions.
 */

/*
 * @test
 * @bug 4486841 7040220 7096080
 * @summary Test UTF-8 charset
 */

import java.nio.charset.*;
import java.nio.*;
import java.util.*;

public class TestUTF8 {
    static char[] decode(byte[] bb, String csn, boolean testDirect)
        throws Exception {
        CharsetDecoder dec = Charset.forName(csn).newDecoder();
        ByteBuffer bbf;
        CharBuffer cbf;
        if (testDirect) {
            bbf = ByteBuffer.allocateDirect(bb.length);
            cbf = ByteBuffer.allocateDirect(bb.length*2).asCharBuffer();
            bbf.put(bb).flip();
        } else {
            bbf = ByteBuffer.wrap(bb);
            cbf = CharBuffer.allocate(bb.length);
        }
        CoderResult cr = dec.decode(bbf, cbf, true);
        if (cr != CoderResult.UNDERFLOW)
            throw new RuntimeException("Decoding err: " + csn);
        char[] cc = new char[cbf.position()];
        cbf.flip(); cbf.get(cc);
        return cc;

    }

    static CoderResult decodeCR(byte[] bb, String csn, boolean testDirect)
        throws Exception {
        CharsetDecoder dec = Charset.forName(csn).newDecoder();
        ByteBuffer bbf;
        CharBuffer cbf;
        if (testDirect) {
            bbf = ByteBuffer.allocateDirect(bb.length);
            cbf = ByteBuffer.allocateDirect(bb.length*2).asCharBuffer();
            bbf.put(bb).flip();
        } else {
            bbf = ByteBuffer.wrap(bb);
            cbf = CharBuffer.allocate(bb.length);
        }
        return dec.decode(bbf, cbf, true);
    }

    // copy/paste of the StringCoding.decode()
    static char[] decode(Charset cs, byte[] ba, int off, int len) {
        CharsetDecoder cd = cs.newDecoder();
        int en = (int)(len * cd.maxCharsPerByte());
        char[] ca = new char[en];
        if (len == 0)
            return ca;
        cd.onMalformedInput(CodingErrorAction.REPLACE)
          .onUnmappableCharacter(CodingErrorAction.REPLACE)
          .reset();

        ByteBuffer bb = ByteBuffer.wrap(ba, off, len);
        CharBuffer cb = CharBuffer.wrap(ca);
        try {
            CoderResult cr = cd.decode(bb, cb, true);
            if (!cr.isUnderflow())
                cr.throwException();
            cr = cd.flush(cb);
            if (!cr.isUnderflow())
                cr.throwException();
        } catch (CharacterCodingException x) {
            throw new Error(x);
        }
        return Arrays.copyOf(ca, cb.position());
    }

    static byte[] encode(char[] cc, String csn, boolean testDirect)
        throws Exception {
        ByteBuffer bbf;
        CharBuffer cbf;
        CharsetEncoder enc = Charset.forName(csn).newEncoder();
        if (testDirect) {
            bbf = ByteBuffer.allocateDirect(cc.length * 4);
            cbf = ByteBuffer.allocateDirect(cc.length * 2).asCharBuffer();
            cbf.put(cc).flip();
        } else {
            bbf = ByteBuffer.allocate(cc.length * 4);
            cbf = CharBuffer.wrap(cc);
        }

        CoderResult cr = enc.encode(cbf, bbf, true);
        if (cr != CoderResult.UNDERFLOW)
            throw new RuntimeException("Encoding err: " + csn);
        byte[] bb = new byte[bbf.position()];
        bbf.flip(); bbf.get(bb);
        return bb;
    }

    static CoderResult encodeCR(char[] cc, String csn, boolean testDirect)
        throws Exception {
        ByteBuffer bbf;
        CharBuffer cbf;
        CharsetEncoder enc = Charset.forName(csn).newEncoder();
        if (testDirect) {
            bbf = ByteBuffer.allocateDirect(cc.length * 4);
            cbf = ByteBuffer.allocateDirect(cc.length * 2).asCharBuffer();
            cbf.put(cc).flip();
        } else {
            bbf = ByteBuffer.allocate(cc.length * 4);
            cbf = CharBuffer.wrap(cc);
        }
        return enc.encode(cbf, bbf, true);
    }

    static char[] getUTFChars() {
        char[] cc = new char[0x10000 - 0xe000 + 0xd800 + //bmp
                             (0x110000 - 0x10000) * 2];    //supp
        int pos = 0;
        int i = 0;
        for (i = 0; i < 0xd800; i++)
            cc[pos++] = (char)i;
        for (i = 0xe000; i < 0x10000; i++)
            cc[pos++] = (char)i;
        for (i = 0x10000; i < 0x110000; i++) {
            pos += Character.toChars(i, cc, pos);
        }
        return cc;
    }

    static int to3ByteUTF8(char c, byte[] bb, int pos) {
        bb[pos++] = (byte)(0xe0 | ((c >> 12)));
        bb[pos++] = (byte)(0x80 | ((c >> 06) & 0x3f));
        bb[pos++] = (byte)(0x80 | ((c >> 00) & 0x3f));
        return 3;
    }

    static int to4ByteUTF8(int uc, byte[] bb, int pos) {
        bb[pos++] = (byte)(0xf0 | ((uc >> 18)));
        bb[pos++] = (byte)(0x80 | ((uc >> 12) & 0x3f));
        bb[pos++] = (byte)(0x80 | ((uc >>  6) & 0x3f));
        bb[pos++] = (byte)(0x80 | (uc & 0x3f));
        return 4;
    }

    static void checkRoundtrip(String csn) throws Exception {
        System.out.printf("    Check roundtrip <%s>...", csn);
        char[] cc = getUTFChars();
        byte[] bb = encode(cc, csn, false);
        char[] ccO = decode(bb, csn, false);

        if (!Arrays.equals(cc, ccO))
            System.out.printf("    non-direct failed");
        bb = encode(cc, csn, true);
        ccO = decode(bb, csn, true);
        if (!Arrays.equals(cc, ccO)) {
            System.out.print("    (direct) failed");
        }
        // String.getBytes()/toCharArray() goes to ArrayDe/Encoder path
        if (!Arrays.equals(bb, new String(cc).getBytes(csn))) {
            System.out.printf("    String.getBytes() failed");
        }
        if (!Arrays.equals(cc, new String(bb, csn).toCharArray())) {
            System.out.printf("    String.toCharArray() failed");
        }
        System.out.println();
    }

    static void check4ByteSurrs(String csn) throws Exception {
        System.out.printf("    Check 4-byte Surrogates <%s>...%n", csn);
        byte[] bb = new byte[(0x110000 - 0x10000) * 4];
        char[] cc = new char[(0x110000 - 0x10000) * 2];
        int bpos = 0;
        int cpos = 0;
        for (int i = 0x10000; i < 0x110000; i++) {
            Character.toChars(i, cc, cpos);
            bpos += to4ByteUTF8(i, bb, bpos);
            cpos += 2;
        }
        checkSurrs(csn, bb, cc);
    }


    static void checkSurrs(String csn, byte[] bb, char[] cc)
        throws Exception
    {
        char[] ccO = decode(bb, csn, false);
        if (!Arrays.equals(cc, ccO)) {
            System.out.printf("    decoding failed%n");
        }
        ccO = decode(bb, csn, true);
        if (!Arrays.equals(cc, ccO)) {
            System.out.printf("    decoding(direct) failed%n");
        }
        if (!Arrays.equals(cc, new String(bb, csn).toCharArray())) {
            System.out.printf("    String.toCharArray() failed");
        }
        if (!Arrays.equals(bb, new String(cc).getBytes(csn))) {
            System.out.printf("    String.getBytes() failed");
        }
    }

    static void check6ByteSurrs(String csn) throws Exception {
        System.out.printf("    Check 6-byte Surrogates <%s>...%n", csn);
        byte[] bb = new byte[(0x110000 - 0x10000) * 6];
        char[] cc = new char[(0x110000 - 0x10000) * 2];
        int bpos = 0;
        int cpos = 0;
        for (int i = 0x10000; i < 0x110000; i++) {
            Character.toChars(i, cc, cpos);
            bpos += to3ByteUTF8(cc[cpos], bb, bpos);
            bpos += to3ByteUTF8(cc[cpos + 1], bb, bpos);
            cpos += 2;
        }
        checkSurrs(csn, bb, cc);
    }


    static void compare(String csn1, String csn2) throws Exception {
        System.out.printf("    Diff <%s> <%s>...%n", csn1, csn2);
        char[] cc = getUTFChars();

        byte[] bb1 = encode(cc, csn1, false);
        byte[] bb2 = encode(cc, csn2, false);
        if (!Arrays.equals(bb1, bb2))
            System.out.printf("        encoding failed%n");
        char[] cc1 = decode(bb1, csn1, false);
        char[] cc2 = decode(bb1, csn2, false);
        if (!Arrays.equals(cc1, cc2)) {
            System.out.printf("        decoding failed%n");
        }

        bb1 = encode(cc, csn1, true);
        bb2 = encode(cc, csn2, true);
        if (!Arrays.equals(bb1, bb2))
            System.out.printf("        encoding (direct) failed%n");
        cc1 = decode(bb1, csn1, true);
        cc2 = decode(bb1, csn2, true);
        if (!Arrays.equals(cc1, cc2)) {
            System.out.printf("        decoding (direct) failed%n");
        }
    }

    // The first byte is the length of malformed bytes
    static byte[][] malformed = {
        // One-byte sequences:
        {1, (byte)0xFF },
        {1, (byte)0xC0 },
        {1, (byte)0x80 },

        {1, (byte)0xFF, (byte)0xFF}, // all ones
        {1, (byte)0xA0, (byte)0x80}, // 101x first byte first nibble

        // Two-byte sequences:
        {1, (byte)0xC0, (byte)0x80}, // invalid first byte
        {1, (byte)0xC1, (byte)0xBF}, // invalid first byte
        {1, (byte)0xC2, (byte)0x00}, // invalid second byte
        {1, (byte)0xC2, (byte)0xC0}, // invalid second byte
        {1, (byte)0xD0, (byte)0x00}, // invalid second byte
        {1, (byte)0xD0, (byte)0xC0}, // invalid second byte
        {1, (byte)0xDF, (byte)0x00}, // invalid second byte
        {1, (byte)0xDF, (byte)0xC0}, // invalid second byte

        // Three-byte sequences
        {1, (byte)0xE0, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x80},  // 111x first byte first nibble
        {1, (byte)0xE0, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x80 }, // U+0000 zero-padded
        {1, (byte)0xE0, (byte)0x81, (byte)0xBF }, // U+007F zero-padded
        {1, (byte)0xE0, (byte)0x9F, (byte)0xBF }, // U+07FF zero-padded

        {1, (byte)0xE0, (byte)0xC0, (byte)0xBF }, // invalid second byte
        {2, (byte)0xE0, (byte)0xA0, (byte)0x7F }, // invalid third byte
        {2, (byte)0xE0, (byte)0xA0, (byte)0xC0 }, // invalid third byte
        {1, (byte)0xFF, (byte)0xFF, (byte)0xFF }, // all ones
        {1, (byte)0xE0, (byte)0xC0, (byte)0x80 }, // invalid second byte
        {1, (byte)0xE0, (byte)0x80, (byte)0xC0 }, // invalid first byte
        {1, (byte)0xE0, (byte)0x41,},             // invalid second byte & 2 bytes
        {3, (byte)0xED, (byte)0xAE, (byte)0x80 }, // 3 bytes surrogate
        {3, (byte)0xED, (byte)0xB0, (byte)0x80 }, // 3 bytes surrogate


        // Four-byte sequences
        {1, (byte)0xF0, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x80 }, // U+0000 zero-padded
        {1, (byte)0xF0, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x81, (byte)0xBF }, // U+007F zero-padded
        {1, (byte)0xF0, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x9F, (byte)0xBF }, // U+007F zero-padded
        {1, (byte)0xF0, (byte)0x8F, (byte)0xBF, (byte)0xBF }, // U+07FF zero-padded

        {1, (byte)0xFF, (byte)0xFF, (byte)0xFF, (byte)0xFF }, // all ones
        {1, (byte)0xF0, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x80},  // invalid second byte
        {1, (byte)0xF0, (byte)0xC0, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x80 }, // invalid second byte
        {1, (byte)0xF0, (byte)41 },                           // invalid second byte
                                                              // & only 2 bytes

        {2, (byte)0xF0, (byte)0x90, (byte)0xC0, (byte)0x80 }, // invalid third byte
        {3, (byte)0xF0, (byte)0x90, (byte)0x80, (byte)0xC0 }, // invalid forth byte
        {2, (byte)0xF0, (byte)0x90, (byte)0x41 },             // invalid third byte
                                                              // & 3 bytes input

        {1, (byte)0xF1, (byte)0xC0, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x80 }, // invalid second byte
        {2, (byte)0xF1, (byte)0x80, (byte)0xC0, (byte)0x80 }, // invalid third byte
        {3, (byte)0xF1, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x80, (byte)0xC0 }, // invalid forth byte
        {1, (byte)0xF4, (byte)0x90, (byte)0x80, (byte)0xC0 }, // out-range 4-byte
        {1, (byte)0xF4, (byte)0xC0, (byte)0x80, (byte)0xC0 }, // out-range 4-byte
        {1, (byte)0xF5, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x80, (byte)0xC0 }, // out-range 4-byte

        // Five-byte sequences
        {1, (byte)0xF8, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x80},  // invalid first byte
        {1, (byte)0xF8, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x80 }, // U+0000 zero-padded
        {1, (byte)0xF8, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x81, (byte)0xBF }, // U+007F zero-padded
        {1, (byte)0xF8, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x9F, (byte)0xBF }, // U+07FF zero-padded
        {1, (byte)0xF8, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x8F, (byte)0xBF, (byte)0xBF }, // U+FFFF zero-padded

        {1, (byte)0xF8, (byte)0xC0, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x80},
        {1, (byte)0xF8, (byte)0x80, (byte)0xC0, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x80 },
        {1, (byte)0xF8, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x80, (byte)0xC1, (byte)0xBF },
        {1, (byte)0xF8, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x9F, (byte)0xC0 },

        // Six-byte sequences
        {1, (byte)0xFC, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x80 }, // U+0000 zero-padded
        {1, (byte)0xFC, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x81, (byte)0xBF }, // U+007F zero-padded
        {1, (byte)0xFC, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x9F, (byte)0xBF }, // U+07FF zero-padded
        {1, (byte)0xFC, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x8F, (byte)0xBF, (byte)0xBF }, // U+FFFF zero-padded
        {1, (byte)0xF8, (byte)0xC0, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x80 },
        {1, (byte)0xF8, (byte)0x80, (byte)0xC0, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x80 },
        {1, (byte)0xF8, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x80, (byte)0xC1, (byte)0xBF, (byte)0x80 },
        {1, (byte)0xF8, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x9F, (byte)0xC0, (byte)0x80 },
        {1, (byte)0xF8, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x9F, (byte)0x80, (byte)0xC0 },
    };

   // The first byte is the length of malformed bytes
    static byte[][] malformed_cesu8 = {
        // One-byte sequences:
        {1, (byte)0xFF },
        {1, (byte)0xC0 },
        {1, (byte)0x80 },

        {1, (byte)0xFF, (byte)0xFF}, // all ones
        {1, (byte)0xA0, (byte)0x80}, // 101x first byte first nibble

        // Two-byte sequences:
        {1, (byte)0xC0, (byte)0x80}, // invalid first byte
        {1, (byte)0xC1, (byte)0xBF}, // invalid first byte
        {1, (byte)0xC2, (byte)0x00}, // invalid second byte
        {1, (byte)0xC2, (byte)0xC0}, // invalid second byte
        {1, (byte)0xD0, (byte)0x00}, // invalid second byte
        {1, (byte)0xD0, (byte)0xC0}, // invalid second byte
        {1, (byte)0xDF, (byte)0x00}, // invalid second byte
        {1, (byte)0xDF, (byte)0xC0}, // invalid second byte

        // Three-byte sequences
        {1, (byte)0xE0, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x80},  // 111x first byte first nibble
        {1, (byte)0xE0, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x80 }, // U+0000 zero-padded
        {1, (byte)0xE0, (byte)0x81, (byte)0xBF }, // U+007F zero-padded
        {1, (byte)0xE0, (byte)0x9F, (byte)0xBF }, // U+07FF zero-padded

        {1, (byte)0xE0, (byte)0xC0, (byte)0xBF }, // invalid second byte
        {2, (byte)0xE0, (byte)0xA0, (byte)0x7F }, // invalid third byte
        {2, (byte)0xE0, (byte)0xA0, (byte)0xC0 }, // invalid third byte
        {1, (byte)0xFF, (byte)0xFF, (byte)0xFF }, // all ones
        {1, (byte)0xE0, (byte)0xC0, (byte)0x80 }, // invalid second byte
        {1, (byte)0xE0, (byte)0x80, (byte)0xC0 }, // invalid first byte
        {1, (byte)0xE0, (byte)0x41,},             // invalid second byte & 2 bytes

        // CESU-8 does not have 4, 5, 6 bytes sequenc
        // Four-byte sequences
        {1, (byte)0xF0, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x80 }, // U+0000 zero-padded
        {1, (byte)0xF0, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x81, (byte)0xBF }, // U+007F zero-padded
        {1, (byte)0xF0, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x9F, (byte)0xBF }, // U+007F zero-padded
        {1, (byte)0xF0, (byte)0x8F, (byte)0xBF, (byte)0xBF }, // U+07FF zero-padded

        {1, (byte)0xFF, (byte)0xFF, (byte)0xFF, (byte)0xFF }, // all ones
        {1, (byte)0xF0, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x80},  // invalid second byte
        {1, (byte)0xF0, (byte)0xC0, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x80 }, // invalid second byte
        {1, (byte)0xF0, (byte)41 },                           // invalid second byte
                                                              // & only 2 bytes
        {1, (byte)0xF0, (byte)0x90, (byte)0xC0, (byte)0x80 }, // invalid third byte
        {1, (byte)0xF0, (byte)0x90, (byte)0x80, (byte)0xC0 }, // invalid forth byte
        {1, (byte)0xF0, (byte)0x90, (byte)0x41 },             // invalid third byte
                                                              // & 3 bytes input

        {1, (byte)0xF1, (byte)0xC0, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x80 }, // invalid second byte
        {1, (byte)0xF1, (byte)0x80, (byte)0xC0, (byte)0x80 }, // invalid third byte
        {1, (byte)0xF1, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x80, (byte)0xC0 }, // invalid forth byte
        {1, (byte)0xF4, (byte)0x90, (byte)0x80, (byte)0xC0 }, // out-range 4-byte
        {1, (byte)0xF4, (byte)0xC0, (byte)0x80, (byte)0xC0 }, // out-range 4-byte
        {1, (byte)0xF5, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x80, (byte)0xC0 }, // out-range 4-byte

        // Five-byte sequences
        {1, (byte)0xF8, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x80},  // invalid first byte
        {1, (byte)0xF8, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x80 }, // U+0000 zero-padded
        {1, (byte)0xF8, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x81, (byte)0xBF }, // U+007F zero-padded
        {1, (byte)0xF8, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x9F, (byte)0xBF }, // U+07FF zero-padded
        {1, (byte)0xF8, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x8F, (byte)0xBF, (byte)0xBF }, // U+FFFF zero-padded

        {1, (byte)0xF8, (byte)0xC0, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x80},
        {1, (byte)0xF8, (byte)0x80, (byte)0xC0, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x80 },
        {1, (byte)0xF8, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x80, (byte)0xC1, (byte)0xBF },
        {1, (byte)0xF8, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x9F, (byte)0xC0 },

        // Six-byte sequences
        {1, (byte)0xFC, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x80 }, // U+0000 zero-padded
        {1, (byte)0xFC, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x81, (byte)0xBF }, // U+007F zero-padded
        {1, (byte)0xFC, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x9F, (byte)0xBF }, // U+07FF zero-padded
        {1, (byte)0xFC, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x8F, (byte)0xBF, (byte)0xBF }, // U+FFFF zero-padded
        {1, (byte)0xF8, (byte)0xC0, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x80 },
        {1, (byte)0xF8, (byte)0x80, (byte)0xC0, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x80 },
        {1, (byte)0xF8, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x80, (byte)0xC1, (byte)0xBF, (byte)0x80 },
        {1, (byte)0xF8, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x9F, (byte)0xC0, (byte)0x80 },
        {1, (byte)0xF8, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x80, (byte)0x9F, (byte)0x80, (byte)0xC0 },
    };


    static void checkMalformed(String csn, byte[][] malformed) throws Exception {
        boolean failed = false;
        System.out.printf("    Check malformed <%s>...%n", csn);
        Charset cs = Charset.forName(csn);
        for (boolean direct: new boolean[] {false, true}) {
            for (byte[] bins : malformed) {
                int mlen = bins[0];
                byte[] bin = Arrays.copyOfRange(bins, 1, bins.length);
                CoderResult cr = decodeCR(bin, csn, direct);
                String ashex = "";
                for (int i = 0; i < bin.length; i++) {
                    if (i > 0) ashex += " ";
                        ashex += Integer.toBinaryString((int)bin[i] & 0xff);
                }
                if (!cr.isMalformed()) {
                    System.out.printf("        FAIL(direct=%b): [%s] not malformed.%n", direct, ashex);
                    failed = true;
                } else if (cr.length() != mlen) {
                    System.out.printf("        FAIL(direct=%b): [%s] malformed[len=%d].%n", direct, ashex, cr.length());
                    failed = true;
                }
                if (!Arrays.equals(decode(cs, bin, 0, bin.length),
                                   new String(bin, csn).toCharArray())) {
                    System.out.printf("        FAIL(new String(bb, %s)) failed%n", csn);
                    failed = true;
                }
            }
        }
        if (failed)
            throw new RuntimeException("Check malformed failed " + csn);
    }

    static boolean check(CharsetDecoder dec, byte[] utf8s, boolean direct, int[] flow) {
        int inPos = flow[0];
        int inLen = flow[1];
        int outPos = flow[2];
        int outLen = flow[3];
        int expedInPos = flow[4];
        int expedOutPos = flow[5];
        CoderResult expedCR = (flow[6]==0)?CoderResult.UNDERFLOW
                                          :CoderResult.OVERFLOW;
        ByteBuffer bbf;
        CharBuffer cbf;
        if (direct) {
            bbf = ByteBuffer.allocateDirect(inPos + utf8s.length);
            cbf = ByteBuffer.allocateDirect((outPos + outLen)*2).asCharBuffer();
        } else {
            bbf = ByteBuffer.allocate(inPos + utf8s.length);
            cbf = CharBuffer.allocate(outPos + outLen);
        }
        bbf.position(inPos);
        bbf.put(utf8s).flip().position(inPos).limit(inPos + inLen);
        cbf.position(outPos);
        dec.reset();
        CoderResult cr = dec.decode(bbf, cbf, false);
        if (cr != expedCR ||
            bbf.position() != expedInPos ||
            cbf.position() != expedOutPos) {
            System.out.printf("Expected(direct=%5b): [", direct);
            for (int i:flow) System.out.print(" " + i);
            System.out.println("]  CR=" + cr +
                               ", inPos=" + bbf.position() +
                               ", outPos=" + cbf.position());
            return false;
        }
        return true;
    }

    static void checkUnderOverflow(String csn) throws Exception {
        System.out.printf("    Check under/overflow <%s>...%n", csn);
        CharsetDecoder dec = Charset.forName(csn).newDecoder();
        boolean failed = false;
        byte[] utf8s = new String("\u007f\u07ff\ue000\ud800\udc00").getBytes("UTF-8");
        int    inlen = utf8s.length;

        for (int inoff = 0; inoff < 20; inoff++) {
            for (int outoff = 0; outoff < 20; outoff++) {
        int[][] Flows = {
            //inpos, inLen, outPos,  outLen, inPosEP,   outposEP,   under(0)/over(1)
            {inoff,  inlen, outoff,  1,      inoff + 1, outoff + 1, 1},
            {inoff,  inlen, outoff,  2,      inoff + 3, outoff + 2, 1},
            {inoff,  inlen, outoff,  3,      inoff + 6, outoff + 3, 1},
            {inoff,  inlen, outoff,  4,      inoff + 6, outoff + 3, 1},
            {inoff,  inlen, outoff,  5,      inoff + 10,outoff + 5, 0},
             // underflow
            {inoff,  1,     outoff,  5,      inoff + 1, outoff + 1, 0},
            {inoff,  2,     outoff,  5,      inoff + 1, outoff + 1, 0},
            {inoff,  3,     outoff,  5,      inoff + 3, outoff + 2, 0},
            {inoff,  4,     outoff,  5,      inoff + 3, outoff + 2, 0},
            {inoff,  5,     outoff,  5,      inoff + 3, outoff + 2, 0},
            {inoff,  6,     outoff,  5,      inoff + 6, outoff + 3, 0},
            {inoff,  7,     outoff,  5,      inoff + 6, outoff + 3, 0},
            {inoff,  8,     outoff,  5,      inoff + 6, outoff + 3, 0},
            {inoff,  9,     outoff,  5,      inoff + 6, outoff + 3, 0},
            {inoff,  10,    outoff,  5,      inoff + 10,outoff + 5, 0},
             // 2-byte underflow/overflow
            {inoff,  2,     outoff,  1,      inoff + 1, outoff + 1, 0},
            {inoff,  3,     outoff,  1,      inoff + 1, outoff + 1, 1},
             // 3-byte underflow/overflow
            {inoff,  4,     outoff,  2,      inoff + 3, outoff + 2, 0},
            {inoff,  5,     outoff,  2,      inoff + 3, outoff + 2, 0},
            {inoff,  6,     outoff,  2,      inoff + 3, outoff + 2, 1},
             // 4-byte underflow/overflow
            {inoff,  7,     outoff,  4,      inoff + 6, outoff + 3, 0},
            {inoff,  8,     outoff,  4,      inoff + 6, outoff + 3, 0},
            {inoff,  9,     outoff,  4,      inoff + 6, outoff + 3, 0},
            {inoff,  10,    outoff,  4,      inoff + 6, outoff + 3, 1},
        };
        for (boolean direct: new boolean[] {false, true}) {
            for (int[] flow: Flows) {
                if (!check(dec, utf8s, direct, flow))
                    failed = true;
            }
        }}}
        if (failed)
            throw new RuntimeException("Check under/overflow failed " + csn);
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        checkRoundtrip("UTF-8");
        check4ByteSurrs("UTF-8");
        checkMalformed("UTF-8", malformed);
        checkUnderOverflow("UTF-8");

        checkRoundtrip("CESU-8");
        check6ByteSurrs("CESU-8");
        checkMalformed("CESU-8", malformed_cesu8);
    }
}

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