Problem: In a Scala application, you want to extract information from XML you receive, so you can use the data in your application.
Solution
Use the methods of the Scala Elem and NodeSeq classes to extract the data. The most commonly used methods of the Elem class are shown here:
Commonly used methods of the Elem class
Method Description
------ -----------
x \ "div" Searches the XML literal x for elements of type <div>.
Only searches immediate child nodes (no grandchild or “descendant” nodes).
x \\ "div" Searches the XML literal x for elements of type <div>. Returns matching
elements from child nodes at any depth of the XML tree.
x.attribute("class") Returns the value of the given attribute in the current node.
<a x="10" y="20">foo</a>.attribute("x") // returns Some(10).
x.attributes Returns all attributes of the current node, prefixed and unprefixed,
in no particular order.
scala> <a x="10" y="20">foo</a>.attributes
res0: scala.xml.MetaData = x="10" y="20"
x.child Returns the children of the current node.
<a><b>foo</b></a>.child // returns <b>foo</b>.
x.copy(...) Returns a copy of the element, letting you replace data during the
copy process.
x.label The name of the current element.
<a><b>foo</b></a>.label // returns a.
x.text Returns a concatenation of text(n) for each child n.
x.toString Emits the XML literal as a String.
Use scala.xml.PrettyPrinter to format the output, if desired.
Examples
The following examples demonstrate most of the methods just shown. Given this XML literal:
scala> val x = <div class="content"><p>Hello</p><p>world</p></div> x: scala.xml.Elem = <div class="content"><p>Hello</p><p>world</p></div>
you can search for and extract subelements with the \ and \\ XPath methods:
scala> x \ "p" res0: scala.xml.NodeSeq = NodeSeq(<p>Hello</p>, <p>world</p>) scala> x \\ "p" res1: scala.xml.NodeSeq = NodeSeq(<p>Hello</p>, <p>world</p>)
These methods will be demonstrated more in subsequent recipes.
The label method returns the name of the current element. A <p> tag returns p, a <div> tag returns div, etc.:
scala> x.label res2: String = div scala> <name>Joe</name>.label res3: String = name
The text method returns the text from all subelements, which the Scaladoc describes as, “a concatenation of all text(n) for each child n”:
scala> x.text res4: String = Helloworld
Later examples will demonstrate how to improve on this result.
Element attributes are extracted with the attribute or attributes methods. The following examples demonstrate how to call these methods, and the values they return:
scala> x.attribute("class")
res5: Option[Seq[scala.xml.Node]] = Some(content)
scala> x.attributes("class")
res6: Seq[scala.xml.Node] = content
scala> x.attributes.get("class")
res7: Option[Seq[scala.xml.Node]] = Some(content)
The following examples demonstrate how those same method calls behave when you search for an attribute that doesn’t exist:
scala> x.attribute("foo")
res8: Option[Seq[scala.xml.Node]] = None
scala> x.attributes("foo")
res9: Seq[scala.xml.Node] = null
scala> x.attributes.get("foo")
res10: Option[Seq[scala.xml.Node]] = None
scala> x.attributes.get("foo").getOrElse("N/A")
res11: Object = N/A
To demonstrate more ways to work with element attributes, let’s create a new element:
scala> val w = <forecast day="Thu" date="10 Nov 2011" low="37" high="58" /> w: scala.xml.Elem = <forecast day="Thu" date="10 Nov 2011" low="37" high="58" />
These examples show how attribute and attributes work with multiple attributes:
scala> w.attribute("day")
res0: Option[Seq[scala.xml.Node]] = Some(Thu)
scala> w.attributes("day")
res1: Seq[scala.xml.Node] = Thu
scala> w.attributes
res2: scala.xml.MetaData = day="Thu" date="10 Nov 2011" low="37" high="58"
These examples show how to iterate over a set of attributes:
scala> for (a <- w.attributes) println(s"key: ${a.key}, value: ${a.value}")
key: day, value: Thu
key: date, value: 10 Nov 2011
key: low, value: 37
key: high, value: 58
scala> w.attributes.asAttrMap
res3: Map[String,String] = Map(low -> 37, date -> 10 Nov 2011,
day -> Thu, high -> 58)
Child elements
The child method returns all child nodes of the current element. To demonstrate this, let’s create a new XML variable:
scala> val p = <person><name>Ken</name><age>23</age></person> p: scala.xml.Elem = <person><name>Ken</name><age>23</age></person>
The child method returns immediate child nodes:
scala> p.child res0: Seq[scala.xml.Node] = ArrayBuffer(<name>Ken</name>, <age>23</age>)
You can use child to iterate over all the children:
scala> for (n <- p.child) println(n) <name>Ken</name> <age>23</age>
Because child returns a sequence, you can also access the child elements like this:
scala> p.child(0) res1: scala.xml.Node = <name>Ken</name> scala> p.child(0).label res2: String = name scala> p.child(0).text res3: String = Ken scala> p.child(1) res4: scala.xml.Node = <age>23</age> scala> p.child(1).text.toInt res5: Int = 23
Text and strings
The toString method returns the XML structure as a String:
scala> p.toString res6: String = <person><name>Ken</name><age>23</age></person>
You can improve this result with the PrettyPrinter class.
This approach shows another way to extract the text from the elements:
scala> for (n <- p.child) yield n.text res7: Seq[String] = ArrayBuffer(Ken, 23)
There are more ways to tackle these problems using XPath methods, which will be shown in subsequent chapters.
As a word of caution, be careful with the text method. It returns different results depending on how the XML is formatted, which can be a particular problem when extracting XHTML data. To demonstrate this, the following examples show the output when there is a space before the <br> tag, and when there is no space:
scala> <div><p>Hello, world, <br/>it's me.</p></div>.text res0: String = Hello, world, it's me. scala> <div><p>Hello, world,<br/>it's me.</p></div>.text res1: String = Hello, world,it's me.
In the next examples the same XML, formatted in different ways, yields different results:
scala> <div><p>Is 2 > 1?</p><p>Why do you ask?</p></div>.text
res2: String = Is 2 > 1?Why do you ask?
scala> <div>
| <p>Is 2 > 1?</p>
| <p>Why do you ask?</p>
| </div>.text
res3: String =
"
Is 2 > 1?
Why do you ask?
"
If you need to extract text in this manner, a workaround is to extract the text components individually into a sequence, and then re-combine the sequence as desired. The following example demonstrates how to accomplish this with the child, label, and text methods. Given this XML literal:
val xml = <div><p>Is 2 > 1?</p><p>Why do you ask?</p></div>
the child method returns the elements as a sequence:
scala> xml.child res0: Seq[scala.xml.Node] = ArrayBuffer(<p>Is 2 > 1?</p>, <p>Why do you ask?</p>)
This lets you write the following code, which creates a sequence of strings from the <p> tags:
val strings = for {
e <- xml.child
if e.label == "p"
} yield e.text
The REPL shows that the resulting variable strings has the following type and data:
strings: Seq[String] = ArrayBuffer(Is 2 > 1?, Why do you ask?)
In the XPath recipes in this chapter you’ll see how to accomplish some of the same tasks using the \ and \\ methods.
Example data sets and REPL memory errors
If you want to test these commands against large data sets, this URL maintains a nice collection of sample XML data:
The NASA data set is 23 MB, and causes the Scala REPL to crash with a Java heap space error:
scala> val xml = scala.xml.XML.loadFile("nasa.xml")
java.lang.OutOfMemoryError: Java heap space ...
To get around this problem, you can allocate more heap space when starting the REPL with this command:
$ scala -J-Xms256m -J-Xmx512m
or this command:
$ env JAVA_OPTS="-Xms256m -Xmx512m" scala
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