Posts in the “scala” category

If you’d like to get started working with the Scala ZIO functional programming (FP) library, here are two little ZIO 101 and ZIO 102 “Hello, world” examples that you can run with Scala CLI and Scala 3.

FP: ZIO + Scala CLI example: “Hello, world” 101

First, here’s a complete ZIO “Hello, world” example that shows everything you need to get started using ZIO with Scala CLI:

As a brief example here today, the following Scala/ZIO source code shows one way to read a file using ZIO 2 and then print its output to the console:

As a brief note today, I was starting to look at a free JSON REST web service that to get stock information, and their JSON for a single stock looks like this:

{
    "Global Quote": {
        "01. symbol": "IBM",
        "02. open": "182.4300",
        "03. high": "182.8000",
        "04. low": "180.5700",
        "05. price": "181.5800",
        "06. volume": "3037990",
        "07. latest trading day": "2024-04-19",
        "08. previous close": "181.4700",
        "09. change": "0.1100",
        "10. change percent": "0.0606%"
    }
}

As a brief note today, if you want to see an example of the ZIO collectAllPar method, the Scala 3 source code below shows one possible example that uses collectAllPar in a for expression.

First, here’s a small snippet of code that shows just the key parts:

I just wrote the following ZIO 2 question about how to use ZIO.cond to a friend, and got the answer shown. I’ve also added in my own comments where they make sense.

ZIO.done question

Hey, I’m trying to understand why my ZIO failWithMsgEffect doesn’t seem to get run in the following code example?

I have learned that there are better ways to handle this, but I’ve found that if I don’t understand something like this, it will come back to bite me later. Here’s the code:

As a little ZIO 2 example with Scala 3, here’s some code that starts to show how to use ZIO.timeout along with ZIO.attempt while accessing an internet URL with Scala’s Source.fromURL.

Basically all I’m doing is:

• I attempt to access a URL using Scala’s Source.fromURL,
• and then I add a timeout to that, specifically a ZIO##timeout

Here’s the code:

Scala date FAQ: How do I format dates (DateTimeFormatter, LocalDate) in Scala? That is, when using Scala (2 or 3), how do I format dates, such as for printing them out in a desired format?

Solution: Scala date formatting

The solution is to use the java.time.format.DateTimeFormatter class. It provides three types of formatters for printing date/time values:

Scala date/time FAQ: How do I create new date and time instances with Scala? Specifically, using Scala, how do I create new date and time instances using the Date and Time API that was introduced with Java 8.

Solution: Creating dates and times in Scala (Java and Kotlin, too)

Using the Java 8 API and newer — Java 11, 14, 17, etc. — you can create new dates, times, and date/time values. The table below provides a description of some of the new Java date/time classes you’ll use (from the java.time Javadoc), all of which work in the ISO-8601 calendar system.

Scala date/time FAQ: How do I get the current date and time in Scala?

The following code demonstrates how to get the current time in Scala, and then further shows how to get other information, such as the current minute, using the Java SimpleDateFormat class:

Scala FAQ: When you write a Scala for expression or for loop, when do you use an = symbol and when do you use the <- symbol in the for block area?

As a brief note, here are a few examples of how to implement left-trim and right-trim on strings in Scala:

def ltrim(s: String) = s.replaceAll("^\\s+", "")
def rtrim(s: String) = s.replaceAll("\\s+$", "")

If I ever write a Scala StringUtils class, I’ll be sure to include those functions in that class.

Scala exec FAQ: How do I execute external system commands in Scala?

When it comes to executing external system commands, Scala is a dramatic improvement over Java. The operators Scala makes available are much more like Perl or Ruby, and the operators themselves are consistent with traditional shell commands, and are therefore easy to remember. Let's take a look at a few examples.

Scala/Java/Kotlin String FAQ: How do I replace left brackets and right brackets — i.e., the [ and ] characters — in a String when using methods like replaceFirst and replaceAll?

Solution

If you’re using Scala, Java, Kotlin, or other JVM languages, and need to replace left or right brackets in a String, I found the following solution, which seems to work well with String methods like replaceFirst and replaceAll.

As a brief note today, here are several examples of the Scala 3 while loop syntax.

Scala 3 while/do syntax

First, here are some one-line examples. This is the preferred syntax, using the while/do keywords.

while i >= 0 do i = f(i)

Scala JDBC FAQ: How can I use the Java JDBC API in my Scala application?

If you want to use a SQL database with your Scala applications, it's good to know you can still use the traditional Java JDBC programming library to access databases. I just ran a simple JDBC connection and SQL SELECT test, and everything seems to work just as it does in Java.

Scala FAQ: How do I convert a String to Int in Scala?

Solution: Use 'toInt()'

If you need to convert a String to an Int in Scala, just use the toInt method, which is available on String objects, like this:

Scala problem: You want to be able to read configuration files that are written in the Lightbend “Config” file format.

Solution

Lightbend — initially named Typesafe — created a configuration file format named HOCON, which stands for, “Human-Optimized Config Object Notation.” As an example, a small HOCON configuration file looks like this:

As a brief note today, when you’re using SBT and its build.sbt file with Scala projects:

• use %% in library dependencies when referring to Scala-specific libraries, and
• use only one % character when referring to other JVM dependencies, like Java dependencies/libraries

Here are some examples of this syntax:

As a little Scala example, here’s a little Scala “string utilities” object that right- and left-justifies strings to a certain string width. Another way to say that is that the strings are left- and right-padded.

Also, the first function adds an ASCII underline to the string it’s given, so it expects a one-line string as input and returns a two-line string as output.

Here’s the source code for these Scala string utilities:

As a little Scala example, here’s a function that converts a given Double value into a new Double value that has only two decimal places: