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Scala example source code file (Parsers.scala)

This example Scala source code file (Parsers.scala) is included in my "Source Code Warehouse" project. The intent of this project is to help you more easily find Scala source code examples by using tags.

All credit for the original source code belongs to scala-lang.org; I'm just trying to make examples easier to find. (For my Scala work, see my Scala examples and tutorials.)

Scala tags/keywords

boolean, collection, compiler, emptytree, lbrace, list, modifiers, nil, nsc, offset, reflection, string, t, tree, utilities

The Parsers.scala Scala example source code

/* NSC -- new Scala compiler
 * Copyright 2005-2013 LAMP/EPFL
 * @author  Martin Odersky
 */

//todo: allow infix type patterns
//todo verify when stableId's should be just plain qualified type ids

package scala.tools.nsc
package ast.parser

import scala.collection.{ mutable, immutable }
import mutable.{ ListBuffer, StringBuilder }
import scala.reflect.internal.{ Precedence, ModifierFlags => Flags }
import scala.reflect.internal.Chars.{ isScalaLetter }
import scala.reflect.internal.util.{ SourceFile, Position, FreshNameCreator }
import Tokens._

/** Historical note: JavaParsers started life as a direct copy of Parsers
 *  but at a time when that Parsers had been replaced by a different one.
 *  Later it was dropped and the original Parsers reinstated, leaving us with
 *  massive duplication between Parsers and JavaParsers.
 *
 *  This trait and the similar one for Scanners/JavaScanners represents
 *  the beginnings of a campaign against this latest incursion by Cutty
 *  McPastington and his army of very similar soldiers.
 */
trait ParsersCommon extends ScannersCommon { self =>
  val global : Global
  // the use of currentUnit in the parser should be avoided as it might
  // cause unexpected behaviour when you work with two units at the
  // same time; use Parser.unit instead
  import global.{currentUnit => _, _}

  def newLiteral(const: Any) = Literal(Constant(const))
  def literalUnit            = gen.mkSyntheticUnit()

  /** This is now an abstract class, only to work around the optimizer:
   *  methods in traits are never inlined.
   */
  abstract class ParserCommon {
    val in: ScannerCommon
    def deprecationWarning(off: Offset, msg: String): Unit
    def accept(token: Token): Int

    /** Methods inParensOrError and similar take a second argument which, should
     *  the next token not be the expected opener (e.g. LPAREN) will be returned
     *  instead of the contents of the groupers.  However in all cases accept(LPAREN)
     *  will be called, so a parse error will still result.  If the grouping is
     *  optional, in.token should be tested before calling these methods.
     */
    @inline final def inParens[T](body: => T): T = {
      accept(LPAREN)
      val ret = body
      accept(RPAREN)
      ret
    }
    @inline final def inParensOrError[T](body: => T, alt: T): T =
      if (in.token == LPAREN) inParens(body)
      else { accept(LPAREN) ; alt }

    @inline final def inParensOrUnit[T](body: => Tree): Tree = inParensOrError(body, literalUnit)
    @inline final def inParensOrNil[T](body: => List[T]): List[T] = inParensOrError(body, Nil)

    @inline final def inBraces[T](body: => T): T = {
      accept(LBRACE)
      val ret = body
      accept(RBRACE)
      ret
    }
    @inline final def inBracesOrError[T](body: => T, alt: T): T =
      if (in.token == LBRACE) inBraces(body)
      else { accept(LBRACE) ; alt }

    @inline final def inBracesOrNil[T](body: => List[T]): List[T] = inBracesOrError(body, Nil)
    @inline final def inBracesOrUnit[T](body: => Tree): Tree = inBracesOrError(body, literalUnit)
    @inline final def dropAnyBraces[T](body: => T): T =
      if (in.token == LBRACE) inBraces(body)
      else body

    @inline final def inBrackets[T](body: => T): T = {
      accept(LBRACKET)
      val ret = body
      accept(RBRACKET)
      ret
    }

    /** Creates an actual Parens node (only used during parsing.)
     */
    @inline final def makeParens(body: => List[Tree]): Parens =
      Parens(inParens(if (in.token == RPAREN) Nil else body))
  }
}

/** Performs the following context-free rewritings:
 *
 *  <ol>
 *    <li>
 *      Places all pattern variables in Bind nodes. In a pattern, for
 *      identifiers `x`:<pre>
 *                 x  => x @ _
 *               x:T  => x @ (_ : T)</pre>
 *    </li>
 *    <li>Removes pattern definitions (PatDef's) as follows:
 *      If pattern is a simple (typed) identifier:<pre>
 *        <b>val</b> x = e     ==>  <b>val</b> x = e
 *        <b>val</b> x: T = e  ==>  <b>val</b> x: T = e</pre>
 *
 *      if there are no variables in pattern<pre>
 *        <b>val</b> p = e  ==>  e match (case p => ())</pre>
 *
 *      if there is exactly one variable in pattern<pre>
 *        <b>val</b> x_1 = e <b>match</b> (case p => (x_1))</pre>
 *
 *      if there is more than one variable in pattern<pre>
 *        <b>val</b> p = e  ==>  <b>private synthetic val</b> t$ = e <b>match</b> (case p => (x_1, ..., x_N))
 *                        <b>val</b> x_1 = t$._1
 *                        ...
 *                        <b>val</b> x_N = t$._N</pre>
 *    </li>
 *    <li>
 *       Removes function types as follows:<pre>
 *        (argtpes) => restpe   ==>   scala.Function_n[argtpes, restpe]</pre>
 *    </li>
 *    <li>
 *      Wraps naked case definitions in a match as follows:<pre>
 *        { cases }   ==>   (x => x.match {cases})<span style="font-family:normal;">, except when already argument to match</span></pre>
 *    </li>
 *  </ol>
 */
trait Parsers extends Scanners with MarkupParsers with ParsersCommon {
self =>
  val global: Global
  import global._

  case class OpInfo(lhs: Tree, operator: TermName, targs: List[Tree], offset: Offset) {
    def precedence = Precedence(operator.toString)
  }

  class SourceFileParser(val source: SourceFile) extends Parser {

    /** The parse starting point depends on whether the source file is self-contained:
     *  if not, the AST will be supplemented.
     */
    def parseStartRule =
      if (source.isSelfContained) () => compilationUnit()
      else () => scriptBody()

    def newScanner(): Scanner = new SourceFileScanner(source)

    val in = newScanner()
    in.init()

    def unit = global.currentUnit

    // suppress warnings; silent abort on errors
    def warning(offset: Offset, msg: String) {}
    def deprecationWarning(offset: Offset, msg: String) {}

    def syntaxError(offset: Offset, msg: String): Unit = throw new MalformedInput(offset, msg)
    def incompleteInputError(msg: String): Unit = throw new MalformedInput(source.content.length - 1, msg)

    object symbXMLBuilder extends SymbolicXMLBuilder(this, preserveWS = true) { // DEBUG choices
      val global: self.global.type = self.global
    }

    /** the markup parser
     * The first time this lazy val is accessed, we assume we were trying to parse an xml literal.
     * The current position is recorded for later error reporting if it turns out
     * that we don't have the xml library on the compilation classpath.
     */
    private[this] lazy val xmlp = {
      unit.encounteredXml(o2p(in.offset))
      new MarkupParser(this, preserveWS = true)
    }

    def xmlLiteral() : Tree = xmlp.xLiteral
    def xmlLiteralPattern() : Tree = xmlp.xLiteralPattern
  }

  class OutlineParser(source: SourceFile) extends SourceFileParser(source) {

    def skipBraces[T](body: T): T = {
      accept(LBRACE)
      var openBraces = 1
      while (in.token != EOF && openBraces > 0) {
        if (in.token == XMLSTART) xmlLiteral()
        else {
          if (in.token == LBRACE) openBraces += 1
          else if (in.token == RBRACE) openBraces -= 1
          in.nextToken()
        }
      }
      body
    }

    override def blockExpr(): Tree = skipBraces(EmptyTree)

    override def templateBody(isPre: Boolean) = skipBraces((noSelfType, EmptyTree.asList))
  }

  class UnitParser(override val unit: global.CompilationUnit, patches: List[BracePatch]) extends SourceFileParser(unit.source) { uself =>
    def this(unit: global.CompilationUnit) = this(unit, Nil)

    override def newScanner() = new UnitScanner(unit, patches)

    override def warning(offset: Offset, msg: String) {
      unit.warning(o2p(offset), msg)
    }

    override def deprecationWarning(offset: Offset, msg: String) {
      unit.deprecationWarning(o2p(offset), msg)
    }

    private var smartParsing = false
    @inline private def withSmartParsing[T](body: => T): T = {
      val saved = smartParsing
      smartParsing = true
      try body
      finally smartParsing = saved
    }
    def withPatches(patches: List[BracePatch]): UnitParser = new UnitParser(unit, patches)

    val syntaxErrors = new ListBuffer[(Int, String)]
    def showSyntaxErrors() =
      for ((offset, msg) <- syntaxErrors)
        unit.error(o2p(offset), msg)

    override def syntaxError(offset: Offset, msg: String) {
      if (smartParsing) syntaxErrors += ((offset, msg))
      else unit.error(o2p(offset), msg)
    }

    override def incompleteInputError(msg: String) {
      val offset = source.content.length - 1
      if (smartParsing) syntaxErrors += ((offset, msg))
      else unit.incompleteInputError(o2p(offset), msg)
    }

    /** parse unit. If there are inbalanced braces,
     *  try to correct them and reparse.
     */
    def smartParse(): Tree = withSmartParsing {
      val firstTry = parse()
      if (syntaxErrors.isEmpty) firstTry
      else in.healBraces() match {
        case Nil      => showSyntaxErrors() ; firstTry
        case patches  => (this withPatches patches).parse()
      }
    }
  }

  type Location = Int
  final val Local: Location = 0
  final val InBlock: Location = 1
  final val InTemplate: Location = 2

  // These symbols may not yet be loaded (e.g. in the ide) so don't go
  // through definitions to obtain the names.
  lazy val ScalaValueClassNames = Seq(tpnme.AnyVal,
      tpnme.Unit,
      tpnme.Boolean,
      tpnme.Byte,
      tpnme.Short,
      tpnme.Char,
      tpnme.Int,
      tpnme.Long,
      tpnme.Float,
      tpnme.Double)

  import nme.raw

  abstract class Parser extends ParserCommon { parser =>
    val in: Scanner
    def unit: CompilationUnit
    def source: SourceFile

    /** Scoping operator used to temporarily look into the future.
     *  Backs up scanner data before evaluating a block and restores it after.
     */
    @inline final def lookingAhead[T](body: => T): T = {
      val saved = new ScannerData {} copyFrom in
      in.nextToken()
      try body finally in copyFrom saved
    }

    /** Perform an operation while peeking ahead.
     *  Pushback if the operation yields an empty tree or blows to pieces.
     */
    @inline def peekingAhead(tree: =>Tree): Tree = {
      @inline def peekahead() = {
        in.prev copyFrom in
        in.nextToken()
      }
      @inline def pushback() = {
        in.next copyFrom in
        in copyFrom in.prev
      }
      peekahead()
      // try it, in case it is recoverable
      val res = try tree catch { case e: Exception => pushback() ; throw e }
      if (res.isEmpty) pushback()
      res
    }

    class ParserTreeBuilder extends TreeBuilder {
      val global: self.global.type = self.global
      def unit = parser.unit
      def source = parser.source
    }
    val treeBuilder = new ParserTreeBuilder
    import treeBuilder.{global => _, unit => _, source => _, fresh => _, _}

    implicit def fresh: FreshNameCreator = unit.fresh

    def o2p(offset: Offset): Position                          = Position.offset(source, offset)
    def r2p(start: Offset, mid: Offset, end: Offset): Position = rangePos(source, start, mid, end)
    def r2p(start: Offset, mid: Offset): Position              = r2p(start, mid, in.lastOffset max start)
    def r2p(offset: Offset): Position                          = r2p(offset, offset)

    /** whether a non-continuable syntax error has been seen */
    private var lastErrorOffset : Int = -1

    /** The types of the context bounds of type parameters of the surrounding class
     */
    private var classContextBounds: List[Tree] = Nil
    @inline private def savingClassContextBounds[T](op: => T): T = {
      val saved = classContextBounds
      try op
      finally classContextBounds = saved
    }


    /** Are we inside the Scala package? Set for files that start with package scala
     */
    private var inScalaPackage = false
    private var currentPackage = ""
    def resetPackage() {
      inScalaPackage = false
      currentPackage = ""
    }
    private def inScalaRootPackage = inScalaPackage && currentPackage == "scala"

    def parseStartRule: () => Tree

    def parseRule[T](rule: this.type => T): T = {
      val t = rule(this)
      accept(EOF)
      t
    }

    /** This is the general parse entry point.
     */
    def parse(): Tree = parseRule(_.parseStartRule())

    /** These are alternative entry points for repl, script runner, toolbox and parsing in macros.
     */
    def parseStats(): List[Tree] = parseRule(_.templateStats())
    def parseStatsOrPackages(): List[Tree] = parseRule(_.templateOrTopStatSeq())

    /** This is the parse entry point for code which is not self-contained, e.g.
     *  a script which is a series of template statements.  They will be
     *  swaddled in Trees until the AST is equivalent to the one returned
     *  by compilationUnit().
     */
    def scriptBody(): Tree = {
      val stmts = parseStats()

      def mainModuleName = newTermName(settings.script.value)
      /* If there is only a single object template in the file and it has a
       * suitable main method, we will use it rather than building another object
       * around it.  Since objects are loaded lazily the whole script would have
       * been a no-op, so we're not taking much liberty.
       */
      def searchForMain(): Option[Tree] = {
        /* Have to be fairly liberal about what constitutes a main method since
         * nothing has been typed yet - for instance we can't assume the parameter
         * type will look exactly like "Array[String]" as it could have been renamed
         * via import, etc.
         */
        def isMainMethod(t: Tree) = t match {
          case DefDef(_, nme.main, Nil, List(_), _, _)  => true
          case _                                        => false
        }
        /* For now we require there only be one top level object. */
        var seenModule = false
        val newStmts = stmts collect {
          case t @ Import(_, _) => t
          case md @ ModuleDef(mods, name, template) if !seenModule && (md exists isMainMethod) =>
            seenModule = true
            /* This slightly hacky situation arises because we have no way to communicate
             * back to the scriptrunner what the name of the program is.  Even if we were
             * willing to take the sketchy route of settings.script.value = progName, that
             * does not work when using fsc.  And to find out in advance would impose a
             * whole additional parse.  So instead, if the actual object's name differs from
             * what the script is expecting, we transform it to match.
             */
            if (name == mainModuleName) md
            else treeCopy.ModuleDef(md, mods, mainModuleName, template)
          case _ =>
            /* If we see anything but the above, fail. */
            return None
        }
        Some(makeEmptyPackage(0, newStmts))
      }

      if (mainModuleName == newTermName(ScriptRunner.defaultScriptMain))
        searchForMain() foreach { return _ }

      /*  Here we are building an AST representing the following source fiction,
       *  where `moduleName` is from -Xscript (defaults to "Main") and <stmts> are
       *  the result of parsing the script file.
       *
       *  {{{
       *  object moduleName {
       *    def main(args: Array[String]): Unit =
       *      new AnyRef {
       *        stmts
       *      }
       *  }
       *  }}}
       */
      def emptyInit   = DefDef(
        NoMods,
        nme.CONSTRUCTOR,
        Nil,
        ListOfNil,
        TypeTree(),
        Block(List(Apply(gen.mkSuperInitCall, Nil)), literalUnit)
      )

      // def main
      def mainParamType = AppliedTypeTree(Ident(tpnme.Array), List(Ident(tpnme.String)))
      def mainParameter = List(ValDef(Modifiers(Flags.PARAM), nme.args, mainParamType, EmptyTree))
      def mainDef       = DefDef(NoMods, nme.main, Nil, List(mainParameter), scalaDot(tpnme.Unit), gen.mkAnonymousNew(stmts))

      // object Main
      def moduleName  = newTermName(ScriptRunner scriptMain settings)
      def moduleBody  = Template(atInPos(scalaAnyRefConstr) :: Nil, noSelfType, List(emptyInit, mainDef))
      def moduleDef   = ModuleDef(NoMods, moduleName, moduleBody)

      // package <empty> { ... }
      makeEmptyPackage(0, moduleDef :: Nil)
    }

/* --------------- PLACEHOLDERS ------------------------------------------- */

    /** The implicit parameters introduced by `_` in the current expression.
     *  Parameters appear in reverse order.
     */
    var placeholderParams: List[ValDef] = Nil

    /** The placeholderTypes introduced by `_` in the current type.
     *  Parameters appear in reverse order.
     */
    var placeholderTypes: List[TypeDef] = Nil

    def checkNoEscapingPlaceholders[T](op: => T): T = {
      val savedPlaceholderParams = placeholderParams
      val savedPlaceholderTypes = placeholderTypes
      placeholderParams = List()
      placeholderTypes = List()

      val res = op

      placeholderParams match {
        case vd :: _ =>
          syntaxError(vd.pos, "unbound placeholder parameter", skipIt = false)
          placeholderParams = List()
        case _ =>
      }
      placeholderTypes match {
        case td :: _ =>
          syntaxError(td.pos, "unbound wildcard type", skipIt = false)
          placeholderTypes = List()
        case _ =>
      }
      placeholderParams = savedPlaceholderParams
      placeholderTypes = savedPlaceholderTypes

      res
    }

    def placeholderTypeBoundary(op: => Tree): Tree = {
      val savedPlaceholderTypes = placeholderTypes
      placeholderTypes = List()
      var t = op
      if (!placeholderTypes.isEmpty && t.isInstanceOf[AppliedTypeTree]) {
        val expos = t.pos
        ensureNonOverlapping(t, placeholderTypes)
        t = atPos(expos) { ExistentialTypeTree(t, placeholderTypes.reverse) }
        placeholderTypes = List()
      }
      placeholderTypes = placeholderTypes ::: savedPlaceholderTypes
      t
    }

    def isWildcard(t: Tree): Boolean = t match {
      case Ident(name1) => !placeholderParams.isEmpty && name1 == placeholderParams.head.name
      case Typed(t1, _) => isWildcard(t1)
      case Annotated(t1, _) => isWildcard(t1)
      case _ => false
    }

/* ------------- ERROR HANDLING ------------------------------------------- */

    val assumedClosingParens = mutable.Map(RPAREN -> 0, RBRACKET -> 0, RBRACE -> 0)

    private var inFunReturnType = false
    @inline private def fromWithinReturnType[T](body: => T): T = {
      val saved = inFunReturnType
      inFunReturnType = true
      try body
      finally inFunReturnType = saved
    }

    protected def skip(targetToken: Token) {
      var nparens = 0
      var nbraces = 0
      while (true) {
        in.token match {
          case EOF =>
            return
          case SEMI =>
            if (nparens == 0 && nbraces == 0) return
          case NEWLINE =>
            if (nparens == 0 && nbraces == 0) return
          case NEWLINES =>
            if (nparens == 0 && nbraces == 0) return
          case RPAREN =>
            nparens -= 1
          case RBRACE =>
            if (nbraces == 0) return
            nbraces -= 1
          case LPAREN =>
            nparens += 1
          case LBRACE =>
            nbraces += 1
          case _ =>
        }
        if (targetToken == in.token && nparens == 0 && nbraces == 0) return
        in.nextToken()
      }
    }
    def warning(offset: Offset, msg: String): Unit
    def incompleteInputError(msg: String): Unit
    private def syntaxError(pos: Position, msg: String, skipIt: Boolean) {
      syntaxError(pos pointOrElse in.offset, msg, skipIt)
    }
    def syntaxError(offset: Offset, msg: String): Unit
    def syntaxError(msg: String, skipIt: Boolean) {
      syntaxError(in.offset, msg, skipIt)
    }

    def syntaxError(offset: Offset, msg: String, skipIt: Boolean) {
      if (offset > lastErrorOffset) {
        syntaxError(offset, msg)
        // no more errors on this token.
        lastErrorOffset = in.offset
      }
      if (skipIt)
        skip(UNDEF)
    }

    def warning(msg: String) { warning(in.offset, msg) }

    def syntaxErrorOrIncomplete(msg: String, skipIt: Boolean) {
      if (in.token == EOF)
        incompleteInputError(msg)
      else
        syntaxError(in.offset, msg, skipIt)
    }
    def syntaxErrorOrIncompleteAnd[T](msg: String, skipIt: Boolean)(and: T): T = {
      syntaxErrorOrIncomplete(msg, skipIt)
      and
    }

    def expectedMsgTemplate(exp: String, fnd: String) = s"$exp expected but $fnd found."
    def expectedMsg(token: Token): String = expectedMsgTemplate(token2string(token), token2string(in.token))

    /** Consume one token of the specified type, or signal an error if it is not there. */
    def accept(token: Token): Offset = {
      val offset = in.offset
      if (in.token != token) {
        syntaxErrorOrIncomplete(expectedMsg(token), skipIt = false)
        if ((token == RPAREN || token == RBRACE || token == RBRACKET))
          if (in.parenBalance(token) + assumedClosingParens(token) < 0)
            assumedClosingParens(token) += 1
          else
            skip(token)
        else
          skip(UNDEF)
      }
      if (in.token == token) in.nextToken()
      offset
    }

    /** {{{
     *  semi = nl {nl} | `;`
     *  nl  = `\n' // where allowed
     *  }}}
     */
    def acceptStatSep(): Unit = in.token match {
      case NEWLINE | NEWLINES => in.nextToken()
      case _                  => accept(SEMI)
    }
    def acceptStatSepOpt() =
      if (!isStatSeqEnd)
        acceptStatSep()

    def errorTypeTree    = setInPos(TypeTree() setType ErrorType)
    def errorTermTree    = setInPos(newLiteral(null))
    def errorPatternTree = setInPos(Ident(nme.WILDCARD))

    /** Check that type parameter is not by name or repeated. */
    def checkNotByNameOrVarargs(tpt: Tree) = {
      if (treeInfo isByNameParamType tpt)
        syntaxError(tpt.pos, "no by-name parameter type allowed here", skipIt = false)
      else if (treeInfo isRepeatedParamType tpt)
        syntaxError(tpt.pos, "no * parameter type allowed here", skipIt = false)
    }

/* -------------- TOKEN CLASSES ------------------------------------------- */

    def isModifier: Boolean = in.token match {
      case ABSTRACT | FINAL | SEALED | PRIVATE |
           PROTECTED | OVERRIDE | IMPLICIT | LAZY => true
      case _ => false
    }

    def isAnnotation: Boolean = in.token == AT

    def isLocalModifier: Boolean = in.token match {
      case ABSTRACT | FINAL | SEALED | IMPLICIT | LAZY => true
      case _ => false
    }

    def isTemplateIntro: Boolean = in.token match {
      case OBJECT | CASEOBJECT | CLASS | CASECLASS | TRAIT  => true
      case _                                                => false
    }
    def isDclIntro: Boolean = in.token match {
      case VAL | VAR | DEF | TYPE => true
      case _ => false
    }

    def isDefIntro = isTemplateIntro || isDclIntro

    def isNumericLit: Boolean = in.token match {
      case INTLIT | LONGLIT | FLOATLIT | DOUBLELIT => true
      case _ => false
    }

    def isIdentExcept(except: Name) = isIdent && in.name != except
    def isIdentOf(name: Name)       = isIdent && in.name == name

    def isUnaryOp  = isIdent && raw.isUnary(in.name)
    def isRawStar  = isRawIdent && in.name == raw.STAR
    def isRawBar   = isRawIdent && in.name == raw.BAR
    def isRawIdent = in.token == IDENTIFIER

    def isIdent = in.token == IDENTIFIER || in.token == BACKQUOTED_IDENT
    def isMacro = in.token == IDENTIFIER && in.name == nme.MACROkw

    def isLiteralToken(token: Token) = token match {
      case CHARLIT | INTLIT | LONGLIT | FLOATLIT | DOUBLELIT |
           STRINGLIT | INTERPOLATIONID | SYMBOLLIT | TRUE | FALSE | NULL => true
      case _                                                        => false
    }
    def isLiteral = isLiteralToken(in.token)

    def isExprIntroToken(token: Token): Boolean = isLiteralToken(token) || (token match {
      case IDENTIFIER | BACKQUOTED_IDENT |
           THIS | SUPER | IF | FOR | NEW | USCORE | TRY | WHILE |
           DO | RETURN | THROW | LPAREN | LBRACE | XMLSTART => true
      case _ => false
    })

    def isExprIntro: Boolean = isExprIntroToken(in.token)

    def isTypeIntroToken(token: Token): Boolean = token match {
      case IDENTIFIER | BACKQUOTED_IDENT | THIS |
           SUPER | USCORE | LPAREN | AT => true
      case _ => false
    }

    def isStatSeqEnd = in.token == RBRACE || in.token == EOF

    def isCaseDefEnd = in.token == RBRACE || in.token == CASE || in.token == EOF

    def isStatSep(token: Token): Boolean =
      token == NEWLINE || token == NEWLINES || token == SEMI

    def isStatSep: Boolean = isStatSep(in.token)


/* --------- COMMENT AND ATTRIBUTE COLLECTION ----------------------------- */

    /** A hook for joining the comment associated with a definition.
     *  Overridden by scaladoc.
     */
    def joinComment(trees: => List[Tree]): List[Tree] = trees

/* ---------- TREE CONSTRUCTION ------------------------------------------- */

    def atPos[T <: Tree](offset: Offset)(t: T): T                            = atPos(r2p(offset))(t)
    def atPos[T <: Tree](start: Offset, point: Offset)(t: T): T              = atPos(r2p(start, point))(t)
    def atPos[T <: Tree](start: Offset, point: Offset, end: Offset)(t: T): T = atPos(r2p(start, point, end))(t)
    def atPos[T <: Tree](pos: Position)(t: T): T                             = global.atPos(pos)(t)

    def atInPos[T <: Tree](t: T): T  = atPos(o2p(in.offset))(t)
    def setInPos[T <: Tree](t: T): T = t setPos o2p(in.offset)

    /** Convert tree to formal parameter list. */
    def convertToParams(tree: Tree): List[ValDef] = tree match {
      case Parens(ts) => ts map convertToParam
      case _          => List(convertToParam(tree))
    }

    /** Convert tree to formal parameter. */
    def convertToParam(tree: Tree): ValDef = atPos(tree.pos) {
      def removeAsPlaceholder(name: Name) {
        placeholderParams = placeholderParams filter (_.name != name)
      }
      def errorParam = makeParam(nme.ERROR, errorTypeTree setPos o2p(tree.pos.end))
      tree match {
        case Ident(name) =>
          removeAsPlaceholder(name)
          makeParam(name.toTermName, TypeTree() setPos o2p(tree.pos.end))
        case Typed(Ident(name), tpe) if tpe.isType => // get the ident!
          removeAsPlaceholder(name)
          makeParam(name.toTermName, tpe)
        case build.SyntacticTuple(as) =>
          val arity = as.length
          val example = analyzer.exampleTuplePattern(as map { case Ident(name) => name; case _ => nme.EMPTY })
          val msg =
            sm"""|not a legal formal parameter.
                 |Note: Tuples cannot be directly destructured in method or function parameters.
                 |      Either create a single parameter accepting the Tuple${arity},
                 |      or consider a pattern matching anonymous function: `{ case $example => ... }"""
          syntaxError(tree.pos, msg, skipIt = false)
          errorParam
        case _ =>
          syntaxError(tree.pos, "not a legal formal parameter", skipIt = false)
          errorParam
      }
    }

    /** Convert (qual)ident to type identifier. */
    def convertToTypeId(tree: Tree): Tree = atPos(tree.pos) {
      convertToTypeName(tree) getOrElse {
        syntaxError(tree.pos, "identifier expected", skipIt = false)
        errorTypeTree
      }
    }

    /** {{{ part { `sep` part } }}},or if sepFirst is true, {{{ { `sep` part } }}}. */
    final def tokenSeparated[T](separator: Token, sepFirst: Boolean, part: => T): List[T] = {
      val ts = new ListBuffer[T]
      if (!sepFirst)
        ts += part

      while (in.token == separator) {
        in.nextToken()
        ts += part
      }
      ts.toList
    }
    @inline final def commaSeparated[T](part: => T): List[T] = tokenSeparated(COMMA, sepFirst = false, part)
    @inline final def caseSeparated[T](part: => T): List[T] = tokenSeparated(CASE, sepFirst = true, part)
    def readAnnots(part: => Tree): List[Tree] = tokenSeparated(AT, sepFirst = true, part)

/* --------- OPERAND/OPERATOR STACK --------------------------------------- */

    /** Modes for infix types. */
    object InfixMode extends Enumeration {
      val FirstOp, LeftOp, RightOp = Value
    }

    var opstack: List[OpInfo] = Nil

    @deprecated("Use `scala.reflect.internal.Precedence`", "2.11.0")
    def precedence(operator: Name): Int = Precedence(operator.toString).level

    private def opHead = opstack.head
    private def headPrecedence = opHead.precedence
    private def popOpInfo(): OpInfo = try opHead finally opstack = opstack.tail
    private def pushOpInfo(top: Tree): Unit = {
      val name   = in.name
      val offset = in.offset
      ident()
      val targs = if (in.token == LBRACKET) exprTypeArgs() else Nil
      val opinfo = OpInfo(top, name, targs, offset)
      opstack ::= opinfo
    }

    def checkHeadAssoc(leftAssoc: Boolean) = checkAssoc(opHead.offset, opHead.operator, leftAssoc)
    def checkAssoc(offset: Offset, op: Name, leftAssoc: Boolean) = (
      if (treeInfo.isLeftAssoc(op) != leftAssoc)
        syntaxError(offset, "left- and right-associative operators with same precedence may not be mixed", skipIt = false)
    )

    def finishPostfixOp(start: Int, base: List[OpInfo], opinfo: OpInfo): Tree = {
      if (opinfo.targs.nonEmpty)
        syntaxError(opinfo.offset, "type application is not allowed for postfix operators")

      val od = stripParens(reduceExprStack(base, opinfo.lhs))
      makePostfixSelect(start, opinfo.offset, od, opinfo.operator)
    }

    def finishBinaryOp(isExpr: Boolean, opinfo: OpInfo, rhs: Tree): Tree = {
      import opinfo._
      val operatorPos: Position = Position.range(rhs.pos.source, offset, offset, offset + operator.length)
      val pos                   = lhs.pos union rhs.pos union operatorPos withPoint offset

      atPos(pos)(makeBinop(isExpr, lhs, operator, rhs, operatorPos, opinfo.targs))
    }

    def reduceExprStack(base: List[OpInfo], top: Tree): Tree    = reduceStack(isExpr = true, base, top)
    def reducePatternStack(base: List[OpInfo], top: Tree): Tree = reduceStack(isExpr = false, base, top)

    def reduceStack(isExpr: Boolean, base: List[OpInfo], top: Tree): Tree = {
      val opPrecedence = if (isIdent) Precedence(in.name.toString) else Precedence(0)
      val leftAssoc    = !isIdent || (treeInfo isLeftAssoc in.name)

      reduceStack(isExpr, base, top, opPrecedence, leftAssoc)
    }

    def reduceStack(isExpr: Boolean, base: List[OpInfo], top: Tree, opPrecedence: Precedence, leftAssoc: Boolean): Tree = {
      def isDone          = opstack == base
      def lowerPrecedence = !isDone && (opPrecedence < headPrecedence)
      def samePrecedence  = !isDone && (opPrecedence == headPrecedence)
      def canReduce       = lowerPrecedence || leftAssoc && samePrecedence

      if (samePrecedence)
        checkHeadAssoc(leftAssoc)

      def loop(top: Tree): Tree = if (canReduce) {
        val info = popOpInfo()
        if (!isExpr && info.targs.nonEmpty) {
          syntaxError(info.offset, "type application is not allowed in pattern")
          info.targs.foreach(_.setType(ErrorType))
        }
        loop(finishBinaryOp(isExpr, info, top))
      } else top

      loop(top)
    }

/* -------- IDENTIFIERS AND LITERALS ------------------------------------------- */

    /** Methods which implicitly propagate the context in which they were
     *  called: either in a pattern context or not.  Formerly, this was
     *  threaded through numerous methods as boolean isPattern.
     */
    trait PatternContextSensitive {
      /** {{{
       *  ArgType       ::=  Type
       *  }}}
       */
      def argType(): Tree
      def functionArgType(): Tree

      private def tupleInfixType(start: Offset) = {
        in.nextToken()
        if (in.token == RPAREN) {
          in.nextToken()
          atPos(start, accept(ARROW)) { makeFunctionTypeTree(Nil, typ()) }
        }
        else {
          val ts = functionTypes()
          accept(RPAREN)
          if (in.token == ARROW)
            atPos(start, in.skipToken()) { makeFunctionTypeTree(ts, typ()) }
          else {
            ts foreach checkNotByNameOrVarargs
            val tuple = atPos(start) { makeTupleType(ts) }
            infixTypeRest(
              compoundTypeRest(
                annotTypeRest(
                  simpleTypeRest(
                    tuple))),
              InfixMode.FirstOp
            )
          }
        }
      }
      private def makeExistentialTypeTree(t: Tree) = {
        // EmptyTrees in the result of refinement() stand for parse errors
        // so it's okay for us to filter them out here
        ExistentialTypeTree(t, refinement() flatMap {
          case t @ TypeDef(_, _, _, TypeBoundsTree(_, _)) => Some(t)
          case t @ ValDef(_, _, _, EmptyTree) => Some(t)
          case EmptyTree => None
          case _ => syntaxError(t.pos, "not a legal existential clause", skipIt = false); None
        })
      }

      /** {{{
       *  Type ::= InfixType `=>' Type
       *         | `(' [`=>' Type] `)' `=>' Type
       *         | InfixType [ExistentialClause]
       *  ExistentialClause ::= forSome `{' ExistentialDcl {semi ExistentialDcl}} `}'
       *  ExistentialDcl    ::= type TypeDcl | val ValDcl
       *  }}}
       */
      def typ(): Tree = placeholderTypeBoundary {
        val start = in.offset
        val t =
          if (in.token == LPAREN) tupleInfixType(start)
          else infixType(InfixMode.FirstOp)

        in.token match {
          case ARROW    => atPos(start, in.skipToken()) { makeFunctionTypeTree(List(t), typ()) }
          case FORSOME  => atPos(start, in.skipToken()) { makeExistentialTypeTree(t) }
          case _        => t
        }
      }

      /** {{{
       *  TypeArgs    ::= `[' ArgType {`,' ArgType} `]'
       *  }}}
       */
      def typeArgs(): List[Tree] = inBrackets(types())

      /** {{{
       *  AnnotType        ::=  SimpleType {Annotation}
       *  }}}
       */
      def annotType(): Tree = placeholderTypeBoundary { annotTypeRest(simpleType()) }

      /** {{{
       *  SimpleType       ::=  SimpleType TypeArgs
       *                     |  SimpleType `#' Id
       *                     |  StableId
       *                     |  Path `.' type
       *                     |  `(' Types `)'
       *                     |  WildcardType
       *  }}}
       */
      def simpleType(): Tree = {
        val start = in.offset
        simpleTypeRest(in.token match {
          case LPAREN   => atPos(start)(makeTupleType(inParens(types())))
          case USCORE   => wildcardType(in.skipToken())
          case _        =>
            path(thisOK = false, typeOK = true) match {
              case r @ SingletonTypeTree(_) => r
              case r => convertToTypeId(r)
            }
        })
      }

      private def typeProjection(t: Tree): Tree = {
        val hashOffset = in.skipToken()
        val nameOffset = in.offset
        val name       = identForType(skipIt = false)
        val point      = if (name == tpnme.ERROR) hashOffset else nameOffset
        atPos(t.pos.start, point)(SelectFromTypeTree(t, name))
      }
      def simpleTypeRest(t: Tree): Tree = in.token match {
        case HASH     => simpleTypeRest(typeProjection(t))
        case LBRACKET => simpleTypeRest(atPos(t.pos.start, t.pos.point)(AppliedTypeTree(t, typeArgs())))
        case _        => t
      }

      /** {{{
       *  CompoundType ::= AnnotType {with AnnotType} [Refinement]
       *                |  Refinement
       *  }}}
       */
      def compoundType(): Tree = compoundTypeRest(
        if (in.token == LBRACE) atInPos(scalaAnyRefConstr)
        else annotType()
      )

      def compoundTypeRest(t: Tree): Tree = {
        val ts = new ListBuffer[Tree] += t
        while (in.token == WITH) {
          in.nextToken()
          ts += annotType()
        }
        newLineOptWhenFollowedBy(LBRACE)
        val types         = ts.toList
        val braceOffset   = in.offset
        val hasRefinement = in.token == LBRACE
        val refinements   = if (hasRefinement) refinement() else Nil
        // Warn if they are attempting to refine Unit; we can't be certain it's
        // scala.Unit they're refining because at this point all we have is an
        // identifier, but at a later stage we lose the ability to tell an empty
        // refinement from no refinement at all.  See bug #284.
        if (hasRefinement) types match {
          case Ident(name) :: Nil if name endsWith "Unit" => warning(braceOffset, "Detected apparent refinement of Unit; are you missing an '=' sign?")
          case _                                          =>
        }
        // The second case includes an empty refinement - refinements is empty, but
        // it still gets a CompoundTypeTree.
        ts.toList match {
          case tp :: Nil if !hasRefinement => tp  // single type, no refinement, already positioned
          case tps                         => atPos(t.pos.start)(CompoundTypeTree(Template(tps, noSelfType, refinements)))
        }
      }

      def infixTypeRest(t: Tree, mode: InfixMode.Value): Tree = {
        // Detect postfix star for repeated args.
        // Only RPAREN can follow, but accept COMMA and EQUALS for error's sake.
        // Take RBRACE as a paren typo.
        def checkRepeatedParam = if (isRawStar) {
          lookingAhead (in.token match {
            case RPAREN | COMMA | EQUALS | RBRACE => t
            case _                                => EmptyTree
          })
        } else EmptyTree
        def asInfix = {
          val opOffset  = in.offset
          val leftAssoc = treeInfo.isLeftAssoc(in.name)
          if (mode != InfixMode.FirstOp)
            checkAssoc(opOffset, in.name, leftAssoc = mode == InfixMode.LeftOp)
          val tycon = atPos(opOffset) { Ident(identForType()) }
          newLineOptWhenFollowing(isTypeIntroToken)
          def mkOp(t1: Tree) = atPos(t.pos.start, opOffset) { AppliedTypeTree(tycon, List(t, t1)) }
          if (leftAssoc)
            infixTypeRest(mkOp(compoundType()), InfixMode.LeftOp)
          else
            mkOp(infixType(InfixMode.RightOp))
        }
        if (isIdent) checkRepeatedParam orElse asInfix
        else t
      }

      /** {{{
       *  InfixType ::= CompoundType {id [nl] CompoundType}
       *  }}}
       */
      def infixType(mode: InfixMode.Value): Tree =
        placeholderTypeBoundary { infixTypeRest(compoundType(), mode) }

      /** {{{
       *  Types ::= Type {`,' Type}
       *  }}}
       */
      def types(): List[Tree] = commaSeparated(argType())
      def functionTypes(): List[Tree] = commaSeparated(functionArgType())
    }

    /** Assumed (provisionally) to be TermNames. */
    def ident(skipIt: Boolean): Name = (
      if (isIdent) {
        val name = in.name.encode
        in.nextToken()
        name
      }
      else syntaxErrorOrIncompleteAnd(expectedMsg(IDENTIFIER), skipIt)(nme.ERROR)
    )

    def ident(): Name = ident(skipIt = true)
    def rawIdent(): Name = try in.name finally in.nextToken()

    /** For when it's known already to be a type name. */
    def identForType(): TypeName = ident().toTypeName
    def identForType(skipIt: Boolean): TypeName = ident(skipIt).toTypeName

    def identOrMacro(): Name = if (isMacro) rawIdent() else ident()

    def selector(t: Tree): Tree = {
      val point = in.offset
      //assert(t.pos.isDefined, t)
      if (t != EmptyTree)
        Select(t, ident(skipIt = false)) setPos r2p(t.pos.start, point, in.lastOffset)
      else
        errorTermTree // has already been reported
    }

    /** {{{
     *  Path       ::= StableId
     *              |  [Ident `.'] this
     *  AnnotType ::= Path [`.' type]
     *  }}}
     */
    def path(thisOK: Boolean, typeOK: Boolean): Tree = {
      val start = in.offset
      var t: Tree = null
      if (in.token == THIS) {
        in.nextToken()
        t = atPos(start) { This(tpnme.EMPTY) }
        if (!thisOK || in.token == DOT) {
          t = selectors(t, typeOK, accept(DOT))
        }
      } else if (in.token == SUPER) {
        in.nextToken()
        t = atPos(start) { Super(This(tpnme.EMPTY), mixinQualifierOpt()) }
        accept(DOT)
        t = selector(t)
        if (in.token == DOT) t = selectors(t, typeOK, in.skipToken())
      } else {
        val tok = in.token
        val name = ident()
        t = atPos(start) {
          if (tok == BACKQUOTED_IDENT) Ident(name) updateAttachment BackquotedIdentifierAttachment
          else Ident(name)
        }
        if (in.token == DOT) {
          val dotOffset = in.skipToken()
          if (in.token == THIS) {
            in.nextToken()
            t = atPos(start) { This(name.toTypeName) }
            if (!thisOK || in.token == DOT)
              t = selectors(t, typeOK, accept(DOT))
          } else if (in.token == SUPER) {
            in.nextToken()
            t = atPos(start) { Super(This(name.toTypeName), mixinQualifierOpt()) }
            accept(DOT)
            t = selector(t)
            if (in.token == DOT) t = selectors(t, typeOK, in.skipToken())
          } else {
            t = selectors(t, typeOK, dotOffset)
          }
        }
      }
      t
    }

    def selectors(t: Tree, typeOK: Boolean, dotOffset: Offset): Tree =
      if (typeOK && in.token == TYPE) {
        in.nextToken()
        atPos(t.pos.start, dotOffset) { SingletonTypeTree(t) }
      }
      else {
        val t1 = selector(t)
        if (in.token == DOT) { selectors(t1, typeOK, in.skipToken()) }
        else t1
      }

    /** {{{
    *   MixinQualifier ::= `[' Id `]'
    *   }}}
    */
    def mixinQualifierOpt(): TypeName =
      if (in.token == LBRACKET) inBrackets(identForType())
      else tpnme.EMPTY

    /** {{{
     *  StableId ::= Id
     *            |  Path `.' Id
     *            |  [id `.'] super [`[' id `]']`.' id
     *  }}}
     */
    def stableId(): Tree =
      path(thisOK = false, typeOK = false)

    /** {{{
    *   QualId ::= Id {`.' Id}
    *   }}}
    */
    def qualId(): Tree = {
      val start = in.offset
      val id = atPos(start) { Ident(ident()) }
      if (in.token == DOT) { selectors(id, typeOK = false, in.skipToken()) }
      else id
    }
    /** Calls `qualId()` and manages some package state. */
    private def pkgQualId() = {
      if (in.token == IDENTIFIER && in.name.encode == nme.scala_)
        inScalaPackage = true

      val pkg = qualId()
      newLineOptWhenFollowedBy(LBRACE)

      if (currentPackage == "") currentPackage = pkg.toString
      else currentPackage = currentPackage + "." + pkg

      pkg
    }

    /** {{{
     *  SimpleExpr    ::= literal
     *                  | symbol
     *                  | null
     *  }}}
     */
    def literal(isNegated: Boolean = false, inPattern: Boolean = false, start: Offset = in.offset): Tree = atPos(start) {
      def finish(value: Any): Tree = try newLiteral(value) finally in.nextToken()
      if (in.token == SYMBOLLIT)
        Apply(scalaDot(nme.Symbol), List(finish(in.strVal)))
      else if (in.token == INTERPOLATIONID)
        interpolatedString(inPattern = inPattern)
      else finish(in.token match {
        case CHARLIT                => in.charVal
        case INTLIT                 => in.intVal(isNegated).toInt
        case LONGLIT                => in.intVal(isNegated)
        case FLOATLIT               => in.floatVal(isNegated).toFloat
        case DOUBLELIT              => in.floatVal(isNegated)
        case STRINGLIT | STRINGPART => in.strVal.intern()
        case TRUE                   => true
        case FALSE                  => false
        case NULL                   => null
        case _                      => syntaxErrorOrIncompleteAnd("illegal literal", skipIt = true)(null)
      })
    }

    /** Handle placeholder syntax.
     *  If evaluating the tree produces placeholders, then make it a function.
     */
    private def withPlaceholders(tree: =>Tree, isAny: Boolean): Tree = {
      val savedPlaceholderParams = placeholderParams
      placeholderParams = List()
      var res = tree
      if (placeholderParams.nonEmpty && !isWildcard(res)) {
        res = atPos(res.pos)(Function(placeholderParams.reverse, res))
        if (isAny) placeholderParams foreach (_.tpt match {
          case tpt @ TypeTree() => tpt setType definitions.AnyTpe
          case _                => // some ascription
        })
        placeholderParams = List()
      }
      placeholderParams = placeholderParams ::: savedPlaceholderParams
      res
    }

    /** Consume a USCORE and create a fresh synthetic placeholder param. */
    private def freshPlaceholder(): Tree = {
      val start = in.offset
      val pname = freshTermName()
      in.nextToken()
      val id = atPos(start)(Ident(pname))
      val param = atPos(id.pos.focus)(gen.mkSyntheticParam(pname.toTermName))
      placeholderParams = param :: placeholderParams
      id
    }

    private def interpolatedString(inPattern: Boolean): Tree = {
      def errpolation() = syntaxErrorOrIncompleteAnd("error in interpolated string: identifier or block expected",
                                                     skipIt = true)(EmptyTree)
      // Like Swiss cheese, with holes
      def stringCheese: Tree = atPos(in.offset) {
        val start = in.offset
        val interpolator = in.name.encoded // ident() for INTERPOLATIONID

        val partsBuf = new ListBuffer[Tree]
        val exprBuf = new ListBuffer[Tree]
        in.nextToken()
        while (in.token == STRINGPART) {
          partsBuf += literal()
          exprBuf += (
            if (inPattern) dropAnyBraces(pattern())
            else in.token match {
              case IDENTIFIER => atPos(in.offset)(Ident(ident()))
              //case USCORE   => freshPlaceholder()  // ifonly etapolation
              case LBRACE     => expr()              // dropAnyBraces(expr0(Local))
              case THIS       => in.nextToken(); atPos(in.offset)(This(tpnme.EMPTY))
              case _          => errpolation()
            }
          )
        }
        if (in.token == STRINGLIT) partsBuf += literal()

        val t1 = atPos(o2p(start)) { Ident(nme.StringContext) }
        val t2 = atPos(start) { Apply(t1, partsBuf.toList) }
        t2 setPos t2.pos.makeTransparent
        val t3 = Select(t2, interpolator) setPos t2.pos
        atPos(start) { Apply(t3, exprBuf.toList) }
      }
      if (inPattern) stringCheese
      else withPlaceholders(stringCheese, isAny = true) // strinterpolator params are Any* by definition
    }

/* ------------- NEW LINES ------------------------------------------------- */

    def newLineOpt() {
      if (in.token == NEWLINE) in.nextToken()
    }

    def newLinesOpt() {
      if (in.token == NEWLINE || in.token == NEWLINES)
        in.nextToken()
    }

    def newLineOptWhenFollowedBy(token: Offset) {
      // note: next is defined here because current == NEWLINE
      if (in.token == NEWLINE && in.next.token == token) newLineOpt()
    }

    def newLineOptWhenFollowing(p: Token => Boolean) {
      // note: next is defined here because current == NEWLINE
      if (in.token == NEWLINE && p(in.next.token)) newLineOpt()
    }

/* ------------- TYPES ---------------------------------------------------- */

    /** {{{
     *  TypedOpt ::= [`:' Type]
     *  }}}
     */
    def typedOpt(): Tree =
      if (in.token == COLON) { in.nextToken(); typ() }
      else TypeTree()

    def typeOrInfixType(location: Location): Tree =
      if (location == Local) typ()
      else startInfixType()

    def annotTypeRest(t: Tree): Tree =
      (t /: annotations(skipNewLines = false)) (makeAnnotated)

    /** {{{
     *  WildcardType ::= `_' TypeBounds
     *  }}}
     */
    def wildcardType(start: Offset) = {
      val pname = freshTypeName("_$")
      val t = atPos(start)(Ident(pname))
      val bounds = typeBounds()
      val param = atPos(t.pos union bounds.pos) { makeSyntheticTypeParam(pname, bounds) }
      placeholderTypes = param :: placeholderTypes
      t
    }

/* ----------- EXPRESSIONS ------------------------------------------------ */

    def condExpr(): Tree = {
      if (in.token == LPAREN) {
        in.nextToken()
        val r = expr()
        accept(RPAREN)
        r
      } else {
        accept(LPAREN)
        newLiteral(true)
      }
    }

    /* hook for IDE, unlike expression can be stubbed
     * don't use for any tree that can be inspected in the parser!
     */
    def statement(location: Location): Tree = expr(location) // !!! still needed?

    /** {{{
     *  Expr       ::= (Bindings | [`implicit'] Id | `_')  `=>' Expr
     *               | Expr1
     *  ResultExpr ::= (Bindings | Id `:' CompoundType) `=>' Block
     *               | Expr1
     *  Expr1      ::= if `(' Expr `)' {nl} Expr [[semi] else Expr]
     *               | try (`{' Block `}' | Expr) [catch `{' CaseClauses `}'] [finally Expr]
     *               | while `(' Expr `)' {nl} Expr
     *               | do Expr [semi] while `(' Expr `)'
     *               | for (`(' Enumerators `)' | `{' Enumerators `}') {nl} [yield] Expr
     *               | throw Expr
     *               | return [Expr]
     *               | [SimpleExpr `.'] Id `=' Expr
     *               | SimpleExpr1 ArgumentExprs `=' Expr
     *               | PostfixExpr Ascription
     *               | PostfixExpr match `{' CaseClauses `}'
     *  Bindings   ::= `(' [Binding {`,' Binding}] `)'
     *  Binding    ::= (Id | `_') [`:' Type]
     *  Ascription ::= `:' CompoundType
     *               | `:' Annotation {Annotation}
     *               | `:' `_' `*'
     *  }}}
     */
    def expr(): Tree = expr(Local)

    def expr(location: Location): Tree = withPlaceholders(expr0(location), isAny = false)

    def expr0(location: Location): Tree = (in.token: @scala.annotation.switch) match {
      case IF =>
        def parseIf = atPos(in.skipToken()) {
          val cond = condExpr()
          newLinesOpt()
          val thenp = expr()
          val elsep = if (in.token == ELSE) { in.nextToken(); expr() }
          else literalUnit
          If(cond, thenp, elsep)
        }
        parseIf
      case TRY =>
        def parseTry = atPos(in.skipToken()) {
          val body = in.token match {
            case LBRACE => inBracesOrUnit(block())
            case LPAREN => inParensOrUnit(expr())
            case _ => expr()
          }
          def catchFromExpr() = List(makeCatchFromExpr(expr()))
          val catches: List[CaseDef] =
            if (in.token != CATCH) Nil
            else {
              in.nextToken()
              if (in.token != LBRACE) catchFromExpr()
              else inBracesOrNil {
                if (in.token == CASE) caseClauses()
                else catchFromExpr()
              }
            }
          val finalizer = in.token match {
            case FINALLY => in.nextToken(); expr()
            case _ => EmptyTree
          }
          Try(body, catches, finalizer)
        }
        parseTry
      case WHILE =>
        def parseWhile = {
          val start = in.offset
          atPos(in.skipToken()) {
            val cond = condExpr()
            newLinesOpt()
            val body = expr()
            makeWhile(start, cond, body)
          }
        }
        parseWhile
      case DO =>
        def parseDo = {
          atPos(in.skipToken()) {
            val lname: Name = freshTermName(nme.DO_WHILE_PREFIX)
            val body = expr()
            if (isStatSep) in.nextToken()
            accept(WHILE)
            val cond = condExpr()
            makeDoWhile(lname.toTermName, body, cond)
          }
        }
        parseDo
      case FOR =>
        val start = in.skipToken()
        def parseFor = atPos(start) {
          val enums =
            if (in.token == LBRACE) inBracesOrNil(enumerators())
            else inParensOrNil(enumerators())
          newLinesOpt()
          if (in.token == YIELD) {
            in.nextToken()
            gen.mkFor(enums, gen.Yield(expr()))
          } else {
            gen.mkFor(enums, expr())
          }
        }
        def adjustStart(tree: Tree) =
          if (tree.pos.isRange && start < tree.pos.start)
            tree setPos tree.pos.withStart(start)
          else tree
        adjustStart(parseFor)
      case RETURN =>
        def parseReturn =
          atPos(in.skipToken()) {
            Return(if (isExprIntro) expr() else literalUnit)
          }
        parseReturn
      case THROW =>
        def parseThrow =
          atPos(in.skipToken()) {
            Throw(expr())
          }
        parseThrow
      case IMPLICIT =>
        implicitClosure(in.skipToken(), location)
      case _ =>
        def parseOther = {
          var t = postfixExpr()
          if (in.token == EQUALS) {
            t match {
              case Ident(_) | Select(_, _) | Apply(_, _) =>
                t = atPos(t.pos.start, in.skipToken()) { gen.mkAssign(t, expr()) }
              case _ =>
            }
          } else if (in.token == COLON) {
            t = stripParens(t)
            val colonPos = in.skipToken()
            if (in.token == USCORE) {
              //todo: need to handle case where USCORE is a wildcard in a type
              val uscorePos = in.skipToken()
              if (isIdent && in.name == nme.STAR) {
                in.nextToken()
                t = atPos(t.pos.start, colonPos) {
                  Typed(t, atPos(uscorePos) { Ident(tpnme.WILDCARD_STAR) })
                }
              } else {
                syntaxErrorOrIncomplete("`*' expected", skipIt = true)
              }
            } else if (isAnnotation) {
              t = (t /: annotations(skipNewLines = false))(makeAnnotated)
            } else {
              t = atPos(t.pos.start, colonPos) {
                val tpt = typeOrInfixType(location)
                if (isWildcard(t))
                  (placeholderParams: @unchecked) match {
                    case (vd @ ValDef(mods, name, _, _)) :: rest =>
                      placeholderParams = treeCopy.ValDef(vd, mods, name, tpt.duplicate, EmptyTree) :: rest
                  }
                // this does not correspond to syntax, but is necessary to
                // accept closures. We might restrict closures to be between {...} only.
                Typed(t, tpt)
              }
            }
          } else if (in.token == MATCH) {
            t = atPos(t.pos.start, in.skipToken())(Match(stripParens(t), inBracesOrNil(caseClauses())))
          }
          // in order to allow anonymous functions as statements (as opposed to expressions) inside
          // templates, we have to disambiguate them from self type declarations - bug #1565
          // The case still missed is unparenthesized single argument, like "x: Int => x + 1", which
          // may be impossible to distinguish from a self-type and so remains an error.  (See #1564)
          def lhsIsTypedParamList() = t match {
            case Parens(xs) if xs.forall(isTypedParam) => true
            case _ => false
          }
          if (in.token == ARROW && (location != InTemplate || lhsIsTypedParamList)) {
            t = atPos(t.pos.start, in.skipToken()) {
              Function(convertToParams(t), if (location != InBlock) expr() else block())
            }
          }
          stripParens(t)
        }
        parseOther
    }

    def isTypedParam(t: Tree) = t.isInstanceOf[Typed]

    /** {{{
     *  Expr ::= implicit Id => Expr
     *  }}}
     */

    def implicitClosure(start: Offset, location: Location): Tree = {
      val param0 = convertToParam {
        atPos(in.offset) {
          Ident(ident()) match {
            case expr if in.token == COLON  =>
              in.nextToken() ; Typed(expr, typeOrInfixType(location))
            case expr => expr
          }
        }
      }
      val param = copyValDef(param0)(mods = param0.mods | Flags.IMPLICIT)
      atPos(start, in.offset) {
        accept(ARROW)
        Function(List(param), if (location != InBlock) expr() else block())
      }
    }

    /** {{{
     *  PostfixExpr   ::= InfixExpr [Id [nl]]
     *  InfixExpr     ::= PrefixExpr
     *                  | InfixExpr Id [nl] InfixExpr
     *  }}}
     */
    def postfixExpr(): Tree = {
      val start = in.offset
      val base  = opstack

      def loop(top: Tree): Tree = if (!isIdent) top else {
        pushOpInfo(reduceExprStack(base, top))
        newLineOptWhenFollowing(isExprIntroToken)
        if (isExprIntro)
          prefixExpr() match {
            case EmptyTree => reduceExprStack(base, top)
            case next      => loop(next)
          }
        else finishPostfixOp(start, base, popOpInfo())
      }

      reduceExprStack(base, loop(prefixExpr()))
    }

    /** {{{
     *  PrefixExpr   ::= [`-' | `+' | `~' | `!' | `&'] SimpleExpr
     *  }}}
     */
    def prefixExpr(): Tree = {
      if (isUnaryOp) {
        atPos(in.offset) {
          val name = nme.toUnaryName(rawIdent().toTermName)
          if (name == nme.UNARY_- && isNumericLit)
            simpleExprRest(literal(isNegated = true), canApply = true)
          else
            Select(stripParens(simpleExpr()), name)
        }
      }
      else simpleExpr()
    }
    def xmlLiteral(): Tree

    /** {{{
     *  SimpleExpr    ::= new (ClassTemplate | TemplateBody)
     *                  |  BlockExpr
     *                  |  SimpleExpr1 [`_']
     *  SimpleExpr1   ::= literal
     *                  |  xLiteral
     *                  |  Path
     *                  |  `(' [Exprs] `)'
     *                  |  SimpleExpr `.' Id
     *                  |  SimpleExpr TypeArgs
     *                  |  SimpleExpr1 ArgumentExprs
     *  }}}
     */
    def simpleExpr(): Tree = {
      var canApply = true
      val t =
        if (isLiteral) literal()
        else in.token match {
          case XMLSTART =>
            xmlLiteral()
          case IDENTIFIER | BACKQUOTED_IDENT | THIS | SUPER =>
            path(thisOK = true, typeOK = false)
          case USCORE =>
            freshPlaceholder()
          case LPAREN =>
            atPos(in.offset)(makeParens(commaSeparated(expr())))
          case LBRACE =>
            canApply = false
            blockExpr()
          case NEW =>
            canApply = false
            val nstart = in.skipToken()
            val npos = r2p(nstart, nstart, in.lastOffset)
            val tstart = in.offset
            val (parents, self, stats) = template()
            val cpos = r2p(tstart, tstart, in.lastOffset max tstart)
            gen.mkNew(parents, self, stats, npos, cpos)
          case _ =>
            syntaxErrorOrIncompleteAnd("illegal start of simple expression", skipIt = true)(errorTermTree)
        }
      simpleExprRest(t, canApply = canApply)
    }

    def simpleExprRest(t: Tree, canApply: Boolean): Tree = {
      if (canApply) newLineOptWhenFollowedBy(LBRACE)
      in.token match {
        case DOT =>
          in.nextToken()
          simpleExprRest(selector(stripParens(t)), canApply = true)
        case LBRACKET =>
          val t1 = stripParens(t)
          t1 match {
            case Ident(_) | Select(_, _) | Apply(_, _) =>
              var app: Tree = t1
              while (in.token == LBRACKET)
                app = atPos(app.pos.start, in.offset)(TypeApply(app, exprTypeArgs()))

              simpleExprRest(app, canApply = true)
            case _ =>
              t1
          }
        case LPAREN | LBRACE if (canApply) =>
          val app = atPos(t.pos.start, in.offset) {
            // look for anonymous function application like (f _)(x) and
            // translate to (f _).apply(x), bug #460
            val sel = t match {
              case Parens(List(Typed(_, _: Function))) =>
                Select(stripParens(t), nme.apply)
              case _ =>
                stripParens(t)
            }
            Apply(sel, argumentExprs())
          }
          simpleExprRest(app, canApply = true)
        case USCORE =>
          atPos(t.pos.start, in.skipToken()) {
            Typed(stripParens(t), Function(Nil, EmptyTree))
          }
        case _ =>
          t
      }
    }

    /** {{{
     *  ArgumentExprs ::= `(' [Exprs] `)'
     *                  | [nl] BlockExpr
     *  }}}
     */
    def argumentExprs(): List[Tree] = {
      def args(): List[Tree] = commaSeparated(
        if (isIdent) treeInfo.assignmentToMaybeNamedArg(expr()) else expr()
      )
      in.token match {
        case LBRACE   => List(blockExpr())
        case LPAREN   => inParens(if (in.token == RPAREN) Nil else args())
        case _        => Nil
      }
    }
    /** A succession of argument lists. */
    def multipleArgumentExprs(): List[List[Tree]] = {
      if (in.token != LPAREN) Nil
      else argumentExprs() :: multipleArgumentExprs()
    }

    /** {{{
     *  BlockExpr ::= `{' (CaseClauses | Block) `}'
     *  }}}
     */
    def blockExpr(): Tree = atPos(in.offset) {
      inBraces {
        if (in.token == CASE) Match(EmptyTree, caseClauses())
        else block()
      }
    }

    /** {{{
     *  Block ::= BlockStatSeq
     *  }}}
     *  @note  Return tree does not carry position.
     */
    def block(): Tree = makeBlock(blockStatSeq())

    def caseClause(): CaseDef =
      atPos(in.offset)(makeCaseDef(pattern(), guard(), caseBlock()))

    /** {{{
     *  CaseClauses ::= CaseClause {CaseClause}
     *  CaseClause  ::= case Pattern [Guard] `=>' Block
     *  }}}
     */
    def caseClauses(): List[CaseDef] = {
      val cases = caseSeparated { caseClause() }
      if (cases.isEmpty)  // trigger error if there are no cases
        accept(CASE)

      cases
    }

    // IDE HOOK (so we can memoize case blocks) // needed?
    def caseBlock(): Tree =
      atPos(accept(ARROW))(block())

    /** {{{
     *  Guard ::= if PostfixExpr
     *  }}}
     */
    def guard(): Tree =
      if (in.token == IF) { in.nextToken(); stripParens(postfixExpr()) }
      else EmptyTree

    /** {{{
     *  Enumerators ::= Generator {semi Enumerator}
     *  Enumerator  ::=  Generator
     *                |  Guard
     *                |  val Pattern1 `=' Expr
     *  }}}
     */
    def enumerators(): List[Tree] = {
      val enums = new ListBuffer[Tree]
      enums ++= enumerator(isFirst = true)
      while (isStatSep) {
        in.nextToken()
        enums ++= enumerator(isFirst = false)
      }
      enums.toList
    }

    def enumerator(isFirst: Boolean, allowNestedIf: Boolean = true): List[Tree] =
      if (in.token == IF && !isFirst) makeFilter(in.offset, guard()) :: Nil
      else generator(!isFirst, allowNestedIf)

    /** {{{
     *  Generator ::= Pattern1 (`<-' | `=') Expr [Guard]
     *  }}}
     */
    def generator(eqOK: Boolean, allowNestedIf: Boolean = true): List[Tree] = {
      val start  = in.offset
      val hasVal = in.token == VAL
      if (hasVal)
        in.nextToken()

      val pat   = noSeq.pattern1()
      val point = in.offset
      val hasEq = in.token == EQUALS

      if (hasVal) {
        if (hasEq) deprecationWarning(in.offset, "val keyword in for comprehension is deprecated")
        else syntaxError(in.offset, "val in for comprehension must be followed by assignment")
      }

      if (hasEq && eqOK) in.nextToken()
      else accept(LARROW)
      val rhs = expr()

      def loop(): List[Tree] =
        if (in.token != IF) Nil
        else makeFilter(in.offset, guard()) :: loop()

      val tail =
        if (allowNestedIf) loop()
        else Nil

      // why max? IDE stress tests have shown that lastOffset could be less than start,
      // I guess this happens if instead if a for-expression we sit on a closing paren.
      val genPos = r2p(start, point, in.lastOffset max start)
      gen.mkGenerator(genPos, pat, hasEq, rhs) :: tail
    }

    def makeFilter(start: Offset, tree: Tree) = gen.Filter(tree).setPos(r2p(start, tree.pos.point, tree.pos.end))

/* -------- PATTERNS ------------------------------------------- */

    /** Methods which implicitly propagate whether the initial call took
     *  place in a context where sequences are allowed.  Formerly, this
     *  was threaded through methods as boolean seqOK.
     */
    trait SeqContextSensitive extends PatternContextSensitive {
      // is a sequence pattern _* allowed?
      def isSequenceOK: Boolean

      // are we in an XML pattern?
      def isXML: Boolean = false

      def functionArgType(): Tree = argType()
      def argType(): Tree = {
        val start = in.offset
        in.token match {
          case USCORE =>
            in.nextToken()
            if (in.token == SUBTYPE || in.token == SUPERTYPE) wildcardType(start)
            else atPos(start) { Bind(tpnme.WILDCARD, EmptyTree) }
          case _ =>
            typ() match {
              case Ident(name: TypeName) if nme.isVariableName(name) =>
                atPos(start) { Bind(name, EmptyTree) }
              case t => t
            }
        }
      }

      /** {{{
       *  Patterns ::= Pattern { `,' Pattern }
       *  SeqPatterns ::= SeqPattern { `,' SeqPattern }
       *  }}}
       */
      def patterns(): List[Tree] = commaSeparated(pattern())

      /** {{{
       *  Pattern  ::=  Pattern1 { `|' Pattern1 }
       *  SeqPattern ::= SeqPattern1 { `|' SeqPattern1 }
       *  }}}
       */
      def pattern(): Tree = {
        val start = in.offset
        def loop(): List[Tree] = pattern1() :: {
          if (isRawBar) { in.nextToken() ; loop() }
          else Nil
        }
        loop() match {
          case pat :: Nil => pat
          case xs         => atPos(start)(makeAlternative(xs))
        }
      }

      /** {{{
       *  Pattern1    ::= varid `:' TypePat
       *                |  `_' `:' TypePat
       *                |  Pattern2
       *  SeqPattern1 ::= varid `:' TypePat
       *                |  `_' `:' TypePat
       *                |  [SeqPattern2]
       *  }}}
       */
      def pattern1(): Tree = pattern2() match {
        case p @ Ident(name) if in.token == COLON =>
          if (treeInfo.isVarPattern(p))
            atPos(p.pos.start, in.skipToken())(Typed(p, compoundType()))
          else {
            syntaxError(in.offset, "Pattern variables must start with a lower-case letter. (SLS 8.1.1.)")
            p
          }
        case p => p
      }

      /** {{{
       *  Pattern2    ::=  varid [ @ Pattern3 ]
       *                |   Pattern3
       *  SeqPattern2 ::=  varid [ @ SeqPattern3 ]
       *                |   SeqPattern3
       *  }}}
       */
      def pattern2(): Tree = {
        val p = pattern3()

        if (in.token != AT) p
        else p match {
          case Ident(nme.WILDCARD) =>
            in.nextToken()
            pattern3()
          case Ident(name) if treeInfo.isVarPattern(p) =>
            in.nextToken()
            atPos(p.pos.start) { Bind(name, pattern3()) }
          case _ => p
        }
      }

      /** {{{
       *  Pattern3    ::= SimplePattern
       *                |  SimplePattern {Id [nl] SimplePattern}
       *  }}}
       */
      def pattern3(): Tree = {
        val top = simplePattern(badPattern3)
        val base = opstack
        // See SI-3189, SI-4832 for motivation. Cf SI-3480 for counter-motivation.
        def isCloseDelim = in.token match {
          case RBRACE => isXML
          case RPAREN => !isXML
          case _      => false
        }
        def checkWildStar: Tree = top match {
          case Ident(nme.WILDCARD) if isSequenceOK && isRawStar => peekingAhead (
            if (isCloseDelim) atPos(top.pos.start, in.prev.offset)(Star(stripParens(top)))
            else EmptyTree
          )
          case _ => EmptyTree
        }
        def loop(top: Tree): Tree = reducePatternStack(base, top) match {
          case next if isIdentExcept(raw.BAR) => pushOpInfo(next) ; loop(simplePattern(badPattern3))
          case next                           => next
        }
        checkWildStar orElse stripParens(loop(top))
      }

      def badPattern3(): Tree = {
        def isComma                = in.token == COMMA
        def isDelimiter            = in.token == RPAREN || in.token == RBRACE
        def isCommaOrDelimiter     = isComma || isDelimiter
        val (isUnderscore, isStar) = opstack match {
          case OpInfo(Ident(nme.WILDCARD), nme.STAR, _, _) :: _ => (true,   true)
          case OpInfo(_, nme.STAR, _, _) :: _                   => (false,  true)
          case _                                                => (false, false)
        }
        def isSeqPatternClose = isUnderscore && isStar && isSequenceOK && isDelimiter
        val preamble = "bad simple pattern:"
        val subtext = (isUnderscore, isStar, isSequenceOK) match {
          case (true,  true, true)  if isComma            => "bad use of _* (a sequence pattern must be the last pattern)"
          case (true,  true, true)  if isDelimiter        => "bad brace or paren after _*"
          case (true,  true, false) if isDelimiter        => "bad use of _* (sequence pattern not allowed)"
          case (false, true, true)  if isDelimiter        => "use _* to match a sequence"
          case (false, true, _)     if isCommaOrDelimiter => "trailing * is not a valid pattern"
          case _                                          => null
        }
        val msg = if (subtext != null) s"$preamble $subtext" else "illegal start of simple pattern"
        // better recovery if don't skip delims of patterns
        val skip = !isCommaOrDelimiter || isSeqPatternClose
        syntaxErrorOrIncompleteAnd(msg, skip)(errorPatternTree)
      }

      /** {{{
       *  SimplePattern    ::= varid
       *                    |  `_'
       *                    |  literal
       *                    |  XmlPattern
       *                    |  StableId  /[TypeArgs]/ [`(' [Patterns] `)']
       *                    |  StableId  [`(' [Patterns] `)']
       *                    |  StableId  [`(' [Patterns] `,' [varid `@'] `_' `*' `)']
       *                    |  `(' [Patterns] `)'
       *  }}}
       *
       * XXX: Hook for IDE
       */
      def simplePattern(): Tree = (
        // simple diagnostics for this entry point
        simplePattern(() => syntaxErrorOrIncompleteAnd("illegal start of simple pattern", skipIt = true)(errorPatternTree))
      )
      def simplePattern(onError: () => Tree): Tree = {
        val start = in.offset
        in.token match {
          case IDENTIFIER | BACKQUOTED_IDENT | THIS =>
            val t = stableId()
            in.token match {
              case INTLIT | LONGLIT | FLOATLIT | DOUBLELIT =>
                t match {
                  case Ident(nme.MINUS) =>
                    return literal(isNegated = true, inPattern = true, start = start)
                  case _ =>
                }
              case _ =>
            }
            val typeAppliedTree = in.token match {
              case LBRACKET   => atPos(start, in.offset)(AppliedTypeTree(convertToTypeId(t), typeArgs()))
              case _          => t
            }
            in.token match {
              case LPAREN   => atPos(start, in.offset)(Apply(typeAppliedTree, argumentPatterns()))
              case _        => typeAppliedTree
            }
          case USCORE =>
            in.nextToken()
            atPos(start, start) { Ident(nme.WILDCARD) }
          case CHARLIT | INTLIT | LONGLIT | FLOATLIT | DOUBLELIT |
               STRINGLIT | INTERPOLATIONID | SYMBOLLIT | TRUE | FALSE | NULL =>
            literal(inPattern = true)
          case LPAREN =>
            atPos(start)(makeParens(noSeq.patterns()))
          case XMLSTART =>
            xmlLiteralPattern()
          case _ =>
            onError()
        }
      }
    }
    /** The implementation of the context sensitive methods for parsing outside of patterns. */
    object outPattern extends PatternContextSensitive {
      def argType(): Tree = typ()
      def functionArgType(): Tree = paramType(useStartAsPosition = true)
    }
    /** The implementation for parsing inside of patterns at points where sequences are allowed. */
    object seqOK extends SeqContextSensitive {
      val isSequenceOK = true
    }
    /** The implementation for parsing inside of patterns at points where sequences are disallowed. */
    object noSeq extends SeqContextSensitive {
      val isSequenceOK = false
    }
    /** For use from xml pattern, where sequence is allowed and encouraged. */
    object xmlSeqOK extends SeqContextSensitive {
      val isSequenceOK = true
      override val isXML = true
    }
    /** These are default entry points into the pattern context sensitive methods:
     *  they are all initiated from non-pattern context.
     */
    def typ(): Tree      = outPattern.typ()
    def startInfixType() = outPattern.infixType(InfixMode.FirstOp)
    def startAnnotType() = outPattern.annotType()
    def exprTypeArgs()   = outPattern.typeArgs()
    def exprSimpleType() = outPattern.simpleType()

    /** Default entry points into some pattern contexts. */
    def pattern(): Tree = noSeq.pattern()
    def seqPatterns(): List[Tree] = seqOK.patterns()
    def xmlSeqPatterns(): List[Tree] = xmlSeqOK.patterns() // Called from xml parser
    def argumentPatterns(): List[Tree] = inParens {
      if (in.token == RPAREN) Nil
      else seqPatterns()
    }
    def xmlLiteralPattern(): Tree

/* -------- MODIFIERS and ANNOTATIONS ------------------------------------------- */

    /** Drop `private` modifier when followed by a qualifier.
     *  Contract `abstract` and `override` to ABSOVERRIDE
     */
    private def normalizeModifers(mods: Modifiers): Modifiers =
      if (mods.isPrivate && mods.hasAccessBoundary)
        normalizeModifers(mods &~ Flags.PRIVATE)
      else if (mods hasAllFlags (Flags.ABSTRACT | Flags.OVERRIDE))
        normalizeModifers(mods &~ (Flags.ABSTRACT | Flags.OVERRIDE) | Flags.ABSOVERRIDE)
      else
        mods

    private def addMod(mods: Modifiers, mod: Long, pos: Position): Modifiers = {
      if (mods hasFlag mod) syntaxError(in.offset, "repeated modifier", skipIt = false)
      in.nextToken()
      (mods | mod) withPosition (mod, pos)
    }

    private def tokenRange(token: TokenData) =
      r2p(token.offset, token.offset, token.offset + token.name.length - 1)

    /** {{{
     *  AccessQualifier ::= `[' (Id | this) `]'
     *  }}}
     */
    def accessQualifierOpt(mods: Modifiers): Modifiers = {
      var result = mods
      if (in.token == LBRACKET) {
        in.nextToken()
        if (mods.hasAccessBoundary)
          syntaxError("duplicate private/protected qualifier", skipIt = false)
        result = if (in.token == THIS) { in.nextToken(); mods | Flags.LOCAL }
                 else Modifiers(mods.flags, identForType())
        accept(RBRACKET)
      }
      result
    }

    private val flagTokens: Map[Int, Long] = Map(
      ABSTRACT  -> Flags.ABSTRACT,
      FINAL     -> Flags.FINAL,
      IMPLICIT  -> Flags.IMPLICIT,
      LAZY      -> Flags.LAZY,
      OVERRIDE  -> Flags.OVERRIDE,
      PRIVATE   -> Flags.PRIVATE,
      PROTECTED -> Flags.PROTECTED,
      SEALED    -> Flags.SEALED
    )

    /** {{{
     *  AccessModifier ::= (private | protected) [AccessQualifier]
     *  }}}
     */
    def accessModifierOpt(): Modifiers = normalizeModifers {
      in.token match {
        case m @ (PRIVATE | PROTECTED)  => in.nextToken() ; accessQualifierOpt(Modifiers(flagTokens(m)))
        case _                          => NoMods
      }
    }

    /** {{{
     *  Modifiers ::= {Modifier}
     *  Modifier  ::= LocalModifier
     *              |  AccessModifier
     *              |  override
     *  }}}
     */
    def modifiers(): Modifiers = normalizeModifers {
      def loop(mods: Modifiers): Modifiers = in.token match {
        case PRIVATE | PROTECTED =>
          loop(accessQualifierOpt(addMod(mods, flagTokens(in.token), tokenRange(in))))
        case ABSTRACT | FINAL | SEALED | OVERRIDE | IMPLICIT | LAZY =>
          loop(addMod(mods, flagTokens(in.token), tokenRange(in)))
        case NEWLINE =>
          in.nextToken()
          loop(mods)
        case _ =>
          mods
      }
      loop(NoMods)
    }

    /** {{{
     *  LocalModifiers ::= {LocalModifier}
     *  LocalModifier  ::= abstract | final | sealed | implicit | lazy
     *  }}}
     */
    def localModifiers(): Modifiers = {
      def loop(mods: Modifiers): Modifiers =
        if (isLocalModifier) loop(addMod(mods, flagTokens(in.token), tokenRange(in)))
        else mods

      loop(NoMods)
    }

    /** {{{
     *  Annotations      ::= {`@' SimpleType {ArgumentExprs}}
     *  ConsrAnnotations ::= {`@' SimpleType ArgumentExprs}
     *  }}}
     */
    def annotations(skipNewLines: Boolean): List[Tree] = readAnnots {
      val t = annotationExpr()
      if (skipNewLines) newLineOpt()
      t
    }
    def constructorAnnotations(): List[Tree] = readAnnots {
      atPos(in.offset)(New(exprSimpleType(), List(argumentExprs())))
    }

    def annotationExpr(): Tree = atPos(in.offset) {
      val t = exprSimpleType()
      if (in.token == LPAREN) New(t, multipleArgumentExprs())
      else New(t, Nil)
    }

/* -------- PARAMETERS ------------------------------------------- */

    /** {{{
     *  ParamClauses      ::= {ParamClause} [[nl] `(' implicit Params `)']
     *  ParamClause       ::= [nl] `(' [Params] `)'
     *  Params            ::= Param {`,' Param}
     *  Param             ::= {Annotation} Id [`:' ParamType] [`=' Expr]
     *  ClassParamClauses ::= {ClassParamClause} [[nl] `(' implicit ClassParams `)']
     *  ClassParamClause  ::= [nl] `(' [ClassParams] `)'
     *  ClassParams       ::= ClassParam {`,' ClassParam}
     *  ClassParam        ::= {Annotation}  [{Modifier} (`val' | `var')] Id [`:' ParamType] [`=' Expr]
     *  }}}
     */
    def paramClauses(owner: Name, contextBounds: List[Tree], ofCaseClass: Boolean): List[List[ValDef]] = {
      var implicitmod = 0
      var caseParam = ofCaseClass
      def paramClause(): List[ValDef] = {
        if (in.token == RPAREN)
          return Nil

        if (in.token == IMPLICIT) {
          in.nextToken()
          implicitmod = Flags.IMPLICIT
        }
        commaSeparated(param(owner, implicitmod, caseParam  ))
      }
      val vds = new ListBuffer[List[ValDef]]
      val start = in.offset
      newLineOptWhenFollowedBy(LPAREN)
      if (ofCaseClass && in.token != LPAREN)
        syntaxError(in.lastOffset, "case classes without a parameter list are not allowed;\n"+
                                   "use either case objects or case classes with an explicit `()' as a parameter list.")
      while (implicitmod == 0 && in.token == LPAREN) {
        in.nextToken()
        vds += paramClause()
        accept(RPAREN)
        caseParam = false
        newLineOptWhenFollowedBy(LPAREN)
      }
      val result = vds.toList
      if (owner == nme.CONSTRUCTOR && (result.isEmpty || (result.head take 1 exists (_.mods.isImplicit)))) {
        in.token match {
          case LBRACKET   => syntaxError(in.offset, "no type parameters allowed here", skipIt = false)
          case EOF        => incompleteInputError("auxiliary constructor needs non-implicit parameter list")
          case _          => syntaxError(start, "auxiliary constructor needs non-implicit parameter list", skipIt = false)
        }
      }
      addEvidenceParams(owner, result, contextBounds)
    }

    /** {{{
     *  ParamType ::= Type | `=>' Type | Type `*'
     *  }}}
     */
    def paramType(): Tree = paramType(useStartAsPosition = false)
    def paramType(useStartAsPosition: Boolean): Tree = {
      val start = in.offset
      in.token match {
        case ARROW  =>
          in.nextToken()
          atPos(start)(byNameApplication(typ()))
        case _      =>
          val t = typ()
          if (isRawStar) {
            in.nextToken()
            if (useStartAsPosition) atPos(start)(repeatedApplication(t))
            else atPos(t.pos.start, t.pos.point)(repeatedApplication(t))
          }
          else t
      }
    }

    def param(owner: Name, implicitmod: Int, caseParam: Boolean): ValDef = {
      val start = in.offset
      val annots = annotations(skipNewLines = false)
      var mods = Modifiers(Flags.PARAM)
      if (owner.isTypeName) {
        mods = modifiers() | Flags.PARAMACCESSOR
        if (mods.isLazy) syntaxError("lazy modifier not allowed here. Use call-by-name parameters instead", skipIt = false)
        in.token match {
          case v @ (VAL | VAR) =>
            mods = mods withPosition (in.token.toLong, tokenRange(in))
            if (v == VAR) mods |= Flags.MUTABLE
            in.nextToken()
          case _ =>
            if (mods.flags != Flags.PARAMACCESSOR) accept(VAL)
            if (!caseParam) mods |= Flags.PrivateLocal
        }
        if (caseParam) mods |= Flags.CASEACCESSOR
      }
      val nameOffset = in.offset
      val name = ident()
      var bynamemod = 0
      val tpt =
        if ((settings.YmethodInfer && !owner.isTypeName) && in.token != COLON) {
          TypeTree()
        } else { // XX-METHOD-INFER
          accept(COLON)
          if (in.token == ARROW) {
            if (owner.isTypeName && !mods.isLocalToThis)
              syntaxError(
                in.offset,
                (if (mods.isMutable) "`var'" else "`val'") +
                " parameters may not be call-by-name", skipIt = false)
            else if (implicitmod != 0)
              syntaxError(
                in.offset,
                "implicit parameters may not be call-by-name", skipIt = false)
            else bynamemod = Flags.BYNAMEPARAM
          }
          paramType()
        }
      val default =
        if (in.token == EQUALS) {
          in.nextToken()
          mods |= Flags.DEFAULTPARAM
          expr()
        } else EmptyTree
      atPos(start, if (name == nme.ERROR) start else nameOffset) {
        ValDef((mods | implicitmod.toLong | bynamemod) withAnnotations annots, name.toTermName, tpt, default)
      }
    }

    /** {{{
     *  TypeParamClauseOpt    ::= [TypeParamClause]
     *  TypeParamClause       ::= `[' VariantTypeParam {`,' VariantTypeParam} `]']
     *  VariantTypeParam      ::= {Annotation} [`+' | `-'] TypeParam
     *  FunTypeParamClauseOpt ::= [FunTypeParamClause]
     *  FunTypeParamClause    ::= `[' TypeParam {`,' TypeParam} `]']
     *  TypeParam             ::= Id TypeParamClauseOpt TypeBounds {<% Type} {":" Type}
     *  }}}
     */
    def typeParamClauseOpt(owner: Name, contextBoundBuf: ListBuffer[Tree]): List[TypeDef] = {
      def typeParam(ms: Modifiers): TypeDef = {
        var mods = ms | Flags.PARAM
        val start = in.offset
        if (owner.isTypeName && isIdent) {
          if (in.name == raw.PLUS) {
            in.nextToken()
            mods |= Flags.COVARIANT
          } else if (in.name == raw.MINUS) {
            in.nextToken()
            mods |= Flags.CONTRAVARIANT
          }
        }
        val nameOffset = in.offset
        // TODO AM: freshTermName(o2p(in.skipToken()), "_$$"), will need to update test suite
        val pname: TypeName = wildcardOrIdent().toTypeName
        val param = atPos(start, nameOffset) {
          val tparams = typeParamClauseOpt(pname, null) // @M TODO null --> no higher-order context bounds for now
          TypeDef(mods, pname, tparams, typeBounds())
        }
        if (contextBoundBuf ne null) {
          while (in.token == VIEWBOUND) {
            val msg = "Use an implicit parameter instead.\nExample: Instead of `def f[A <% Int](a: A)` use `def f[A](a: A)(implicit ev: A => Int)`."
            if (settings.future)
              deprecationWarning(in.offset, s"View bounds are deprecated. $msg")
            contextBoundBuf += atPos(in.skipToken())(makeFunctionTypeTree(List(Ident(pname)), typ()))
          }
          while (in.token == COLON) {
            contextBoundBuf += atPos(in.skipToken()) {
              AppliedTypeTree(typ(), List(Ident(pname)))
            }
          }
        }
        param
      }
      newLineOptWhenFollowedBy(LBRACKET)
      if (in.token == LBRACKET) inBrackets(commaSeparated(typeParam(NoMods withAnnotations annotations(skipNewLines = true))))
      else Nil
    }

    /** {{{
     *  TypeBounds ::= [`>:' Type] [`<:' Type]
     *  }}}
     */
    def typeBounds(): TypeBoundsTree = {
      val lo      = bound(SUPERTYPE)
      val hi      = bound(SUBTYPE)
      val t       = TypeBoundsTree(lo, hi)
      val defined = List(t.hi, t.lo) filter (_.pos.isDefined)

      if (defined.nonEmpty)
        t setPos wrappingPos(defined)
      else
        t setPos o2p(in.offset)
    }

    def bound(tok: Token): Tree = if (in.token == tok) { in.nextToken(); typ() } else EmptyTree

/* -------- DEFS ------------------------------------------- */


    /** {{{
     *  Import  ::= import ImportExpr {`,' ImportExpr}
     *  }}}
     */
    def importClause(): List[Tree] = {
      val offset = accept(IMPORT)
      commaSeparated(importExpr()) match {
        case Nil => Nil
        case t :: rest =>
          // The first import should start at the position of the keyword.
          t.setPos(t.pos.withStart(offset))
          t :: rest
      }
    }

    /** {{{
     *  ImportExpr ::= StableId `.' (Id | `_' | ImportSelectors)
     *  }}}
     */
    def importExpr(): Tree = {
      val start = in.offset
      def thisDotted(name: TypeName) = {
        in.nextToken()
        val t = atPos(start)(This(name))
        accept(DOT)
        val result = selector(t)
        accept(DOT)
        result
      }
      /* Walks down import `foo.bar.baz.{ ... }` until it ends at a
       * an underscore, a left brace, or an undotted identifier.
       */
      def loop(expr: Tree): Tree = {
        expr setPos expr.pos.makeTransparent
        val selectors: List[ImportSelector] = in.token match {
          case USCORE   => List(importSelector()) // import foo.bar._;
          case LBRACE   => importSelectors()      // import foo.bar.{ x, y, z }
          case _        =>
            val nameOffset = in.offset
            val name = ident()
            if (in.token == DOT) {
              // import foo.bar.ident.<unknown> and so create a select node and recurse.
              val t = atPos(start, if (name == nme.ERROR) in.offset else nameOffset)(Select(expr, name))
              in.nextToken()
              return loop(t)
            }
            // import foo.bar.Baz;
            else List(makeImportSelector(name, nameOffset))
        }
        // reaching here means we're done walking.
        atPos(start)(Import(expr, selectors))
      }

      loop(in.token match {
        case THIS   => thisDotted(tpnme.EMPTY)
        case _      =>
          val id = atPos(start)(Ident(ident()))
          accept(DOT)
          if (in.token == THIS) thisDotted(id.name.toTypeName)
          else id
      })
    }

    /** {{{
     *  ImportSelectors ::= `{' {ImportSelector `,'} (ImportSelector | `_') `}'
     *  }}}
     */
    def importSelectors(): List[ImportSelector] = {
      val selectors = inBracesOrNil(commaSeparated(importSelector()))
      selectors.init foreach {
        case ImportSelector(nme.WILDCARD, pos, _, _)  => syntaxError(pos, "Wildcard import must be in last position")
        case _                                        => ()
      }
      selectors
    }

    def wildcardOrIdent() = {
      if (in.token == USCORE) { in.nextToken() ; nme.WILDCARD }
      else ident()
    }

    /** {{{
     *  ImportSelector ::= Id [`=>' Id | `=>' `_']
     *  }}}
     */
    def importSelector(): ImportSelector = {
      val start        = in.offset
      val name         = wildcardOrIdent()
      var renameOffset = -1
      val rename       = in.token match {
        case ARROW    =>
          in.nextToken()
          renameOffset = in.offset
          wildcardOrIdent()
        case _ if name == nme.WILDCARD  => null
        case _ =>
          renameOffset = start
          name
      }
      ImportSelector(name, start, rename, renameOffset)
    }

    /** {{{
     *  Def    ::= val PatDef
     *           | var PatDef
     *           | def FunDef
     *           | type [nl] TypeDef
     *           | TmplDef
     *  Dcl    ::= val PatDcl
     *           | var PatDcl
     *           | def FunDcl
     *           | type [nl] TypeDcl
     *  }}}
     */
    def defOrDcl(pos: Offset, mods: Modifiers): List[Tree] = {
      if (mods.isLazy && in.token != VAL)
        syntaxError("lazy not allowed here. Only vals can be lazy", skipIt = false)
      in.token match {
        case VAL =>
          patDefOrDcl(pos, mods withPosition(VAL, tokenRange(in)))
        case VAR =>
          patDefOrDcl(pos, (mods | Flags.MUTABLE) withPosition (VAR, tokenRange(in)))
        case DEF =>
          List(funDefOrDcl(pos, mods withPosition(DEF, tokenRange(in))))
        case TYPE =>
          List(typeDefOrDcl(pos, mods withPosition(TYPE, tokenRange(in))))
        case _ =>
          List(tmplDef(pos, mods))
      }
    }

    private def caseAwareTokenOffset = if (in.token == CASECLASS || in.token == CASEOBJECT) in.prev.offset else in.offset

    def nonLocalDefOrDcl : List[Tree] = {
      val annots = annotations(skipNewLines = true)
      defOrDcl(caseAwareTokenOffset, modifiers() withAnnotations annots)
    }

    /** {{{
     *  PatDef ::= Pattern2 {`,' Pattern2} [`:' Type] `=' Expr
     *  ValDcl ::= Id {`,' Id} `:' Type
     *  VarDef ::= PatDef | Id {`,' Id} `:' Type `=' `_'
     *  }}}
     */
    def patDefOrDcl(pos : Int, mods: Modifiers): List[Tree] = {
      var newmods = mods
      in.nextToken()
      val lhs = commaSeparated(stripParens(noSeq.pattern2()))
      val tp = typedOpt()
      val rhs =
        if (tp.isEmpty || in.token == EQUALS) {
          accept(EQUALS)
          if (!tp.isEmpty && newmods.isMutable &&
              (lhs.toList forall (_.isInstanceOf[Ident])) && in.token == USCORE) {
            in.nextToken()
            newmods = newmods | Flags.DEFAULTINIT
            EmptyTree
          } else {
            expr()
          }
        } else {
          newmods = newmods | Flags.DEFERRED
          EmptyTree
        }
      def mkDefs(p: Tree, tp: Tree, rhs: Tree): List[Tree] = {
        val trees = {
          val pat = if (tp.isEmpty) p else Typed(p, tp) setPos (p.pos union tp.pos)
          makePatDef(newmods, pat, rhs)
        }
        if (newmods.isDeferred) {
          trees match {
            case List(ValDef(_, _, _, EmptyTree)) =>
              if (mods.isLazy) syntaxError(p.pos, "lazy values may not be abstract", skipIt = false)
            case _ => syntaxError(p.pos, "pattern definition may not be abstract", skipIt = false)
          }
        }
        trees
      }
      val trees = (lhs.toList.init flatMap (mkDefs(_, tp.duplicate, rhs.duplicate))) ::: mkDefs(lhs.last, tp, rhs)
      val hd = trees.head
      hd setPos hd.pos.withStart(pos)
      ensureNonOverlapping(hd, trees.tail)
      trees
    }

    /** {{{
     *  VarDef ::= PatDef
     *           | Id {`,' Id} `:' Type `=' `_'
     *  VarDcl ::= Id {`,' Id} `:' Type
     *  }}}
    def varDefOrDcl(mods: Modifiers): List[Tree] = {
      var newmods = mods | Flags.MUTABLE
      val lhs = new ListBuffer[(Int, Name)]
      do {
        in.nextToken()
        lhs += (in.offset, ident())
      } while (in.token == COMMA)
      val tp = typedOpt()
      val rhs = if (tp.isEmpty || in.token == EQUALS) {
        accept(EQUALS)
        if (!tp.isEmpty && in.token == USCORE) {
          in.nextToken()
          EmptyTree
        } else {
          expr()
        }
      } else {
        newmods = newmods | Flags.DEFERRED
        EmptyTree
      }
    }
     */

    /** {{{
     *  FunDef ::= FunSig [`:' Type] `=' [`macro'] Expr
     *          |  FunSig [nl] `{' Block `}'
     *          |  `this' ParamClause ParamClauses
     *                 (`=' ConstrExpr | [nl] ConstrBlock)
     *  FunDcl ::= FunSig [`:' Type]
     *  FunSig ::= id [FunTypeParamClause] ParamClauses
     *  }}}
     */
    def funDefOrDcl(start : Int, mods: Modifiers): Tree = {
      in.nextToken()
      if (in.token == THIS) {
        atPos(start, in.skipToken()) {
          val vparamss = paramClauses(nme.CONSTRUCTOR, classContextBounds map (_.duplicate), ofCaseClass = false)
          newLineOptWhenFollowedBy(LBRACE)
          val rhs = in.token match {
            case LBRACE   => atPos(in.offset) { constrBlock(vparamss) }
            case _        => accept(EQUALS) ; atPos(in.offset) { constrExpr(vparamss) }
          }
          DefDef(mods, nme.CONSTRUCTOR, List(), vparamss, TypeTree(), rhs)
        }
      }
      else {
        val nameOffset = in.offset
        val name = identOrMacro()
        funDefRest(start, nameOffset, mods, name)
      }
    }

    def funDefRest(start: Offset, nameOffset: Offset, mods: Modifiers, name: Name): Tree = {
      val result = atPos(start, if (name.toTermName == nme.ERROR) start else nameOffset) {
        var newmods = mods
        // contextBoundBuf is for context bounded type parameters of the form
        // [T : B] or [T : => B]; it contains the equivalent implicit parameter type,
        // i.e. (B[T] or T => B)
        val contextBoundBuf = new ListBuffer[Tree]
        val tparams = typeParamClauseOpt(name, contextBoundBuf)
        val vparamss = paramClauses(name, contextBoundBuf.toList, ofCaseClass = false)
        newLineOptWhenFollowedBy(LBRACE)
        var restype = fromWithinReturnType(typedOpt())
        val rhs =
          if (isStatSep || in.token == RBRACE) {
            if (restype.isEmpty) {
              if (settings.future)
                deprecationWarning(in.lastOffset, s"Procedure syntax is deprecated. Convert procedure `$name` to method by adding `: Unit`.")
              restype = scalaUnitConstr
            }
            newmods |= Flags.DEFERRED
            EmptyTree
          } else if (restype.isEmpty && in.token == LBRACE) {
            if (settings.future)
              deprecationWarning(in.offset, s"Procedure syntax is deprecated. Convert procedure `$name` to method by adding `: Unit =`.")
            restype = scalaUnitConstr
            blockExpr()
          } else {
            if (in.token == EQUALS) {
              in.nextTokenAllow(nme.MACROkw)
              if (isMacro) {
                in.nextToken()
                newmods |= Flags.MACRO
              }
            } else {
              accept(EQUALS)
            }
            expr()
          }
        DefDef(newmods, name.toTermName, tparams, vparamss, restype, rhs)
      }
      signalParseProgress(result.pos)
      result
    }

    /** {{{
     *  ConstrExpr      ::=  SelfInvocation
     *                    |  ConstrBlock
     *  }}}
     */
    def constrExpr(vparamss: List[List[ValDef]]): Tree =
      if (in.token == LBRACE) constrBlock(vparamss)
      else Block(selfInvocation(vparamss) :: Nil, literalUnit)

    /** {{{
     *  SelfInvocation  ::= this ArgumentExprs {ArgumentExprs}
     *  }}}
     */
    def selfInvocation(vparamss: List[List[ValDef]]): Tree =
      atPos(accept(THIS)) {
        newLineOptWhenFollowedBy(LBRACE)
        var t = Apply(Ident(nme.CONSTRUCTOR), argumentExprs())
        newLineOptWhenFollowedBy(LBRACE)
        while (in.token == LPAREN || in.token == LBRACE) {
          t = Apply(t, argumentExprs())
          newLineOptWhenFollowedBy(LBRACE)
        }
        if (classContextBounds.isEmpty) t
        else Apply(t, vparamss.last.map(vp => Ident(vp.name)))
      }

    /** {{{
     *  ConstrBlock    ::=  `{' SelfInvocation {semi BlockStat} `}'
     *  }}}
     */
    def constrBlock(vparamss: List[List[ValDef]]): Tree =
      atPos(in.skipToken()) {
        val stats = selfInvocation(vparamss) :: {
          if (isStatSep) { in.nextToken(); blockStatSeq() }
          else Nil
        }
        accept(RBRACE)
        Block(stats, literalUnit)
      }

    /** {{{
     *  TypeDef ::= type Id [TypeParamClause] `=' Type
     *            | FunSig `=' Expr
     *  TypeDcl ::= type Id [TypeParamClause] TypeBounds
     *  }}}
     */
    def typeDefOrDcl(start: Offset, mods: Modifiers): Tree = {
      in.nextToken()
      newLinesOpt()
      atPos(start, in.offset) {
        val name = identForType()
        // @M! a type alias as well as an abstract type may declare type parameters
        val tparams = typeParamClauseOpt(name, null)
        in.token match {
          case EQUALS =>
            in.nextToken()
            TypeDef(mods, name, tparams, typ())
          case t if t == SUPERTYPE || t == SUBTYPE || t == COMMA || t == RBRACE || isStatSep(t) =>
            TypeDef(mods | Flags.DEFERRED, name, tparams, typeBounds())
          case _ =>
            syntaxErrorOrIncompleteAnd("`=', `>:', or `<:' expected", skipIt = true)(EmptyTree)
        }
      }
    }

    /** Hook for IDE, for top-level classes/objects. */
    def topLevelTmplDef: Tree = {
      val annots = annotations(skipNewLines = true)
      val pos    = caseAwareTokenOffset
      val mods   = modifiers() withAnnotations annots
      tmplDef(pos, mods)
    }

    /** {{{
     *  TmplDef ::= [case] class ClassDef
     *            |  [case] object ObjectDef
     *            |  [override] trait TraitDef
     *  }}}
     */
    def tmplDef(pos: Offset, mods: Modifiers): Tree = {
      if (mods.isLazy) syntaxError("classes cannot be lazy", skipIt = false)
      in.token match {
        case TRAIT =>
          classDef(pos, (mods | Flags.TRAIT | Flags.ABSTRACT) withPosition (Flags.TRAIT, tokenRange(in)))
        case CLASS =>
          classDef(pos, mods)
        case CASECLASS =>
          classDef(pos, (mods | Flags.CASE) withPosition (Flags.CASE, tokenRange(in.prev /*scanner skips on 'case' to 'class', thus take prev*/)))
        case OBJECT =>
          objectDef(pos, mods)
        case CASEOBJECT =>
          objectDef(pos, (mods | Flags.CASE) withPosition (Flags.CASE, tokenRange(in.prev /*scanner skips on 'case' to 'object', thus take prev*/)))
        case _ =>
          syntaxErrorOrIncompleteAnd("expected start of definition", skipIt = true)(EmptyTree)
      }
    }

    /** {{{
     *  ClassDef ::= Id [TypeParamClause] {Annotation}
     *               [AccessModifier] ClassParamClauses RequiresTypeOpt ClassTemplateOpt
     *  TraitDef ::= Id [TypeParamClause] RequiresTypeOpt TraitTemplateOpt
     *  }}}
     */
    def classDef(start: Offset, mods: Modifiers): ClassDef = {
      in.nextToken()
      val nameOffset = in.offset
      val name = identForType()
      atPos(start, if (name == tpnme.ERROR) start else nameOffset) {
        savingClassContextBounds {
          val contextBoundBuf = new ListBuffer[Tree]
          val tparams = typeParamClauseOpt(name, contextBoundBuf)
          classContextBounds = contextBoundBuf.toList
          val tstart = (in.offset :: classContextBounds.map(_.pos.start)).min
          if (!classContextBounds.isEmpty && mods.isTrait) {
            val viewBoundsExist = if (settings.future) "" else " nor view bounds `<% ...'"
              syntaxError(s"traits cannot have type parameters with context bounds `: ...'$viewBoundsExist", skipIt = false)
            classContextBounds = List()
          }
          val constrAnnots = if (!mods.isTrait) constructorAnnotations() else Nil
          val (constrMods, vparamss) =
            if (mods.isTrait) (Modifiers(Flags.TRAIT), List())
            else (accessModifierOpt(), paramClauses(name, classContextBounds, ofCaseClass = mods.isCase))
          var mods1 = mods
          if (mods.isTrait) {
            if (settings.YvirtClasses && in.token == SUBTYPE) mods1 |= Flags.DEFERRED
          } else if (in.token == SUBTYPE) {
            syntaxError("classes are not allowed to be virtual", skipIt = false)
          }
          val template = templateOpt(mods1, name, constrMods withAnnotations constrAnnots, vparamss, tstart)
          val result = gen.mkClassDef(mods1, name, tparams, template)
          // Context bounds generate implicit parameters (part of the template) with types
          // from tparams: we need to ensure these don't overlap
          if (!classContextBounds.isEmpty)
            ensureNonOverlapping(template, tparams)
          result
        }
      }
    }

    /** {{{
     *  ObjectDef       ::= Id ClassTemplateOpt
     *  }}}
     */
    def objectDef(start: Offset, mods: Modifiers): ModuleDef = {
      in.nextToken()
      val nameOffset = in.offset
      val name = ident()
      val tstart = in.offset
      atPos(start, if (name == nme.ERROR) start else nameOffset) {
        val mods1 = if (in.token == SUBTYPE) mods | Flags.DEFERRED else mods
        val template = templateOpt(mods1, name, NoMods, Nil, tstart)
        ModuleDef(mods1, name.toTermName, template)
      }
    }

    /** Create a tree representing a package object, converting
     *  {{{
     *    package object foo { ... }
     *  }}}
     *  to
     *  {{{
     *    package foo {
     *      object `package` { ... }
     *    }
     *  }}}
     */
    def packageObjectDef(start: Offset): PackageDef = {
      val defn   = objectDef(in.offset, NoMods)
      val pidPos = o2p(defn.pos.startOrPoint)
      val pkgPos = r2p(start, pidPos.point)
      gen.mkPackageObject(defn, pidPos, pkgPos)
    }
    def packageOrPackageObject(start: Offset): Tree = (
      if (in.token == OBJECT)
        joinComment(packageObjectDef(start) :: Nil).head
      else {
        in.flushDoc
        makePackaging(start, pkgQualId(), inBracesOrNil(topStatSeq()))
      }
    )
    // TODO - eliminate this and use "def packageObjectDef" (see call site of this
    // method for small elaboration.)
    def makePackageObject(start: Offset, objDef: ModuleDef): PackageDef = objDef match {
      case ModuleDef(mods, name, impl) =>
        makePackaging(
          start, atPos(o2p(objDef.pos.start)){ Ident(name) }, List(ModuleDef(mods, nme.PACKAGEkw, impl)))
    }

    /** {{{
     *  ClassParents       ::= AnnotType {`(' [Exprs] `)'} {with AnnotType}
     *  TraitParents       ::= AnnotType {with AnnotType}
     *  }}}
     */
    def templateParents(): List[Tree] = {
      val parents = new ListBuffer[Tree]
      def readAppliedParent() = {
        val start = in.offset
        val parent = startAnnotType()
        parents += (in.token match {
          case LPAREN => atPos(start)((parent /: multipleArgumentExprs())(Apply.apply))
          case _      => parent
        })
      }
      readAppliedParent()
      while (in.token == WITH) { in.nextToken(); readAppliedParent() }
      parents.toList
    }

    /** {{{
     *  ClassTemplate ::= [EarlyDefs with] ClassParents [TemplateBody]
     *  TraitTemplate ::= [EarlyDefs with] TraitParents [TemplateBody]
     *  EarlyDefs     ::= `{' [EarlyDef {semi EarlyDef}] `}'
     *  EarlyDef      ::= Annotations Modifiers PatDef
     *  }}}
     */
    def template(): (List[Tree], ValDef, List[Tree]) = {
      newLineOptWhenFollowedBy(LBRACE)
      if (in.token == LBRACE) {
        // @S: pre template body cannot stub like post body can!
        val (self, body) = templateBody(isPre = true)
        if (in.token == WITH && (self eq noSelfType)) {
          val earlyDefs: List[Tree] = body.map(ensureEarlyDef).filter(_.nonEmpty)
          in.nextToken()
          val parents = templateParents()
          val (self1, body1) = templateBodyOpt(parenMeansSyntaxError = false)
          (parents, self1, earlyDefs ::: body1)
        } else {
          (List(), self, body)
        }
      } else {
        val parents = templateParents()
        val (self, body) = templateBodyOpt(parenMeansSyntaxError = false)
        (parents, self, body)
      }
    }

    def ensureEarlyDef(tree: Tree): Tree = tree match {
      case vdef @ ValDef(mods, _, _, _) if !mods.isDeferred =>
        copyValDef(vdef)(mods = mods | Flags.PRESUPER)
      case tdef @ TypeDef(mods, name, tparams, rhs) =>
        deprecationWarning(tdef.pos.point, "early type members are deprecated. Move them to the regular body: the semantics are the same.")
        treeCopy.TypeDef(tdef, mods | Flags.PRESUPER, name, tparams, rhs)
      case docdef @ DocDef(comm, rhs) =>
        treeCopy.DocDef(docdef, comm, rhs)
      case stat if !stat.isEmpty =>
        syntaxError(stat.pos, "only concrete field definitions allowed in early object initialization section", skipIt = false)
        EmptyTree
      case _ =>
        EmptyTree
    }

    /** {{{
     *  ClassTemplateOpt ::= `extends' ClassTemplate | [[`extends'] TemplateBody]
     *  TraitTemplateOpt ::= TraitExtends TraitTemplate | [[`extends'] TemplateBody] | `<:' TemplateBody
     *  TraitExtends     ::= `extends' | `<:'
     *  }}}
     */
    def templateOpt(mods: Modifiers, name: Name, constrMods: Modifiers, vparamss: List[List[ValDef]], tstart: Offset): Template = {
      val (parents, self, body) = (
        if (in.token == EXTENDS || in.token == SUBTYPE && mods.isTrait) {
          in.nextToken()
          template()
        }
        else {
          newLineOptWhenFollowedBy(LBRACE)
          val (self, body) = templateBodyOpt(parenMeansSyntaxError = mods.isTrait || name.isTermName)
          (List(), self, body)
        }
      )
      def anyvalConstructor() = (
        // Not a well-formed constructor, has to be finished later - see note
        // regarding AnyVal constructor in AddInterfaces.
        DefDef(NoMods, nme.CONSTRUCTOR, Nil, ListOfNil, TypeTree(), Block(Nil, literalUnit))
      )
      val parentPos = o2p(in.offset)
      val tstart1 = if (body.isEmpty && in.lastOffset < tstart) in.lastOffset else tstart

      atPos(tstart1) {
        // Exclude only the 9 primitives plus AnyVal.
        if (inScalaRootPackage && ScalaValueClassNames.contains(name))
          Template(parents, self, anyvalConstructor :: body)
        else
          gen.mkTemplate(gen.mkParents(mods, parents, parentPos),
                         self, constrMods, vparamss, body, o2p(tstart))
      }
    }

/* -------- TEMPLATES ------------------------------------------- */

    /** {{{
     *  TemplateBody ::= [nl] `{' TemplateStatSeq `}'
     *  }}}
     * @param isPre specifies whether in early initializer (true) or not (false)
     */
    def templateBody(isPre: Boolean) = inBraces(templateStatSeq(isPre = isPre)) match {
      case (self, Nil)  => (self, EmptyTree.asList)
      case result       => result
    }
    def templateBodyOpt(parenMeansSyntaxError: Boolean): (ValDef, List[Tree]) = {
      newLineOptWhenFollowedBy(LBRACE)
      if (in.token == LBRACE) {
        templateBody(isPre = false)
      } else {
        if (in.token == LPAREN) {
          if (parenMeansSyntaxError) syntaxError(s"traits or objects may not have parameters", skipIt = true)
          else abort("unexpected opening parenthesis")
        }
        (noSelfType, List())
      }
    }

    /** {{{
     *  Refinement ::= [nl] `{' RefineStat {semi RefineStat} `}'
     *  }}}
     */
    def refinement(): List[Tree] = inBraces(refineStatSeq())

/* -------- STATSEQS ------------------------------------------- */

  /** Create a tree representing a packaging. */
    def makePackaging(start: Offset, pkg: Tree, stats: List[Tree]): PackageDef = pkg match {
      case x: RefTree => atPos(start, pkg.pos.point)(PackageDef(x, stats))
    }

    def makeEmptyPackage(start: Offset, stats: List[Tree]): PackageDef = (
      makePackaging(start, atPos(start, start, start)(Ident(nme.EMPTY_PACKAGE_NAME)), stats)
    )

    def statSeq(stat: PartialFunction[Token, List[Tree]], errorMsg: String = "illegal start of definition"): List[Tree] = {
      val stats = new ListBuffer[Tree]
      def default(tok: Token) =
        if (isStatSep) Nil
        else syntaxErrorOrIncompleteAnd(errorMsg, skipIt = true)(Nil)
      while (!isStatSeqEnd) {
        stats ++= stat.applyOrElse(in.token, default)
        acceptStatSepOpt()
      }
      stats.toList
    }

    /** {{{
     *  TopStatSeq ::= TopStat {semi TopStat}
     *  TopStat ::= Annotations Modifiers TmplDef
     *            | Packaging
     *            | package object objectDef
     *            | Import
     *            |
     *  }}}
     */
    def topStatSeq(): List[Tree] = statSeq(topStat, errorMsg = "expected class or object definition")
    def topStat: PartialFunction[Token, List[Tree]] = {
      case PACKAGE  =>
        packageOrPackageObject(in.skipToken()) :: Nil
      case IMPORT =>
        in.flushDoc
        importClause()
      case _ if isAnnotation || isTemplateIntro || isModifier =>
        joinComment(topLevelTmplDef :: Nil)
    }

    /** {{{
     *  TemplateStatSeq  ::= [id [`:' Type] `=>'] TemplateStats
     *  }}}
     * @param isPre specifies whether in early initializer (true) or not (false)
     */
    def templateStatSeq(isPre : Boolean): (ValDef, List[Tree]) = checkNoEscapingPlaceholders {
      var self: ValDef = noSelfType
      var firstOpt: Option[Tree] = None
      if (isExprIntro) {
        in.flushDoc
        val first = expr(InTemplate) // @S: first statement is potentially converted so cannot be stubbed.
        if (in.token == ARROW) {
          first match {
            case Typed(tree @ This(tpnme.EMPTY), tpt) =>
              self = atPos(tree.pos union tpt.pos) { makeSelfDef(nme.WILDCARD, tpt) }
            case _ =>
              convertToParam(first) match {
                case tree @ ValDef(_, name, tpt, EmptyTree) if (name != nme.ERROR) =>
                  self = atPos(tree.pos union tpt.pos) { makeSelfDef(name, tpt) }
                case _ =>
              }
          }
          in.nextToken()
        } else {
          firstOpt = Some(first)
          acceptStatSepOpt()
        }
      }
      (self, firstOpt ++: templateStats())
    }

    /** {{{
     *  TemplateStats    ::= TemplateStat {semi TemplateStat}
     *  TemplateStat     ::= Import
     *                     | Annotations Modifiers Def
     *                     | Annotations Modifiers Dcl
     *                     | Expr1
     *                     | super ArgumentExprs {ArgumentExprs}
     *                     |
     *  }}}
     */
    def templateStats(): List[Tree] = statSeq(templateStat)
    def templateStat: PartialFunction[Token, List[Tree]] = {
      case IMPORT =>
        in.flushDoc
        importClause()
      case _ if isDefIntro || isModifier || isAnnotation =>
        joinComment(nonLocalDefOrDcl)
      case _ if isExprIntro =>
        in.flushDoc
        statement(InTemplate) :: Nil
    }

    def templateOrTopStatSeq(): List[Tree] = statSeq(templateStat.orElse(topStat))

    /** {{{
     *  RefineStatSeq    ::= RefineStat {semi RefineStat}
     *  RefineStat       ::= Dcl
     *                     | type TypeDef
     *                     |
     *  }}}
     */
    def refineStatSeq(): List[Tree] = checkNoEscapingPlaceholders {
      val stats = new ListBuffer[Tree]
      while (!isStatSeqEnd) {
        stats ++= refineStat()
        if (in.token != RBRACE) acceptStatSep()
      }
      stats.toList
    }

    def refineStat(): List[Tree] =
      if (isDclIntro) { // don't IDE hook
        joinComment(defOrDcl(in.offset, NoMods))
      } else if (!isStatSep) {
        syntaxErrorOrIncomplete(
          "illegal start of declaration"+
          (if (inFunReturnType) " (possible cause: missing `=' in front of current method body)"
           else ""), skipIt = true)
        Nil
      } else Nil

    /** overridable IDE hook for local definitions of blockStatSeq
     *  Here's an idea how to fill in start and end positions.
    def localDef : List[Tree] = {
      atEndPos {
        atStartPos(in.offset) {
          val annots = annotations(skipNewLines = true)
          val mods = localModifiers() withAnnotations annots
          if (!(mods hasFlag ~(Flags.IMPLICIT | Flags.LAZY))) defOrDcl(mods)
          else List(tmplDef(mods))
        }
      } (in.offset)
    }
    */

    def localDef(implicitMod: Int): List[Tree] = {
      val annots = annotations(skipNewLines = true)
      val pos = in.offset
      val mods = (localModifiers() | implicitMod.toLong) withAnnotations annots
      val defs =
        if (!(mods hasFlag ~(Flags.IMPLICIT | Flags.LAZY))) defOrDcl(pos, mods)
        else List(tmplDef(pos, mods))

      in.token match {
        case RBRACE | CASE  => defs :+ setInPos(literalUnit)
        case _              => defs
      }
    }

    /** {{{
     *  BlockStatSeq ::= { BlockStat semi } [ResultExpr]
     *  BlockStat    ::= Import
     *                 | Annotations [implicit] [lazy] Def
     *                 | Annotations LocalModifiers TmplDef
     *                 | Expr1
     *                 |
     *  }}}
     */
    def blockStatSeq(): List[Tree] = checkNoEscapingPlaceholders {
      val stats = new ListBuffer[Tree]
      while (!isStatSeqEnd && !isCaseDefEnd) {
        if (in.token == IMPORT) {
          stats ++= importClause()
          acceptStatSepOpt()
        }
        else if (isDefIntro || isLocalModifier || isAnnotation) {
          if (in.token == IMPLICIT) {
            val start = in.skipToken()
            if (isIdent) stats += implicitClosure(start, InBlock)
            else stats ++= localDef(Flags.IMPLICIT)
          } else {
            stats ++= localDef(0)
          }
          acceptStatSepOpt()
        }
        else if (isExprIntro) {
          stats += statement(InBlock)
          if (!isCaseDefEnd) acceptStatSep()
        }
        else if (isStatSep) {
          in.nextToken()
        }
        else {
          val addendum = if (isModifier) " (no modifiers allowed here)" else ""
          syntaxErrorOrIncomplete("illegal start of statement" + addendum, skipIt = true)
        }
      }
      stats.toList
    }

    /** {{{
     *  CompilationUnit ::= {package QualId semi} TopStatSeq
     *  }}}
     */
    def compilationUnit(): PackageDef = checkNoEscapingPlaceholders {
      def topstats(): List[Tree] = {
        val ts = new ListBuffer[Tree]
        while (in.token == SEMI) in.nextToken()
        val start = in.offset
        if (in.token == PACKAGE) {
          in.nextToken()
          if (in.token == OBJECT) {
            // TODO - this next line is supposed to be
            //    ts += packageObjectDef(start)
            // but this broke a scaladoc test (run/diagrams-filtering.scala) somehow.
            ts ++= joinComment(List(makePackageObject(start, objectDef(in.offset, NoMods))))
            if (in.token != EOF) {
              acceptStatSep()
              ts ++= topStatSeq()
            }
          } else {
            in.flushDoc
            val pkg = pkgQualId()

            if (in.token == EOF) {
              ts += makePackaging(start, pkg, List())
            } else if (isStatSep) {
              in.nextToken()
              ts += makePackaging(start, pkg, topstats())
            } else {
              ts += inBraces(makePackaging(start, pkg, topStatSeq()))
              acceptStatSepOpt()
              ts ++= topStatSeq()
            }
          }
        } else {
          ts ++= topStatSeq()
        }
        ts.toList
      }

      resetPackage()
      topstats() match {
        case (stat @ PackageDef(_, _)) :: Nil => stat
        case stats                            =>
          val start =
            if (stats forall (_ == EmptyTree)) 0
            else {
              val wpos = wrappingPos(stats)
              if (wpos.isDefined) wpos.start
              else 0
            }

          makeEmptyPackage(start, stats)
      }
    }
  }
}

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